考研英语长难句

林の声音 · 发表于 2005-12-1 13:22:04

考研英语长难句
1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. [参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. [参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. [参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 
[参考译文] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。
5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. 
[参考译文] 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。 
thank you, if you had enough patience to read it through, you will get some kind of improvement for sure.
sky.
 怎样处理阅读时最令人头疼的长句 长句 1. 长句：长句是让我们感到很困难的句子，长句的明显特点就是句子比较长，一个句子往往有三、四行，甚至一个句子就是一段。许多应试者在阅读时经常会陷入一个很长的句子中，不知道它到底讲了些什么。长句之所以长，主要有下面几个原因：
I. 从句多又长：一个主句带多个从句，从句中又有从句。 应对方法：首先找到主句的主体部分（即主语、谓语和宾语），再确定从句的主体部分，如果从句中还有从句，在确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。注意阅读时一层一层进行，先把同一层次的内容看完，再看下一层次的内容。 例如：98年的第三篇阅读文章中有这样一句话：“A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research。” 这句话就是在that引导的宾语从句中，又套入了两个who引导的定语从句。这个句子主句的主体是a survey reveals that…。从句的结构比较复杂：主语是the antiscience tag（反科学的标签），谓语是has been attached to（被贴到），宾语是many other groups，后面用了一个from sb. who…to sb. who…的结构来举例解释这些groups包括什么人。这句话的意思是“1996年进行的一次对新书的调查显示，“反科学”的标签也被贴在了很多别的人群的身上，包括提倡根除残余的天花病毒的权威机构，以及提倡削减基础科学研究资金的民主党人。”
II．长长的插入成分：考研阅读所选文章的一大特点就是喜欢用插入语，比如，用插入语交代某句话是谁说的，说话人是什么身份；或是用插入语来修饰、解释、补充前面的内容等等。插入语使作者能更灵活地表达自己的意思，但是插入语过长或是过多容易使读者找不到阅读的重点。从形式上看，插入语的出现有明显标志：用双破折号与主句隔开或者用双逗号与主句隔开。 应对方法：读句子时，先不要理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。 例如：99年第一篇阅读文章中有这样一句话：“Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. ” 这句话的插入语比较多，首先我们要找出主句：stepladders carry labels（梯子上贴着标签），这个labels有两个修饰语several inches long和一个that引导的从句。 从句的主语是that（也就是labels），谓语是warn，宾语又是另一个that引导的从句，在warn和宾语从句中插入among other things，表示宾语的内容只是在warn（被警告的）众多内容中列举的一个。这个被列举的内容是fall off（摔下来），但在fall off之前又插入了一个surprise!，插入这个词是因为作者认为梯子警告fall off是件令人吃惊的事，因为爬梯子本来就有摔下来的危险，但商家为了怕消费者控告，竟然将这么明显的事情也写进了警告语。 这个句子的阅读顺序应该是：第一层stepladders carry labels several inches long that，第二层是that warn that you might fall off，最后再看两个插入的部分among other things和surprise!
 III．分词状语、独立主格结构的干扰：分词状语就是指用doing或done引导的伴随状语、原因状语等；独立主格结构有时由with引导，看似主谓结构，但实际上并没有真正的谓语部分。由于这些成分的干扰，不仅增加了句子的长度，而且使人很容易错把它们当成主句。在这里，我们不去仔细研究它们的语法构成，而主要研究一下在阅读时怎样分辨主句和这些从属部分。 应对方法：主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的谓语部分。什么样的词能构成独立的谓语部分？注意：do\does和is\am\are的各种时态变化都可以做谓语，但是单纯的to do\doing\done和to be\being的形式是不可以做谓语的。一个看似句子的结构，如果没有独立的谓语部分，那它就不是句子，而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。 例如：1994年考研阅读的第四篇文章中有这样一句话：“With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy。” With引导的是一个独立主格结构，在这个句子中做原因状语，也就是说“因为现存癌症的种类有120种之多，所以…”。这句话的主语是由一个复杂的动名词短语充当的，即discovering how cancer works。由于这句话的状语较长，主语又是这样的一个复杂结构，所以大家往往感到找不到这个句子的主干。实际上，只要抓住谓语动词就很容易找到句子主干。由于单纯doing的形式是不可以做谓语的，所以在这个句子里，discovering就绝不可能是谓语。它是一个动名词，相当于名词的用法，因此它是做主语的。Works虽然是谓语，但它是how cancer works这个从句中的谓语，而不是主句的谓语。所以，主句的谓语只有is。
 在实际的阅读过程中，我们常常会碰到包含上面三种情况的超复杂句子，即：一个句子中既有从句又有插入成分，还有分词状语或者独立主格结构。阅读这种句子的正确方法是：从前向后，抓住独立的谓语部分从而区别出主句和分词状语，再根据从句的连接词（有时无连接词）区分主句和从句，层层理解，插入语插在哪个层次中就放在哪个层次中理解。
我们举一个例子来练习一下这种阅读方法。 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. (99年第四篇阅读) 这句话比较长。主句在哪里？首先我们应该在从前向后读的过程中，根据独立的谓语动词找到主句。第一个动词是declaring，由于单纯的doing形式不能做谓语，所以它引导的是一个伴随状语。主句的主语是第二行的he，谓语是ordered，后面的that引导的宾语从句做ordered的宾语，这个宾语从句中还出现了一个插入语（用破折号标明）。 宾语从句的全部内容属于下一个层次，可以暂时不看。再看破折好后面，又出现了一个独立的谓语动词asked，由于从句的主语federal funds不会发出asked的动作，因此asked是主句的谓语动词。说明主句主语he发出了两个动作ordered和asked，用and连接，asked的后面也有一个比较长的宾语从句。
我们在理清了文章的第一层结构是：Declaring that…, he ordered that… and asked…之后，我们就可以分别分析这三个动词的宾语部分了。 a. Declaring后面是一个that引导的宾语从句，表示其宣布的内容是“反对利用这项非同寻常的畜牧技术来克隆人体”； b. ordered之后也是一个宾语从句，但其中又插入了一个成分“他同时下令禁止政府资助这种试验----尽管目前还没有人提出要这样做”； c. ask一词后面通常接ask sb. to do sth.的结构，这句话比较复杂，但其主要结构仍是ask an panel to report back，只不过每个主要成分又有限定和修饰语。 这句话的意思是“命令一个由普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro带领的独立专家小组在三个月内向白宫汇报，对制定人体克隆方面的政策提供建议。”
 19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is　convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on　which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. （5+）物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlying assumption）稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句在文章中就是一个自然段，虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达10行的例子，但是难度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩，连主句带从句居然一共有八个。从大往小说，由whereas连接了两个大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主语an augument之后又跟了一个定语从句that is convincing though imprecise，修饰augument。whereas前面共有六个句子，由the physicist作主语的主句；由since引导的原因状语从句，修饰since从句中主语an augument的由that引导的定语从句，此定语从句中的条件状语从句only if it is precise; since从句中的条件状语从句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语assumptions的定语从句on which it is based一共八个句子，从句套从句，实在令人叹为观止。然而，在考试现场去数句子的数目，是只有呆子才会干的事，读者们惟一要干的事就是反复阅读这句话，什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂，才算初步掌握；再进一步把它读顺，直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方，看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。 意群训练：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 
20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. （4-）起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了FaGuo沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在FaGuo沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句读到表示并列的连词and开始变难。and之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语came。　lacking之后的分词作定语修饰a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的salonnieres此从句中又有一个定语从句that each salonniere held in her own salon修饰其前的primacy,但是由于引导词that在从句中作宾语，因此被省略。 意群训练：However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon 
21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional　　similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5）随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：本句子的中间一段impressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences容易令人看晕，其中的insect and vertebrate societies and less so with由两个and连接了三个部分，然而它们其实不是同一层次的并列，第一个and实际上是between insect societies and vertebrate societies的一部分，是并列的，而and之后的less so with其实是对于一个完整的表达方式I have been increasingly less impressed with的省略形式，去掉了与前面重复的成分。后面修饰的structural differences的定语从句that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them中，又出现了一个别扭的插入语at first glance，把应该连在一起的seem to 粗暴地分开，令人不熟悉此类难句的人倍感不适。 意群训练：As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constiture such an immense gulf between them. 
