维基百科全书对民主社会主义的定义（译自维基百科全书2008年11月21日修改版）

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　　民主社会主义是各种不同的社会主义运动、政治倾向和组织所共同使用的一种术语，用来强调它们的政治方向的民主特性。这个术语有时也可以与“社会民主”同时来应用。
　　定义：
　　民主社会主义比较难于定义，各个群体的学者们对这个词语有着截然不同的定义。民主社会主义的某些定义可以简单地是用来表示一切形式的通过选举、改良或走渐进道路所达到的社会主义，而不是采用革命行动的那种社会主义。[1]
　　通常，这个定义是用来同共产主义相区别。例如有唐纳德·贝斯基（Donald Busky）的民主社会主义, 见《一项全球性调查》[2]；吉姆·汤（Jim Tomlinson）的民主社会主义和经济政策, 见《在艾德礼年，1945-1951》；诺曼托·马斯（Norman Thomas）的民主社会主义, 见《一个新的评价》或罗伊·哈特斯利（Roy Hattersley）的选择自由，即《民主社会主义的前途》等。
　　然而，即使对于那些使用这个词语的学者们，他们对于社会主义这个词语的本身的使用范围也是非常含糊的，其中包含了社会主义是怎样同资本主义相兼容的方式等。例如Robert M. 的《英国伯明翰大学的民主社会主义和社会政策的一名读者》文中, 把“改进的民主社会主义”写成为归由克莱门·特艾德礼（Clement Attlee）的政府的大臣克罗斯·兰德(Anthony Crosland)和哈罗德·威尔逊（Harold Wilson）所制订的一项政策：强大的福利国家，财政的再分配，某些资产的国有化等， 以及修正主义者的民主社会主义。
　　“那些很有影响的修正主义者，例如有一位工人思想家克罗斯·安东尼(Anthony Crosland), 他雄辩地说，一个比较 '仁慈' 的资本主义制度已经在第二次世界大战后出现了...。根据他的意见，现在就已经具有了实现更为平等的社会的可能，而不再需要进行什么基本的经济转型。他还认为，如果能通过有效的经济管理使所增加的利润能用于有利于穷人的公共服务事业，那么就可以不再通过社会财富的再分配而去实现那种比目前更为有意义的平等形式。”[3]
　　说实在的，一些市场社会主义的拥护者们也都把后者看成是民主社会主义的一种形式。[4]
　　在这一组民主社会主义的定义中还有一个变种，那就是约瑟夫·熊彼特（Joseph Schumpeter）所持有的观点。他提出民主社会主义可以产生于资本主义，社会主义与民主政治（ 1941年） ，也就是由“自由的资本主义”就可以孕育出****，随着工人自我管理，工业民主和监管机构的增强可以演化成为民主社会主义。 [ 5 ]
　　与上的定义相反，还有其他定义的民主社会主义，它们同社会民主有着显著的区别[ 6 ]。例如海因·彼得（Peter Hain），他所提出的阶级民主社会主义，它可以同自由主义的社会主义一起，构成一种自下而上的反对独*主义的社会主义。它采用了由哈尔·德雷珀（Hal Draper）所确定的名称，以与斯大林主义和社会民主主义以及各种形式的独*国家的社会主义相区别。海因（Hain）所采用的把社会区分为民主和独*两大类似乎比把社会区分革命和改良更为重要[7], 在这个定义中，全体民众的参与，特别是工人阶级参与经济管理，这样就标志着实现了民主社会主义，而国有化和计划经济（这个计划经济应由政府来控制，而可以不管这个政府是否是选举出来的）是国家社会主义的特征。与此类似，还有普兰·查斯（Nicos Poulantzas）提出来一些更为复杂的关于民主社会主义论述 [8]
　　此外，还有一些民主社会主义的定义或多或少地处于以上两类截然相反的定义的中间。它们把民主社会主义看作是同社会民主有所交叉而又有密切相关的一种特殊的政治传统。作为一个例子：波格丹·Denitch（Bogdan Denitch）把民主社会主义定义成为一种通过由国家所有制、工人直接控制生产和重新分配税收政策所进行的、根本性式的社会经济秩序的重组[9]。与此相似，罗伯特穆加贝·皮卡德（Robert G. Picard）却把民主社会主义描述为包括爱德华·伯恩斯坦（Eduard Bernstein）、卡尔·考茨基（Karl Kautsky） 、埃文·德宾（Evan Durbin）和迈克尔·林顿（Michael Harrington）在内的民主的社会主义传统。[10]
　　民主社会主义的这个术语可以用另一种方法来表述，即用它来表示对原苏联模式社会主义，通过民主改革后的一个新版本。例如米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫（Mikhail Gorbachev）把他和其同事们把他们所推行的“改革”描述为建立一个新型的、人道的和民主的社会主义[11]。这样就使某些以前的共产党把自己重新标榜民主社会主义者，德国的民主社会主义的政党就是这样。
