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每套题时间3个小时
2011年博士研究生入学考试模拟题
考试注意事项
1. 本试题5大题，共10页，请考生注意检查，考试时间180分钟。
2. 1 – 70题答案请填在机读卡上相应处，否则不给分。
3. 翻译和作文写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。中、英文翻译应做到字迹清晰、书写工整。
I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):
Passage One
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise， market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen， striving to make profits， produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen； and the profit motive， operating under competitive pressures， largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus， in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers，coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire ofindividuals to maximize their incomes， that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy， this mechanism is provided by a price system， a process in which prices rise and fall in response torelative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand， the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If， on the other hand， producing more of a commodity results inreducing its cost， this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers， which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus， price is the regulating mechanism in the America economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individual are allowed to own productive resources （private property）， andthey are permitted to hire labor， gain control over natural resources， and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy， the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights， including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
1.In Para. 1，“ the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means ___.
A.Americans never feel satisfied with their incomes.
B.Americans tend to overstate the amount oftheir incomes.
C.Americans want to have their incomes increased.
D.Americans want to increase the purchasingpower of their incomes.
2.The first two sentences in the second paragraph clarify the idea to us that ___.
A.producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production.
B.consumers can express their demands through producers.
C.producers decide the prices of products.
D.supply and demand regulate prices.
3.The word “embraces” in Para. 3 probably parallels ___.
A.enfold
B.hug
C.comprehend
D.support
4.According to the passage， a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ___.
A.private property and rights concerned.
B.manpower and natural resources control.
C.ownership of productive resources
D.free contracts and prices.
5.The passage is mainly talking about ___.
A.how American goods are produced.
B.how American consumers buy their goods.
C.how American economic system works.
D.how American businessman make their profits.
Passage Two
The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literature and drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principle that conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost always turns up some aspect of the struggle between good and evil.
The idea that there is neither good nor evil--in any absolute moral or religious sense―is widespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. If these standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is as a relative matter and not as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflict can at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and of the virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crime and Punishment or The Brothers Karamazoc, had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, as portrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had had no conviction about them.
You can't have a vital literature if you ignore or shun evil. What you get then is the world of Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyes both good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takes sides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Paton sees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and is responsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is not evoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action. Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.
One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, full of sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no evil, and is coldly indifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is non- dramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.
6. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics is the _____.
A) relativistic view of morals
B) greater concern with religion
C) emphasis on evil
D) greater concern with universals
7. The author believes that in great literature, as in life, good and evil are ____
A) relative
B) unimportant
C) constantly in conflict
D) dramatically neutralized
8. When the author uses the expression "it isa long shrug" in referring to Bowles's book, he
is commenting on the ___
A) length of the novel
B) indifference to the moral behavior of the characters
C) monotony of the story
D) sensational depravities of the book
9. In the opinion of the author, Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because of Paton's ____.
A) insight into human behavior
B) behavioristic beliefs
C) treatment of good and evil as abstractions
D) willingness to make moral judgments
10. The word "shun" in the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A) shut
B) attend
C) show
D) avoid
Passage Three
The phrase "civil disobedience" is usually attributed to the nineteenth-century American philosopher Henry David Thoreau. Although the concept is unquestionably much older (its roots lie in ancient Greek philosophy), the designation is nonetheless telling: people tend to credit Thoreau, an American, with the idea because civil disobedience, is a hallmark of American ethics and politics. The clash between the dictates of individual conscience on one hand,and the imperatives of civil law on the other, forms much of this country's history. Examples range from the incidents leading up to the Revolution through the many social protests of the 1960'S.
What constitutes an act of civil disobedience? First, an act of civil disobedience requires a formal legal structure that is enforced by the government. Second, it requires as its target a specific law or policy, rather than the entire legal system. This is true even if the protester's ultimate goal is to alter radically the legal system; an act of civil disobedience must be directed against one concrete example of that system's inequities. The American civil rights movement, for example, first targeted discrimination on public transportation, then usedits victories as a springboard to address other injustices. Third, the act must be done publicly, because the effectiveness of such a protest depends on its ability to mobilize public sentimentagainst the protest's target. Finally, those protesting must understand the penalties their acts entail—usually jailing--and be willing to accept those penalties. This last requirement strengthens the act's effect on public opinion, since it serves to underscore the injustice of the protest's target.
11. The word "telling" in the 2nd sentence inparagraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____.
A) inappropriate
B) revealing
C) insignificant
D) challenging
12. In the passage, the author mentions thatthe civil rights movement _______.
A) focused its early efforts on public transportation
B) did not always practice civil disobedience
C) started in nineteenth century
D) used the Revolution of 1776 as its model
13. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons should civil protests be done publicly?
A) To alter the legal system in radical way.
B) To uphold the imperatives of civil law.
C) To stimulate public support for a cause.
D) To announce the success of a previous actof civil disobedience.
14. The author suggests that when protesters go to jail _______.
A) it helps convince the public to support their cause
B) they usually do so unwillingly
C) it is because their protest has not gone according to plan
D) they are always released almost immediately
15. In the 2nd paragraph, the author ________.
A) argues that civil disobedience is unnecessary
B) provides an extensive history of civil disobedience
C) presents several differing viewpoints on civil disobedience
D) defines the concept of civil disobedience
Passage Four
We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”：too many people on earth and a toorapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long， thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”
To understand the current situation， whichis characterized by rapid increases in population，it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8，000 years of demographic history，we find that populations have been virtually stable orgrowing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors， life was hard， oftennasty， and very short. There was high fertility inmost places， but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history，it wasseldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty，while infancy and childhood wereespecially risky periods. Often，societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus，the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective，but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children，but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality. Demographic history can be divided into two major periods：a time of long，slow growth which extended from about 8,000 BC. till approximately AD. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years， the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present， the population has increased from 500 million to morethan 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8,000BC and 1650， an average of only 50，000 persons was being added annually to the world‘s population each year. At present， this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80，000，000 persons annually.
16.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thin powder fuse analogy？
A. A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.
B. A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid，dramatic increase.
C.Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each year.
D.A long period when death rates exceed birthrates and then a short period with higher fertility and lower mortality.
17.During the first period of demographic history，societies were often in danger of extinction because___.
A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.
B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.
C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.
D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.
18.Which statement is true about populationincrease？
A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.
B.About 50，000 babies are born every six hours at present.
C.Between 8000 BC and the present， the population increase is about 80，000，000 persons each year.
D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and the present.
19.The author of the passage intends to___.
A.warn people against the population explosion in the near future.
B.compare the demographic growth patternin the past with that after 1650.
C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent years.
D.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growth.
20.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means___.
A.statistics of human.
B.surroundings study.
C.accumulation of human.
D.development of human. |
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发表于 2012-3-10 20:05:19
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