22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.（4）虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句从句子的结构上来讲，惟一的难度在于and之后的句子的主语talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology太长，以至于看到谓语circumvent的时候已经搞不清楚主谓了。更大的难度恐怕还在于对两个词汇的理解circumvent和enterprise。我们以前所背过的circumvent有两个词义，一个是规避，一是以计谋战胜，但是这两种意思放到此处都显然不通；其实circumvent有一个我们没有背过的最常用的意思是包围、限制或陷害；至于enterprise常用的意思是企业，这里的指事业。 意群训练：Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. 
23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？（3）这究竟是一种缺陷呢，还是这些作者想要按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？ 难句类型：插入语 解释：本句的句子既短，意思也不难理解，但插入语(or trying to forge)的干扰作用却极强。 意群训练：Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? 
24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5）不仅如此，有些黑人小说（比如JT的甘蔗）的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义；这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢？这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：在本句中有三个词需要先解释一番：verge on这个词组是接近于、濒于的意思，hero在文学作品中是主人公的意思，pit作动词时，除了挖坑、窖藏之外，还有使竞争、使斗争的意思，其英文释义为：to set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在此用的是后一种语义的被动语态fate againt which Black heros are pitted.如果用主动语态则是：pit black heros againt fate。另外本句的结构复杂，分号之后是一个一般疑问句，但是由于修饰成分过多，过长，使得读者看不清楚这个句子在问什么。其实如果没有最后的那个prevalent theme的同位语a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression，本句会易懂得多。 意群训练：In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism； does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? 25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-　　Colored Man. （4）注意：bring A to B --〉bring to B A 《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊（James Weldon Johnson）的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。 难句类型：倒装 解释：在以bringing开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装，bring A to B被倒装为bring to B A,其倒装的原因仍是为了避免头重脚轻，正常的语序应该如下：bringing some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man to our attention in the process. 意群训练：Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels， bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. 
26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，　　infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) 虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射--阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此--不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared emission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语，但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配allow something to do somthing中间，将allow和to分得很远，所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服。后面的分句中的最后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space是其前面的infrared emissions的同位语。其中的otherwise是副词作状语，表示如果后面的分句所说的they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions不发生时的后果。 意群训练：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated， to pass through， they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface， radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space 
27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints-ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting that　　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. （4）这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类--即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略 解释：尽管我们很熟悉the role of something的这种表达，但本句中the role of被作者胜利很活。首先，在role后面有一个省略了引导词that的定语从句(因为role在从句中作ascribe的宾语)，这样就把role和系动词is隔得很远。其次，but前面的句子的主要结构The role is not of doing something其实是The role is not the role of doing something的省略形式，因为后面的the role与前面的完全重复，如果不把它省略掉，谁看到都要觉得啰嗦。因为同样的道理，but之后的one of imposing constraints实际上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式。 意群训练：The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　 the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints- ways of　feeling， thinking，and acting that　　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 
28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? （5)以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之间的差异，从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比？ 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句子在所有GRE或GMAT阅读题的题干中是最难读懂的题干之一。本句不但结构复杂，而且用词抽象，使得读者如果想根据语义来搞清楚谁修饰谁，也变得极为困难。分析如下：本句的主干是Which of the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraints distinction?. Versus是一个介词，等于against，即体育比赛中的VS。其他的所有成分均是一些修饰成分。其中一个对答题最重要的限制条件是from human morphology，　说明这种类比的比较双方所比的必须是人类形态上的特征。 意群训练：Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 
29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers　had removed most of the algae. （3+）在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出--但没能证明--食草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻。 难句类型：插入语 解释：本句主语很长，而且谓语suggested与that引导的宾语从句间被插入语but did not prove隔开，造成阅读障碍。当suggest与but did not prove连在一起使用的时候，其意思不是建议，而是指一种基于主观臆测的推理，中文翻译成“暗示”。其英文释义为：to call to mind by though or association the explosion suggested sabotage。GRE、GMAT及LSAT文章中，常用suggest，but do not prove来描述一种没有真凭实据、可能有问题的理论，然后在后面的叙述中把它否定掉。 意群训练：A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers　had removed most of the algae. 
30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. （5）可能这样一个事实，那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的水藻，这样一个忽视了更小的浮游生物（而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，导致了在接下来的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：句子的结构繁杂。句子的主语令人吃惊地长，在最后一个逗号后的led以前，全是主语！其实句子的主干简单，就是the fact led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers。但是本句的主语the fact后面的修饰成分长得吓人，先是个定语从句；定语从句中又套了一个定语从句。然后逗号后面的a practice引导的部分是前面的主语的同位语兼任插入语，practice后面的修饰它的一大堆东西又是定语从句套着定语从句。本句是典型的层层修饰结构。 意群训练：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a pratice that overlooked the smaller that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research 
31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers. （5）由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句对阅读者的阅读能力提出了更高的要求，不但要求读者读清楚句子的复杂的结构，而且对读者的词汇能力也提出了更高的要求。By以前结构无需解释，by以后有两个作介词宾语短语的动名词结构，measuring和后面表示并列和顺接的and then之后的computing，说的是计算方法；前一个measuring说的是先算出实验室中浮游动物品种的单位捕食速率，后面的computing前其实省略了一个by，而且在这个动名词结构中还包括一个分词结构using the known population density of grazers，用已知的捕食者的种群密度计算出其野外的群体捕食速率。整个的by以后的计算过程简单了就是：实验室单位速率×野外密度＝野外群体速率另外本句中的词汇也颇有迷惑性；虽然没有太难的单词，但是很多单词都是同义词和反义词，容易让人读混；（斜线分隔同义词，冒号分隔反义词） estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers; natureal/field; laboratory community; individuall 意群训练：Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers. 