　　哈尔·德雷珀（Hal Drape）用“革命的民主社会主义”这个术语作为他所写的《社会主义的两个典型》中所描述的一种社会主义类型。他写道：“一个革命民主的、自下而上的社会主义的第二国际的主要代表是罗莎·卢森堡（Rosa Luxemburg），她果断地把她的信念和希望放在自由工人阶级的自发斗争上。这样就使得一些 “谎言制造者”们为她发明了一个所谓“自发理论”[12]。与此类似，尤金·德布斯（Eugene Debs）,却写道：“德布斯的社会主义在人们心中已经引起了巨大的反应 “。可是德布斯本人却承认没有人来继承他所主张的革命的、民主社会主义理论的讲坛” [13]。
　　民主社会主义的合理性可以在查尔· 斯泰勒（Charles Taylor） 和阿克塞尔· 霍内斯（Axel Honneth）等的社会哲学家的一些著作中去找寻到。霍内斯（Honneth）提出了一种观点：政治和经济的思想意识都具有其社会基础，那就是说，所有这些思想意识均来自社会各个人员之间的、主观的信息交流[14]。霍内斯(Honneth)批评了某些自由国家，因为在这些国家里，认为个人的自由和私有财产的原则是与史无关而且是绝对的。可是事实上这些观念都是从人类活动中的特定的社会论说中引伸出来的。为了反对那些自由的个人主义，Honneth强调了在世界上人们之间的主体间的依赖，也就是说，我们的安定生活依赖于必须认同他人，同时也依赖于我们自己也要能被他人所认同。
　　民主社会主义的历史
　　先驱者及其所形成的影响
　　芬纳·Brockway（Fenner Brockway）是英国独立劳动党中的民主社会主义者的领导人，在他所写的《英国的最初的社会主义者》中写道：平均主义者是政治民主和人民权利的先驱；鼓动者是各阶层各自在其自己的工作岗位上参与政治和经济控制的先驱；挖掘者是公共所有制、合作和平均主义的先驱。以上三者合并起来就等同于民主社会主义。[15]
　　挖掘者和平均主义者的思想传统在欧洲的汤普森（EP Thompson）认为英国工人阶级是依靠雅各宾集团如伦敦协调社团所形成的观点以及如同托马斯·潘恩（Thomas Paine）那样的辩论家所描绘的理论中得到了继承。他们所关注的民主和社会公正，标志出他们是民主社会主义的关键性的先锋人物。[16]
　　社会主义者的这个术语，在英语中最早被采用于1927年的《英国合作杂志》中[17]，并与罗伯特·欧文（Robert Owen）的追随者相联系。譬如像罗奇代尔（Rochdale）那样的先驱者，他们创建了合作社运动。欧文(Owen)的追随者进一步加强了以消费者合作社、信用合作社和各种互助社体形式出现的民主参与和经济的社会化。
　　英国伦理学家弥尔（John Stuart Mill）也开始提倡一种以自由派为背景的经济社会主义。在他所写的《政治经济学原理》的后来版本中（1848），弥尔（Mill）认为“就经济理论而言，原则上没有什么经济理论可以排除掉基于社会主义政策的经济秩序。[18][19]
　　在北美洲亨利·乔治（Henry George）发起了单一税运动，这种运动寻找一种可以通过渐进的税收制度来实现的民主社会主义，认为只应把税收加在自然资源上。乔治（George）还留下了有关分配所有商品和公共财富的自由市场的倡议。
　　现代的民主社会主义
　　詹姆斯·凯尔·哈迪（James Keir Hardie）是早期的民主社会主义者，他建立了”独立劳动党 “，使民主社会主义变成了十九世纪末联合王国的突出的政治运动。在美国，尤金德·布斯（Eugene Debs） 是最有名美国社会主义者之一。他领导一个以民主社会主义为中心的政治运动，并五次竞选总统， 其中一次是在1900年以”美国民主党“的名义来竞选的；另外四次是以”美国社会主义党“的名义来竞选的 [21] 。  丹尼尔·戴弄（Daniel DeLeon）的社会主义工联主义在美国代表了当时另外的一股早期的民主社会主义力量。它主张一种建立在产业工会基础上的政府形式，然而它也在寻求如何在赢得选举前提下去建立这种政府[22]。
　　在英国，民主社会主义的传统特别是以19世纪80年代的威廉莫里斯（William Morris）的社会主义同盟和凯尔·哈迪（Keir Hardie）于19世纪90年代所建立的独立劳动党（ILP）为代表，其中乔治奥威尔（George Orwell）较晚地成为它的杰出人员。[23]
　　在欧洲的其他地方，很多的民主社会主义者的政党在20世纪20年代的早期就被联合进社会主义政党的国际联盟（第2半国际），在20世纪30年代进一步联合成为伦敦局（第3半国际）。这些国际联盟寻求着一条在第二国际的社会民主（他们被看成是对支持第一次世界大战的妥协）和已被大家认识到的反民主的第三国际的中间道路。第2半国际中的关键政治运动是ILP和奥地利马克思主义而第3半国际的主要力量是ILP和POUM。[24][25]
　　在美国，有一个相类似的民主主义的传统来继承去繁荣美国的Deb的，特别是在诺曼托马斯（Norman Thomas）领导下的社会主义政党，
　　在同一时期，科尔（G. D. H. Cole）的行会式的社会主义在20世纪20年代的早期，就有意识地去设想用来代替苏联式的专制主义，与此同时议会式的共产主义在好些方面明确有力地表达了民主社会主义的地位，明确地放弃革命政党的先锋作用和支持苏联的社会制度不是一个真正的社会主义。[27]
　　在印度的自由运动期间，印度全国代表大会中很多左派人物自己组织了国会社会主义党。他们的政治活动和那些早期和中期的纳拉扬（JP Narayan）事业合并为致力于社会的社会主义改造，原则上反对他们从斯大林主义革命模式所得知的一党专政。他们的政治思潮后来由Praja的社会主义政党以及后来的印度人民党 （Janata）和现在的Samajwadi党来继承[28][29]。
　　在中东，最大的民主社会党是伊朗人民的Fedaian（多数）。
　　起始出现于20世纪的50年代的平民社会主义或人民社会主义的已成为斯堪的纳维亚的左派的主流，也可以认定它与民主社会主义同样情趣的政治观点。
　　“ This page was last modified on 21 November 2008, at 09:55. 目前在网上找到的中文版是修订于在 2008年9月30日 (星期二) 10:27，两者有明显的不同。

　　参考文献
^ This definition is captured in this statement: Anthony Crosland “argued that the socialisms of the pre-war world (not just that of the Marxists, but of the democratic socialists too) were now increasingly irrelevant.” (Chris Pierson, “Lost property: What the Third Way lacks”, Journal of Political Ideologies (June 2005), 10(2), 145-163 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569310500097265). Other texts which use the terms “democratic socialism” in this way include Malcolm Hamilton Democratic Socialism in Britain and Sweden (St Martin's Press 1989).
^ See pp.7-8.
^ Robert M Page, “Without a Song in their Heart: New Labour, the Welfare State and the Retreat from Democratic Socialism”, Jnl Soc. Pol., 36, 1, 19-37 2007.
^ For example, David Miller, Market, State, and Community: Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism (Oxford University Press, 1990).

^ See John Medearis, “Schumpeter, the New Deal, and Democracy”, The American Political Science Review, 1997.
^ Social Democracy Versus Revolutionary Democratic Socialism by J. David Edelstein.
^ Peter Hain Ayes to the Left Lawrence and Wishart.
^ “Towards a Democratic Socialism”, New Left Review I/109, May-June 1978.
^ Bogdan Denitch, Democratic Socialism: The Mass Left in Advanced Industrial Societies (Allanheld, Osmun, 1981).