32. In the periods　of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，　　Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. （3+） 在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%. 难句类型：插入语 解释：句中有两组插入语，每组两个插入语，尤其是第二组，把rate of从中间劈开。不过因为句义尚好理解，所以本句只是有一点别扭，但不算太难。 意群训练：In the periods　of 　peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. 
33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. （4）水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：beginning开始的一系列分词都是修饰主语The hydrologic cycle的，分别是beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意的是，thence along and into the grund surfacee 是thence passing along and entering into the ground surfacee的省略形式，但是看上去意思却很清楚。类似这样的省略，是出题者合理地利用了省略来达到改编学术论文时压缩文章篇幅的目的。 意群训练：The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 
34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.（4）只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候，才有可能把整个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质学有关。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：only放在句首时，主句的情态动词may倒装，这是我们高中就已经学过的东西。然而句首的only与倒装的may距离如此之远，这在以前却没有见过，所以读上去让人不习惯。另外一个难点在于，前面的由when所引导的时间状语从句中，宾语boundaries后面跟了一个定语从句，that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle,而且从句中的associate with又被water within it所分开，读者还要分神去考虑it所指的是什么，所以读到后面倒装的may的时候，难免不知所云。 意群训练：Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.
 ★胡敏长难句69句★ 1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted. （难度系数5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。 难句类型：倒装、省略 <a > 本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex　ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，　an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted. 
2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)（这是一种） 译文：照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 复杂+倒装+省略; 解释：本句子的难度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲，类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣，可以把其废掉不读。 A、这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了overreality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，而A be given way to B，　则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire，what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。 D、就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望（新冲动），前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。 意群训练：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . 
3. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and　risky ones. （3） 译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。 解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由and所连接，在and之后的第二个from前，省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太长，初学者难以一下子看下来；二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。 意群训练：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones. 
4. Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states　　of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5）译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf） 译文：在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词 解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂，since引导的原因状语从句较难。 A、 since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分，一个是of her literary interests，　另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修饰an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelist. B、句中有两处省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from当中，修饰interests的定语从句中引导词＋be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后，由于concerned with与前面的concerned with重复，所以concerned被省略。 C、本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。 意群训练：Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states　　of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. 
5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-） 译文：就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德” 抽象词、抽象词组、比喻 这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .” 
6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .（4+） 译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词 解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难；leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语；分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted into拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而glycogen这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。 意群训练：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis . 
7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+） 译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱--在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来--在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。 难句类型：插入语 解释：本句中插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that slaves' preference与系动词was离得太远，造成阅读的困难。 意群训练：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 
8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4） 译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：由that引导的宾语从句中，encouraged的宾语the transmission of the Black heritage被同时表示并列和转折的and so 分开，给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面的black 的同位语。 意群训练：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　thetransmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 
9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+） 译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主语和谓语。West African rules后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是分词修饰(governing marriage), 第二个是以which引导的非限定性定语从句，从句中出现了第二个插入语though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系 意群训练：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 
10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe. （4+）译文：该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义--即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”--可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的后半个分钟中，长长的插入语as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作为主语his definition of racial prejudice的同位语，使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理解，对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读懂，宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，but之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，转折后的内容就应该说其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。 意群训练：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe. 
 ★胡敏长难句69句★ 11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any　　possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。 难免类型：复杂修饰 解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这样的语言方式，可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense. 意群训练：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience. 
12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。 难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装 解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装，正常语序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是个大倒装，lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的，但是因为它太长，所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到lacking之后，正常的语序应该是proof that the quality of ..was lacking 意群训练：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. 
13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4）尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。 难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定 解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的，原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法，但在英文中出现，因为在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉上很别扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中，很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的，表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是在GRE和GMAT这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中，如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，则双重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解为agree，不反对者中，的确有人会同意，但通常心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但如此，大双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，没有完全被反对，不能理解为从来都被严格支持的，而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法，就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式，按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定，然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态；这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这个分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else这种语言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说得通，但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系，in favor of强调的是这两种动作的同时性；抛弃了前者，而转向后者，namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。 意群训练：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system 14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，　　arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -）尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主语the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相隔很远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。 意群训练：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 
 15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，　　at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：在Although引导的分句中，谓语shows后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句，从句中先出现一个插入语as an object becomes familiar,之后的内容是由and 连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其实and前后就是两个句子，只不过作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词that和谓语become。 句子中有一个生词holistic，其实即使不认识，也能用合理化原则猜出它是后面serial的反义词、parallel的同义词，大约是统一、完整或同时的意思；其实只要能理解到其是与serial相反的意思即可。 意群训练：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，　　at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. 虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serialhypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。 
16. In large part as a consequence of　the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in　various periods. （3+） 难句类型：倒装 解释：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介词on的宾语determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一个小倒装，正常语序应该是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。 意群训练：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. 在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 
17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact -real Amazonian societies - but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4) 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：有两个词汇需要先解释一下：something be meant to represent是use something to mean的被动语态。mean在这里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表达的目的、意图，其英文释义为：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的结构为：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是把be meant to和not rather 的两个固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是为了...而是为了... 另外，suppose的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此词既有据信、被认为的意思，也有预期的意思，还有表示贬义的假想的被想当然的意思。本句的supposed用法极其特殊，在此处的意思，用以上任何一个释义来理解居然都可以成立，既是在说一个预期的社会状态，又是在说一个虚构出来的、本来不存在的社会状态，其用法类似于中文中的一语双关，是文章作者自以为文笔精妙之处。 如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实--真正的亚麻逊社会的--而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。 ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎NvZ7F6O0JO 意群训练：If obegins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society. 
 18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected　equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of　quantum field-theoretical equations. （5）因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔（Schrodinger）的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略 解释：读到此句时，数学家不见得震惊，晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂，而且罗列了大量的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲，在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应该读到什么程度远比研究这些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说并不见得重要，GRE考试的出题者也不见得知道它；关键是要读懂句子的主要意思；数学家不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中，出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的，所以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。主句中的主语it是一个开工主语，其具体的内容应该是从to learn开始一直到句子结束的长达八行的不定式，但是此不定式实在太长，如果放在句首则句子无法平衡。Learn后面带着两个以that引导的宾语从句，中间以分号和and分开，可以把分号以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。 意群训练：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.
 35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the internal frontier--that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system. （4）史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧--亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：典型的句子套句子。主句是F.J.T. wrote that，宾语从句中主干是the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在从句的主语the agrarian discontent后面又来了一个定语从句。 意群训练：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States 　since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the internal frontier--that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system 36. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to　　investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数（杨鹏的书中：第一次以大量的数据），开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。 解释：句子中有两个插入语，一个是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,这个插入语的直接作用是解释前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而起到的客观作用则是把主句中的主语和谓语分割得很远；第二个插入语是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中间，把一个好好的began to斩为两段。这句话另外一个难以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工业化以前的欧洲人口中超过了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群众。 意群训练：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to　　investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. 
37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract case　histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not　　confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+ ) 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：象勒罗伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history）来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。 解释：逗号以后的内容都是修饰逗号以前的case history的。在which引导的非限定性定语从句中有一个插入语(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law)，我们可以看到这个插入语中又套了一个插入语but not confined to。 意群训练：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract case　histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not　　confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 
38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5） 难句类型：复杂修饰 译文：从文章中可以推断出来，一个希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率与另外一个十年中的犯罪率的历史学家将会被以下那种信息的提高所最好的帮助？ 解释：句首的it是形式主语，其具体内容是从that开始到句子结束的全部内容。That从句中，主语a historyian之后修饰它的超长的定语从句是这个句子难以读懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中间被修饰第一个crime rates的两个修饰成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很远。在with之后的第二个crime rates后面，省略了与前面重复的per thousand in a European city。 意群训练：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? 
39. My point is that its central　consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender　　as shaping influences on people’s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：我的论点是，其作品的中心意识--它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解--在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。 解释：宾语从句中的主语和谓语被长插入语分开，造成阅读障碍。插入语中有一个固定搭配understanding of A as B，是把A理解成B的意思。不过本句中as的宾语不容易理解：shaping influences on people’s lives可以理解成“形成了对人们生活的影响”也可以理解成“对人们生活的塑造性(决定性)影响”。当然后面的理解是正确的，然而在阅读现场想要在瞬间做出正确判断，还有赖于考生的阅读理解力和词汇功底的深浅。插入语后面还有一个固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多东西是来自于后者，得益于后者的。 意群训练：My point is that its central　consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender　　as shaping influences on people’s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5） 即使是这样的要求，即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害，也能够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的，或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、专有名词、固定搭配 解释：主语the requirement后面带着一个长长的修饰主语的同位语；由于requirement的同位语中要求使用虚拟语气，所以其中的系动词成了原型(should be省略了should)。如此之长的修饰成分过后，谓语can be met与主语的关系已经很难理清了。从by开始的状语结构更为复杂；修饰techniques的后置的定语derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants实际上是由or所连接的两个固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个derive from中还套了另外一个固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个derive from则干脆把derive给省略了。此外，本句的专有名词奇多，这使得阅读的难度非常高。 意群训练：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants 
41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and　　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. （4）但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合--而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：本句这样的复杂修饰和插入语的作用差不多；主语achieving necessary matches之后的修饰成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter把主语和谓语requires分开。值得注意的是修饰宾主的of which molecules 中的which在此不是定语从句的引导词，而是一个形容词，意思是哪个。 意群训练：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and　　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 
42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding，of course，a　considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other　of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to　appreciate adequately the full range of　possible legal phenomena. （5）伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象--毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处--以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：这是一个被GRE考生尊称为No.题三大难文章之一的伊斯兰法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入语前后都不难，关键是如何对待这段插入语。首先，插入语很长，在原文中有四行。笔者在前面不只一次提醒读者，三行心目的插入语必须跳过，看懂前后的内容再回头来看插入语。插入语难懂的第一个原因是其中混有大量的抽象词和法律术语；还有一个重要原因，那就是它其实不是一个完整的句子。把插入语中所有的修饰成分扒光，只剩下一个单词：coinsidences，而主语和谓语it has则被作者省略。不管从哪个角度上来看，这句话中的那个插入语都极像是ETS布下的一个陷阱：首先，插入语的内容对理解文章毫无作用；其次，考试中对插入语也出题；第三，其实这句话中的插入语根本不必读。也可以根据插入语前后的内容用合理化原则的取非读法猜出其意思。插入语前后的内容是伊斯兰法与其他法律不同，插入部分以notwithstanding开关，又有of course,可见插入部分一定是让步证据，因此可以对前后的内容取非，猜出插入部分一定是在说伊斯兰法与其他法律有相同之处。句末的in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena中，包含一个倒装；正常语序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副词adequately被提到appreciate的宾语之前。 意群训练slamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 
43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. （5）尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（Talmud）极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、专有名词 解释：本句与上一句同来自于同一篇文章，本文的主题是伊斯兰法，但作者反复用犹太法来吓唬读者，同样ETS也未就此句话出题。这句话难读是因为两个原因：第一、作者在between　Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了Jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了jewish law，使人看到of the Diaspora时搞不清楚在什么与什么之间；第二个难懂的原因，是文中出现了大量的专有名词、法律术语和历史背景。其实读者除了Israel 和Jewish两个单词有必要也有可能认识之外，其他单词既不需要了解也无法了解，像什么Diaspora(大流散时期)、Old Testament(旧约全书)、Talmud(犹太教法典)等奇怪名词，在非宗教国家的考生的大脑中，一点概念都没有，更不要说其英语的表达了。那么ETS的出题者在阅读文章中搞出这种东西来，不是有意违背公平出题原则之嫌了吗？其实出题者也并没有要求读者把这些内容搞清，只需知道前面那句话是一个判断句，说犹太法和伊斯兰法一致，后面这句话是对上面一句话的解释，因此肯定也在说它一致。再看第二句话的结构，上来就是一个用though表示的让步语气，我们可以看出在一个break between，那么逗号后就应该是省略了but的转折语气，该说没有break between，果然我们看到了very close to 的字样。我们也知道，既有让步又有转折时，作者强调转折之后的内容。所以这句话仍是在说犹太法一致。 意群训练:043 Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law（这是作者加的便于理解的话）. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

林の声音 · 发表于 2005-12-1 13:22:46

44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination,　from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic　Arabia and numerous legal elements　taken over from the non-Arab peoples　of the conquered territories. （4）另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。 (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：这句话是接着上面的那句话写下来的，是在说伊斯兰法的不一致。句中有三个插入语，都起到了一定的干扰作用。第一个是on the other hand，隔开了主语和谓语。第二个是from a religious angle，分开了examination of ，第三个as it did，　根本就是句废话，分断了动词comprise 和动词的宾语the various components。 意群训练：Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories 
45. One such novel idea is　that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into　　nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. （5），此句最好能够熟读，更好的是背诵下来。（复杂修饰+插入+省略+倒装）这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、省略 解释：本句的难度以倒装为主，复杂为辅；然而二者相互借力，难度更大，而且本句中有两个省略，就更令读者头痛。句子一开始的One such novel idea is that of 之中的that of, 是that　idea of 的省略形式。此外容易理解，后面开始变难。Inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去不舒服的原因，是作者在此用了一个便装；正常语序应该是：inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants，　即把非此植物的genes插入到该植物中。之所以倒装，是因为discrete genes加上复杂修饰的成分以后太长之故。同样，后面的the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria一句，正常的语序也是the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,即把便利豆科植物成为固氮菌的寄主的基因（如果它们能够被找到并分离出来的话）插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。这一回。Genes之后不但有定语从句的复杂修饰，而且在genes和that从句之间还有一个不短的插入语，增加了阅读难度。最后的一句话，Hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其实也不是一句话，只是一个词：research。作者省略了there is ，其实引处即便看不清语法结构，作者的意思还是可以懂的。因此，笔者在前面强调的“如果可以看懂意思，不必去分析语法”，在实战的应用中有其意义；GRE和GMAT中很多表达其实不严格遵守语法，或者有考生不懂的语法，读者处心积虑地研究它们，不但没有实战意义，而且还令读者徒增烦恼。本句是GRE和GMAT考试中集各种语言现象之大成者，包括了几乎所有的难句类型，希望读者一定把这句话读熟；有心者最好能把它背熟，一定对提高你的阅读能力有好处。 意群训练：One such novel idea is　that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into　nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. 