^ The Press and the Decline of Democracy: Democratic Socialist Response in Public Policy (1985 Praeger/Greenwood).
^ Paul T. Christensen “Perestroika and the Problem of Socialist Renewal” Social Text 1990.
^ Hal Draper, The Two Souls of Socialism, “Chapter 7: The Revisionist Facade”.
^ Hal Draper, The Two Souls of Socialism, “Chapter 8: The 100% American Scene”.
^ Honneth, Axel (1995), “The Limits of Liberalism: On the Political-Ethical Discussion Concerning Communitarianism”, in Honneth, Axel, The Fragmented World of the Social, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 231-247, ISBN 0-7914-2300-X.
^ Quoted in Peter Hain Ayes to the Left Lawrence and Wishart, p.12.
^ Isabel Taylor “A Potted History of English Radicalism” Albion Magazine Summer 2007; M. Thrale (ed.) Selections from the Papers of the London Corresponding Society 1792-1799 (Cambridge University Press, 1983); E. P. Thompson The Making of the English Working Class. Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1963.
^ Hain, op cit, p.13.
^ Wilson, Fred. “Stuart Mill”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 10 July 2007, accessed 17 March 2008.
^ “Mill, in contrast, advances a form of liberal democratic socialism for the enlargement of freedom as well as to realize social and distributive justice. He offers a powerful account of economic injustice and justice that is centered on his understanding of freedom and its conditions.” Bruce Baum, “J. S. Mill and Liberal Socialism”, Nadia Urbanati and Alex Zacharas, eds., J. S. Mill's Political Thought: A Bicentennial Reassessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
^ “Taxes: What Are They Good For?” Henry George Institute. Accessed 17 March 2008.
^ Donald Busky, “Democratic Socialism in North America”, Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey especially pp.153-177.
^ Donald Busky “Democratic Socialism in North America” ''Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey'' especially pp.150-154.
^ Donald Busky, “Democratic Socialism in Great Britain and Ireland”, Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey, pp.83-5 on Morris, pp.91-109 on Hardie and the ILP. On Morris as democratic socialist, see also volume 3 of David Reisman, ed., Democratic Socialism in Britain: Classic Texts in Economic and Political Thought, 1825-1952 and E P Thompson, William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary (London: Merlin, 1977). On the ILP as democratic socialist, see also The ILP: A Very Brief History; James, David, Jowitt, Tony, and Laybourn, Keith, eds. The Centennial History of the Independent Labour Party. Halifax: Ryburn, 1992.
^ F. Peter Wagner, Rudolf Hilferding: Theory and Politics of Democratic Socialism (Atlantic Highlands 1996).
^ Janet Polasky, The Democratic Socialism of Emile Vandervelde: Between Reform and Revolution (Oxford 1995).
^ Robert John Fitrakis, “The idea of democratic socialism in America and the decline of the Socialist Party: Eugene Debs, Norman Thomas and Michael Harrington. (Volumes I and II)” (January 1, 1990). ETD Collection for Wayne State University. Paper AAI9029621. See also “What is Democratic Socialism? Questions and Answers from the Democratic Socialists of America”.
^ On Cole as democratic socialist, see also volume 7 of David Reisman, ed, Democratic Socialism in Britain: Classic Texts in Economic and Political Thought, 1825-1952.
^ “Vikas Kamat Democratic Socialism in India”.
^ A. Appadorai, “Recent Socialist Thought in India”, The Review of Politics Vol. 30, No. 3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 349-362.
书目提要
“ Donald F. Busky, Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey Greenwood Publishing, 2000 ISBN 0-275-96886-3
“ Roy Hattersley Choose Freedom: The Future of Democratic Socialism, Penguin, 1987 ISBN 0140104941
“ Ralph Miliband Socialism for a Sceptical Age Polity Press, London, 1994
“ David Reisman, ed, Democratic Socialism in Britain: Classic Texts in Economic and Political Thought, 1825-1952 Chatto and Pickering, 1996 ISBN 978 1 85196 285 3. (Includes texts by William Morris, George Bernard Shaw, GDH Cole, Richard Crossman and Aneurin Bevan.)
“ Norman Thomas Democratic Socialism: a new appraisal, League for Industrial Democracy, 1953
“ Jim Tomlinson Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945-1951 Cambridge University Press, 1997 ISBN 0521550955
“ This page was last modified on 21 November 2008, at 09:55.