46. It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.（3+）下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。 难句类型：复杂修饰 解释：It是形式主语，其真正的内容是that之后的由even though连接的两个句子。其实本句的真正难度倒不在于句子的结构，而是对于其意思的理解：尤其是文科同学，可能缺乏必要的背景知识，就更不容易读懂。句中的set an upper limit on plant growth直译为”给植物的生成设立一个上限”，其真正的意思是“限制了植物的生长”；因此the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth之中的availability一定指的是氮的供给之少。整句话的意思是，土壤中的氮植物能够利用，却太少；而空气中虽有大量的氮，植物却不能利用，这岂不是自然界开的一个大玩笑。 意群训练：It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 
47. Unless they succeed，the　yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in　legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers　are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. （4）除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体（gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎DRyxFerXCG 解释：主句比较简单，而后面跟着的由and连接的两个表示让步的条件状语从句就相对复杂，第一个从句是用一个修饰主语的定语从句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主谓隔开；第二个从句则运用了插入语once they are found把主谓隔开。 意群训练：Unless they succeed，the　yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in　legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers　are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. 48. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，　　diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of　　Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”，因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”：读者被要求与阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。（从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思）注：her主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的 难句类型；复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词、熟词僻义 请思考：如果看不懂分号前的without的意思，是否可以用合理化原则根据分号后的那句话推理出其意思？ ◎ 解释：本句中尽管也存在一些复杂修饰和插入的内容，但是本句话之所以难懂，与其说是因为这些东西的影响，倒不如说是因为用词的抽象和语义的难以理解。作为一篇文学评论型的文章，文章中充斥着一些很抽象的词汇；本句话中就有subject/category/spectacle/divert/incident/hero/primarily/without/present/identify/motivation/particularly/likable等。背过这些单词的中文释义，并不意味着在阅读中能够清楚地理解其真正含义。对于抽象词的训练方法，请参见附录中＜阅读抽象词提速法＞。这里仅解释几个对于这句话最重要的单词：her在此不是指英雄，在文学评论型的文章当中，此单词的意思是主人公。 Without:在此处是一个熟词僻义，意思是外部，等于outside。 Likable:不可望文生义，它不是像什么东西的意思，而是有吸引力的意思，其同义词有pleasant或attractive. 本句中，对于理解全句起到最大影响的，就是能否正确理解without这个单词，然而问题在于，如果不认识without的熟词僻义，是否可用合理化原则根据分号后的那句话推理出其意思？根据紧跟着分别的however，我们可以推断出分号前后的两句话所说的内容截然相反，因此可以从I戏剧的描述中推出，without的意思应该是不去认同其主人公的内心世界。 意群训练：Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，　　diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of　　Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. 
49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. （3+）在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。 难句类型：倒装、省略 解释：本句的倒装本质上与我们早就的一种倒装结构是一样的，即形容词放在句首时，主语和谓语倒装。本句的主干的正常语序应该是：Eye placement is most striking;倒装后成了Most striking is eye placement。但是这种倒装在GRE考试中出现，又有了新的特色，被提到句首的Most striking被长长的状语among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish与后面的主语和表语分开，造成阅读困难。 意群训练：Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head 
50. A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .（4）一个对于H的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在17世纪60年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批评显示，关于奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查，而且显示出，对于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解释应当被扩展。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略解释：句子的主干清楚：A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但是因为句子的结构复杂、修饰成分多，再加上后面的and 之后的suggests被省略，所以句子的结构很难被读出来的。本句的suggest不再是暗示，而是显示、说明的意思，其同义词有point,indicate,imply。本句的两个suggest之后的宾语从句都根据语法要求使用了虚拟语气。 意群训练：A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . 
51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most　geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 -）对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿--这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）--上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks，主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的；islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。 意群训练：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most　geologists contend，is the upper mantle. 
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+）但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids；后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰incompatible elements的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。 意群训练：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. 
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -） F认为，P在1908年试图开始写一部小说，又为了写一部批判S-B的伟大作品的真正本质的视而不见的长篇的证明而放弃了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句来自历来被GRE考生尊称为所有GRE文科文章中难度第一的普鲁斯特的追忆似水年华，这篇文章的难度远远高于现在计算机考试的题目。普鲁斯特是公认的意识流小说的先驱，据笔者推测，本文的原作者必定是研究普鲁斯特的大家，因此其文章必然带有思维的跳跃，、不连贯性、时空颠倒等意识流手法：经过ETS的改编后，虽然可读性略有啬，然积重难返、无法救药，于是堕落成一篇流水帐文章。从本句的结构来看，也可以表现作者的这种叙事风格：本句从that引导的宾语从句开始，实际上是以普鲁斯特的意识流向为线索，以列举的方式描述其动机的变化，从一开始的写别的小说，其英文为Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因为abandoned之后的状语for…的结构复杂、用词抽象，所以这个结构不太容易被看出来。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨认能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,视而不见。Give rise to 这个词组的意思是引起，使发生。 意群训练：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel. 
54. The very richness and complexity of the　meaningful relationships that kept　presenting and rearranging themselves　on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. （5）各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列；正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：请原谅笔者在此所做中文翻译的艰涩难懂，为了让读者能够更好地理解句子的结构，本书尽量把中文翻译与英文原文的语序相对应，而且尽可能的不用意译。为了达到这个目的，可以说绞尽脑汁，但本句之难懂也全非笔者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象词。本句仍然来自于上面说过的这篇关于普鲁斯特的文章。句中的主语是The very richness and complexity,其后的修饰成分长达三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中还夹杂着插入语，有效地分开了主语和谓语。其实本句虽然结构也比较复杂，但是不见得比前面的句子复杂得多，其真正的难点，还在于句子中大量的抽象词的使用。由于笔者在附录中所提到的原因，抽象词可以严重地占据大脑资源，因此带有大量的抽象词的结构复杂的句子就更为难懂，比如本句就是一个很好的例子，复杂修饰与抽象词狼狈为奸，句意另人难以理解。 意群训练：The very richness and complexity of the　meaningful relationships that kept　presenting and rearranging themselves　on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4) 但是我们当中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年书信的全集能够更加详细的记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句中从句套从句，致使主语those of us与谓语的距离很远，而且中间的成分又极多，使得句子很难读懂。修饰主语those of us的定语从句who hoped之中又套了一个宾语从句，宾语从句的主语complete edition又被一前一后的两个定语所修饰，之后才依次是宾语从句的谓语、宾语：主句的系动词、表语。 意群训练：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed 
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. （5 -）现在我们必须也按照我们墨西哥裔的美国人的经历来审视这个文化，我们的经历是从一个主权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞，在最终沦落成为一个被征服的民族--在我们自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、固定搭配 解释：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的状语，说明审视的角度；后面直至句尾的分词结构又是experience的状语，详述了经历的具体过程。就是这个分词有些难懂，因为我们熟知的结构是from…to…没有见过，也没有想到过后面居然还有一个to,因此看到这个套了一个插入语的newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people的时候头脑发生混乱，不明所以、不知所措。这里的to还是与前面的from搭配的，也就是说，原文的结构是from…to…to… 意群训练：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. 
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to　　these mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4）科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA’s.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA’s应仍然和这些信使mDNA’s粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA’s的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使RNA’s进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。 难句类型：易混词 解释：与其他的难句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。笔者之所以在本句中不设标志和翻译，是因为这三句话从结构和意思上来说并不难。然而很少有人能够真正的一次把这段话读清楚，原因在于两个容易混淆的单词cDNA’s和mRNA’s在文中交替出现，而且相互作用；再加上brain cell和hormones从中捣乱，更难读清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA’s来探测mRNA’s。如果脑细胞产生了荷尔蒙，则其中必有mRNA’s意味着可用cDNA探测荷尔蒙。如果脑细胞制造的不是真荷尔蒙，则可以用cDNA’s与其中的mRNA’s附着的情况来确定此荷尔蒙的真假。 意群训练：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to　　these mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. 58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purifications　　to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. （4）采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。 难句类型：复杂修饰、易混指代 解释：主语后的修饰成分同样隔开了主语和谓语，但本句的难度主要在because从句中。按照一般的习惯，作为从句主语的it应该指主句的主语，但本句的主句是一个比较结构，A should be faster than B because it…,此处it也可以指B。但是因为这种指代不符合和我们以前所形成的习惯，所以阅读现场不得不边读边根据句意来判断，这就增加了阅读理解的难度。现场阅读时，类似antiserums的这种专有名词不必理会，仅需从词头anti推出这是一个反p荷尔蒙的东西即可。 意群训练：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purifications　　to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. 
59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.（3+）然而，研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。 难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、修辞 解释：句末的由how引导的名词性从句中包括了双重的倒装，正常的语序本来是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes。本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的动作执行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 则必须后置；这样一来又造成了if被省略，成为had they been的倒装结构。另外，作者为了表达其对于这些研究者的模型的负态度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虚拟语气，并使用了fanciful这个词以表示这些研究的不负责任、异想天开的幼童心理。 意群训练：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. 
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits　and events not directly related to　　glacial and interglacial periods，rather　than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4）这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代 解释：句子中的rather than 之后省略了与前面重复的being based,直接加上了介词on。Modern method后面的部分都是修饰method的。其中的remains既可以作动词也可以作名词，此处是名词的用法，biological remains指的是类似于动物化石之类的遗迹。读到这里我们看到了句子的难点，themselves既可以指前面离得很远的modern method(当然，在语法上来讲单复数不一致)，也可以指前面离得较远的biological remains，亦可以指紧挨着的interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一个，只有通过理解句意，才能确定在此处指biological remains。 意群训练：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits　and events not directly related to　　glacial and interglacial periods，rather　than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits 
61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social　　relationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.（5）人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的，要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略 解释：前面的主架构There have been attempts to explain these taboos很简单，从in terms of inappropriate social relationships开始句子变难，ralationship后面跟着一个一直延续到句末的长长的修饰成分，其中有两个固定搭配，either…or…和between…and…，不但如此，原文把这两个搭配又套在一起，变成了either between…and…,or between…and…;再加上每一个between…and之后都是those who这样的结构，就愈发令人眼花缭乱了。 意群训练：There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social　　relationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging. 
62. Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. （5）研究艾米丽。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小说《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）的许多文学评论家，将小说的第二部分视作一种对比物，即使没有将第一部分予以逆转的话，也是在对第一部分作出一种诠释评判，而在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的读解能获得更为充分的确证。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：上面的翻译中为了符合中文习惯不得不把修饰the first part的where引导的定语从句翻译到中括号以外。本句主要难在两个地方，一个是插入语if it does not reverse如何理解，另一个是counterpoint的意思是什么。产生，插入语的位置比较讨厌，把comments on the first part这样一个连贯的说法割成两段，增加了阅读的难度。而且它的意思容易理解错；if既可以理解成如果的意思，也可以理解成即使的意思。如果理解成即使的意思，则上下文的意思则要理解成即使不反对第一部分，也要给予第一部分一个负面的评论。然而此处不能这样理解，因为that之前的counterpoint的意思不是相反、对立，而是指和谐的组成部分的意思。这个词来源于一个音乐术语，指音乐中的对位法、旋律配合，引伸为形容两个不同的东西彼此和谐一致，同义词是harmony。因此文中的if it does not reverse的意思是假如不反对第一部分，则是与第一部分和谐一致的评论的意思。这种情况下，插入语纯属废话。 意群训练：Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. 63. Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s　heterogeneous parts. （4+）诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那种意识相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course. 难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词 解释：本句的结构固然复杂，但造成最大的阅读难度的，主要还是对一些抽象词的理解。正面是对一些关键词汇的解释： ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎SoDMLxw4Vi Granted that出现在句首，其意思是大家都同意、当然，实际上是一种让步语气，等于admitted,of course。 ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎t1DGV8GDSK Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那个辩论、争论的意思，而是表示意味着或证实的意思，其同义词是maintain或prove。Camparable的词义有两个，除了读者熟悉的that can be compared之外，还有一个意思是worthy of comparison，其同义词是as good as。本文中用的是后面的那个意思，对于这个词义的理解，后面的第18题考到了。 意群训练：Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s　heterogeneous parts. 