Democratic Socialism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements, tendencies, and organizations, to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation. The term is sometimes used synonymously with 'social democracy'.
Definition
Democratic socialism is difficult to define, and groups of scholars have radically different definitions for the term. Some definitions of democratic socialism simply refer to all forms of socialism that follow an electoral, reformist or evolutionary path to socialism, rather than a revolutionary one. [1]
Frequently, this definition is invoked to distinguish democratic socialism from Communism, as in Donald Busky's Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey[2], Jim Tomlinson's Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945-1951, Norman Thomas Democratic Socialism: a new appraisal or Roy Hattersley's Choose Freedom: The Future of Democratic Socialism.
However, for those who use the term in this way, the scope of the term socialism itself can be very vague, and include forms of socialism compatible with capitalism. For example, Robert M. Page, a Reader in Democratic Socialism and Social Policy at the University of Birmingham, writes about “transformative democratic socialism” to refer to the politics of the Clement Attlee government (a strong welfare state, fiscal redistribution, some nationalization) and “revisionist democratic socialism”, as developed by Anthony Crosland and Harold Wilson:
“The most influential revisionist Labour thinker, Anthony Crosland..., contended that a more 'benevolent' form of capitalism had emerged since the [Second World War]... According to Crosland, it was now possible to achieve greater equality in society without the need for 'fundamental' economic transformation. For Crosland, a more meaningful form of equality could be achieved if the growth dividend derived from effective management of the economy was invested in 'pro-poor' public services rather than through fiscal redistribution.”[3]
Indeed, some proponents of market socialism see the latter as a form of democratic socialism.[4]
A variant of this set of definitions is Joseph Schumpeter's argument, set out in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1941), that liberal democracies were evolving from “liberal capitalism” into democratic socialism, with the growth of workers' self-management, industrial democracy and regulatory institutions.[5]
In contrast, other definitions of democratic socialism sharply distinguish it from social democracy.[6] Peter Hain, for example, classes democratic socialism, along with libertarian socialism, as a form of anti-authoritarian “socialism from below” (using the term popularized by Hal Draper), in contrast to Stalinism and social democracy, variants of authoritarian state socialism. For Hain, this democratic/authoritarian divide is more important than the revolutionary/reformist divide.[7] In this definition, it is the active participation of the population as a whole, and workers in particular, in the management of economy that characterizes democratic socialism, while nationalization and economic planning (whether controlled by an elected government or not) are characteristic of state socialism. A similar, but more complex, argument is made by Nicos Poulantzas.[8]
Other definitions fall somewhere between the first and second set, seeing democratic socialism as a specific political tradition closely related to and overlapping with social democracy. For example, Bogdan Denitch, in Democratic Socialism, defines it as proposing a radical reorganization of the socio-economic order through public ownership, workers' control of the labour process and redistributive tax policies.[9] Robert G. Picard similarly describes a democratic socialist tradition of thought including Eduard Bernstein, Karl Kautsky, Evan Durbin and Michael Harrington.[10]
The term democratic socialism can be used in a third way, to refer to a version of the Soviet model that was reformed in a democratic way. For example, Mikhail Gorbachev described perestroika as building a “new, humane and democratic socialism”.[11] Consequently, some former Communist parties have rebranded themselves as democratic socialist, as with the Party of Democratic Socialism in Germany.
Hal Draper uses the term “revolutionary-democratic socialism” as a type of socialism from below in his The Two Souls of Socialism. He writes: 'the leading spokesman in the Second International of a revolutionary-democratic Socialism-from-Below [was] Rosa Luxemburg, who so emphatically put her faith and hope in the spontaneous struggle of a free working class that the myth-makers invented for her a “theory of spontaneity”'.[12] Similarly, on Eugene Debs, he writes: '“Debsian socialism” evoked a tremendous response from the heart of the people, but Debs had no successor as a tribune of revolutionary-democratic socialism'.[13]
Justification of democratic socialism can be found in the works of social philosophers like Charles Taylor and Axel Honneth, among others. Honneth has put forward the view that political and economic ideologies have a social basis, that is, they originate from intersubjective communication between members of a society.[14] Honneth criticizes the liberal state because it assumes that principles of individual liberty and private property are ahistorical and abstract, when, in fact, they evolved from a specific social discourse on human activity. Contra liberal individualism, Honneth has emphasized the intersubjective dependency between human beings; that is, our well-being depends on recognizing others and being recognised by them in turn. Democratic socialism, with its emphasis on social collectivism, could be seen as a way of safeguarding this dependency.