64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a　danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation. (5) 这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题（尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释中，僵化死板总是一种危险），而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素，以其无可辩驳的力度，最终拒绝被囿于一个囊括无遗的解释中。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 解释：本句的两个插入语虽然有一些干扰性，但是最为主要的难点在于成批出现的抽象词，如interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power/ultimately/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing等。据笔者估测，对于初学GRE或GMAT的学习者而言，在一句话中出现了三个心上的抽象词就会使阅读理解造成障碍，而这句话中出现了十三个这样的单词，读不懂也不足为怪。 训练：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a　danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation. 
65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate　　virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4)铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差；而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专业抽象词 解释：本句是一个怪异的现象的典型例子：句子的结构谈不上复杂，所用单词也不难，但是除非读者有理工科的科研（最好是材料科学的科研）背景，否则句子虽然能够得读下来，但是却搞不清句子说的是什么意思。首先，句子中出现的一些词汇虽然也都比较常见，但是在理科文章中出现，就有了专有名词的意味，同时还带有很抽象的学术含义，笔者称之为专业抽象词，如isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study等。认识这些单词，并不意味着懂得它们在文章的意义和作用。比如说measurement error，大家都可以望文生义地理解成测量错误、测量误差，但是在对文章的阅读中这种字面上的理解是远远不够的。其实此处强调的并不是测量中出现的错误和毛病，而是指那些每次测量都会发生的、永远也无法避免的、在测量值和实际值之间的正常的差异。因此，本句话的真实含义也难以理解。句子只是罗列了一堆事实，而作者真正想说的意思是什么呢？其实variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是这些不同variations是真正有意义的不同，而不是试验的误差；那么不同矿源的铜矿的铅同位素成分真的不同，相同的矿源的铅同位素几乎相同，就意味着我们可以通过测量铅同位素的成分来确定铜矿的矿源(挖掘地)。 意群训练：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate　　virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source 66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds. （3+）更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。 
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装 解释：句首有一个倒装，正常语序是bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的频繁出现使句子显得十分凌乱。 意群训练：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds. 
67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+） 一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变--为扩张主义的军事目标所左右--产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎W1ienIwYrI 解释：主架构简单，可是主语和表语从句都不让人省心。句子的主干其实就是：A long-held view has been that..。但是主语A long-held view之后却是修饰它的一个三层的定语：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系动词has been之后所接的表语从句其实不止一个，其实原句是用了and来连接两个并列的表语从句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的has been照例被省略。 意群训练：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . 
68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　　but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4）现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 解释：本句的句子既长，专有名词又多，从句层出不穷，故而难懂。在本句中出现的专有名词中，除了silicates硅酸盐这个单词常常出现于理科文章中，需要记忆之外，其他单词阅读现场简单处理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物质；garnet作首字母提炼叫g:crystallography只要能从词头推出这个单词与晶体有关即可。 意群训练：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　　but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. 
69. Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+）即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《***的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词 解释：本句实际上是由and连接的两个句子，阅读的一个难度在于，and之后省略了they(此处指前面的主语the radical critiques，)而are thus able to 又与前面离得太远，使读者难以找到主语。另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D当中的A、B、C，全部既长又抽象，理解起来较为困难。 意群训练：Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority
 ★长难句结构分析最新经典100句★
1. The American economic system is. organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. [参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. [参考译文]因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. [参考译文]另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. [参考译文]在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位)自由签定合同的权利。
5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. [参考译文]同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。
6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. [参考译文]不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。
7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. [参考译文]残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能， 他们的教育必须适应这些不同。
8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. [参考译文]在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. [参考译文]它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。
10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. [参考译文]除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。
 ★长难句结构分析最新经典100句★
11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention. [参考译文]如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。
 12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts. [参考译文]得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。
 13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. [参考译文]随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
 14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming. [参考译文]现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他／她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招架。
 15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. [参考译文]通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。
 16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. [参考译文]现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。
 17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. [参考译文]在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。
 18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain. [参考译文]英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。 
 19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. [参考译文]这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。
 20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. [参考译文]这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。
 ★长难句结构分析最新经典100句★
20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. [参考译文]这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。
21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [参考译文]这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。
22. Towns like Bournemouth and East bourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. [参考译文]像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的"舒适"阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。
23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. [参考译文]这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。
 24. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element… [语法难点]本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是（which was）representing… ，另一个是(which was)detached…。 可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。 [句子翻译] 对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。 [翻译技巧] 实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况，把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从“这个阶层”开始另起一句。
 25．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. [句子主干]Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who… [语法难点]1）有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由who…,and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名词）”。 2）that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth结构是名词性的，that of sth相当于which is结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句，把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考生朋友们要注意分辨。 [句子翻译] 像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入，在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系，只是分取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，对管理人员发号施令。 [翻译技巧]同样是为了避开定语从句，将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。 retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模
 26．Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. " [句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…” [语法难点]有省略。1）like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句，considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾，较短的置于句首，为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。 2）like分句中出现了比较多的省略，补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。 [句子翻译]罗博特·富尔顿曾经写道，机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围，像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样，把它们作为自己的思路展示，每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。 [翻译技巧]如果严格地翻译，like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”，原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工，应该用诗人来对应，但这样一来，就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。