History
Forerunners and formative influences
Fenner Brockway, a leading British democratic socialist of the Independent Labour Party, wrote in his book Britain's First Socialists:
The Levellers were pioneers of political democracy and the sovereignty of the people; the Agitators were the pioneers of participatory control by the ranks at their workplace; and the Diggers were pioneers of communal ownership, cooperation and egalitarianism. All three equate to democratic socialism.[15]
The tradition of the Diggers and the Levellers was continued in the period described by EP Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class by Jacobin groups like the London Corresponding Society and by polemicists such as Thomas Paine. Their concern for both democracy and social justice marks them out as key precursors of democratic socialism.[16]
The term “socialist” was first used in English in the British Cooperative Magazine in 1827[17] and came to be associated with the followers of Robert Owen, such as the Rochdale Pioneers who founded the co-operative movement. Owen's followers again stressed both participatory democracy and economic socialization, in the form of consumer co-operatives, credit unions and mutual aid societies. The Chartists similarly combined a working class politics with a call for greater democracy.
The British moral philosopher John Stuart Mill also came to advocate a form of economic socialism within a liberal context. In later editions of his Principles of Political Economy (1848), Mill would argue that “as far as economic theory was concerned, there is nothing in principle in economic theory that precludes an economic order based on socialist policies.”[18][19]
In North America, Henry George promoted the Single Tax Movement, which sought a form of democratic socialism via progressive taxation, with tax only on natural resources. George remained an advocate of the free market for the allocation of all other goods and services.[20]
Modern democratic socialism
James Keir Hardie was an early democratic socialist, who founded the Independent Labour Party in the United Kingdom Democratic socialism became a prominent movement at the end of the nineteenth century. In the US, Eugene Debs, one of the most famous American socialists, led a movement centered around democratic socialism and made five bids for President, once in 1900 under the Social Democratic Party and then four more times under the Socialist Party of America.[21] The socialist industrial unionism of Daniel DeLeon in the United States represented another strain of early democratic socialism in this period. It favored a form of government based on industrial unions, but which also sought to establish this government after winning at the ballot box.[22]
In Britain, the democratic socialist tradition was represented in particular by the William Morris' Socialist League in the 1880s and by the Independent Labour Party (ILP) founded by Keir Hardie in the 1890s, of which George Orwell would later be a prominent member.
In other parts of Europe, many democratic socialist parties were united in the International Working Union of Socialist Parties (the “Two and a Half International”) in the early 1920s and in the London Bureau (the “Three and a Half International”) in the 1930s. These internationals sought to steer a course between the social democrats of the Second International, who were seen as insufficiently socialist (and had been compromised by their support for World War I), and the perceived anti-democratic Third International. The key movements within the Two and a Half International were the ILP and the Austro-marxists, and the main forces in the Three and a Half International were the ILP and the POUM.[24][25]
In America, a similar tradition continued to flourish in Debs' Socialist Party of America, especially under the leadership of Norman Thomas.[26]
In the same period, the guild socialism of G. D. H. Cole in the early 1920s was a conscious attempt to envision a socialist alternative to Soviet-style authoritarianism, while council communism articulated democratic socialist positions in several respects, notably through renouncing the vanguard role of the revolutionary party and holding that the system of the Soviet Union was not authentically socialist.[27]
During India's freedom movement, many figures on the left of the Indian National Congress organized themselves as the Congress Socialist Party. Their politics, and those of the early and intermediate periods of JP Narayan's career, combined a commitment to the socialist transformation of society with a principled opposition to the one-party authoritarianism they perceived in the Stalinist revolutionary model. This political current continued in the Praja Socialist Party, the later Janata Party and the current Samajwadi Party.[28][29]
In the Middle East the biggest democratic socialist party is the Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority).
The folkesocialisme or people's socialism that emerged as a vital current of the left in Scandinavia beginning in the 1950s could be characterized as a democratic socialism in the same vein.