 27．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. [句子主干]Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances… [语法难点]主语是some of these causes，实际的主语就是some，不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于of后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to…是定语从句的分句结构，意为“属于”。 [句子翻译]在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。 [翻译技巧]这个翻译比较简单，注意being to的翻译即可。
 28．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. [句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that… [语法难点]1）有套和从句。这个句子实际上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干，关键是确定句子的主语和谓语，只有这样才不会被众多的修饰成分所迷惑。 2）When引导的是时间状语从句。第一个that引导的是修饰conclusion的定语从句，第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句，wants前省略了which，是引导的修饰a government的主语从句。 [句子翻译]这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府下了结论，认为：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。 [翻译技巧]此句中短语较多。 come to the conclusion形成某种结论/make of提出/in detail详细地
 29．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. [句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but… [语法难点]注意not…but句型，意为“不是……而是……” [句子翻译]给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。 [翻译技巧]严格说来，not…but结构应译为“不是……而是……”，但这样就显得罗嗦，所以译为“与……无关”，但（另一些有关）。a amount of指“数量达到……”。be related to指“与……有关”。
 30．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. [句子主干]However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects [语法难点]so made指“如此构成”，so和后面的that构成so…that结构，意为“如此……以至于……”。be…(un)able to指“可以（或不可以）……”。 [句子翻译]然而，世界就是如此。一般而言，完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。 [翻译技巧]be so made that意为“如…构成”，不符合汉语表达习惯，所以译为“就是如此”。 in principle 总的说来/deal with应付……
31．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. [句子主干]New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to… [语法难点]有并列从句。1)主语较为复杂，为并列结构，分别是new forms和new subjects，中间用as well as连接。 2）as在这里引导了一个介词结构（as they have in the past），have的宾语省略了，其内容与本句主语一致。 3)giving rise to…分句为非限定性定语从句的从句，省略了which are。 [句子翻译]同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。 [翻译技巧]as well as 和，以及/give rise to给……以机会
32．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. [句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without… [语法难点]插入成分很多。此句实际上是个简单句，其核心结构为Rights means…，只不过添加了诸多限制结构使句子看起来很复杂。”For Lolyd Nicks”为主句的状语成分，“a 54－years old…cancer”为Lolyd Nicks的同位语。 [句子翻译]对于现年54岁居住在达尔文的的肺癌患者尼克逊来说，这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去，而无须终日担心将要来临的折磨：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去。 [翻译技巧]同位语从句在汉语中很少出现，对同位语从句的处理就把它当作定语从句即可。如此句中就将同位语成分作为前置状语成分的主语的修饰成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一样恐惧”，表示非常恐惧。
33．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. [句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except… [语法难点]有省略现象。traveling不是现在分词，而是引导修饰someone的定语从句。if引导的从句中均省略了“主语＋be动词”的结构，这样显得句子简洁。 [句子翻译]独自旅行时，如果没有了食物，受伤了或者生病了，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。 [翻译技巧]直译的话，应该说人们“没有其他地方，只有……”可得到帮助，但这样写的话显得冗长而且费解，这里根据句意，译为“只能向……求助”就比较准确了。“turn”的用法比较灵活，意思很多，这里依据上下文，译为“向……求助”。<
34．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. [句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive… [语法难点]实际是简单句。此句句子虽长，但是结构并不复杂，可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。理解的时候要有意识地把两部分分开，个个击破。in which引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是is而不是are，是因为在这个从句中主语是use，而不是substances，这一点要注意分辨。 [句子翻译] 在我们生活的社会里，物质（药品）被广泛地运用于社交和医疗：服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼，喝酒来应酬，早晨和咖啡来提神，吸烟镇定情绪等。 [翻译技巧]该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧，很有文学性，我们翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应，而应该也是比较灵活。如quiet不是“安静”的意思，而是“镇静”的意思。
35．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. [句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by… [语法难点]有并列从句和省略。with引导的是伴随结构作状语，修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and引导的分句省略了谓语动词marked ，所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句，而是与之并列的结构。 [句子翻译] 依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强，用量越来越大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。 [翻译技巧]有些同学遇上伴随结构就不知道如何翻译了，其实只要按照原来的语序顺次翻译就是。
36．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. [句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that… [语法难点]该句没有从句结构，而是由and连接的两个并列成分构成。用would是因为表达了某人的主观态度和意愿。 [句子翻译] 但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要“努力保持均衡”这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准 [翻译技巧]虽然没有从句结构，但是由于句子太长，有众多的修饰成分，所以建议还是拆为两句较好。
37．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. [句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before [语法难点]有省略。close to分句是非限定性定语从句，省略了which was。Before后面的成分是对全句的补充说明，是状语成分。状语成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并无定规。之所以用rising，是因为这里需要一个名次性的结构the inflation which was，这样显得简洁得多。 [句子翻译]七大工业国家的通货膨胀率去年下降到了2.3%，接近30年来最低水平，今年7月才小幅上涨到2.5%，比许多国家70年代和80年代两位数低了很多。 [翻译技巧]the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工业国。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。
38．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. [句子主干]Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have … [语法难点]主句用现在完成时have been…是因为经济学家长时间以来关注，现在也在关注，是一个从过去持续到现在的动作。Since引导的是表原因的状语从句。 [句子翻译] 特别让经济学家感到诧异的是，英美两国的通货膨胀带来的是良性的结果，因为传统的分析方法表明，两国尤其是美国的经济生产几乎没有出现滑坡。 [翻译技巧]favorable表示的是“非常好的”，不是“非常喜欢的”，与个人取向没有关系。productive slack是“生产滑坡”的意思。
39．Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. [句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is… [语法难点]有套合从句。本句为主从复合句。主句很简单，而because引导的原因状语从句中，又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中，主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引导的飞行定性定语从句修饰，而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。 [句子翻译] 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。 [翻译技巧]agree为“约定的”意思，agreed account直译为“约定的看法”，意译为“共同的认识”。可见翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。an agreed account of human rights不可译为“有同意的人权记录”。此外，将不定代词具体化，也更符合汉语习惯。
40．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. [句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of… [语法难点]该句仍为主从复合句。that引导的宾语从句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充当了补充语的角色。 [句子翻译] 有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。 [翻译技巧]要正确选择contract的词义，不要译成从此“收缩，缩小”。argue不要译成“争论”，而要灵活处理成“论证说”。
41．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. [句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with… [语法难点]有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分，后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。that引导的宾语从句中，主语是animals，谓语是should be treated，either… or…引导两个介词短语作状语，either引导的介词短语中，humans extend to other humans是一个省略引导词that的定语从句。 [句子翻译] 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。 [翻译技巧]it 的所指要明确。leads the discussion to extremes译成“将讨论引向两个极端”，at the outset译成“从一开始”。注意把被动句译为主动句，更合乎汉语习惯。
42．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. [句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this… [语法难点]有套和从句。逗号前面是一个现在分词短语，作状语，里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语，逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。 [句子翻译] 这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 [翻译技巧]in every relevant respect译成“各相关方面”，不要把respect 译成“尊重”；extremists为极端主义者；let outside the area of moral choice译成“不在道德范围内，不关乎道德”。
43．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. [句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be… [语法难点]以冒号为界，将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里，时间状语从句when that happens叙述的是前一句to see…的情形的出现。That修饰这种行为，主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句解释为什么。这里有一个that从句，作instinct的定语。 [句子翻译] 这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。 [翻译技巧]将that，it等代词具体化，使译文表达明确；reasoning不能译成“原因”，而应译为“推理，推论”；in action不能译成“在行动中”，而译成“在起作用”，action在此是“作用，性能”的意思；翻译被动语态时，使用“得到”，“遭到”等，使译文流畅自然。
44．The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. [句子主干]The Aswan Dam, …stopped the Nile flooding…but… [语法难点]有插入语。for example是个插入结构，不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…结构，是“如此……以至于”的意思。 [句子翻译] 以阿斯旺大坝为例，它挡住了尼罗河的洪水，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤，换回来的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙，几乎不能用于发电了。 [翻译技巧]the Nile是尼罗河。All in return意思是“换回来的全部则是”。
45．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. [句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not … [语法难点]有套和从句。the trouble is that…是表语从句结构。后一个that引导的是修饰rebound的定语从句。 [句子翻译] 问题在于，近期的增长一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果，因此还不能得出经济已经呈现复苏态势这一结论。 [翻译技巧]part of the recent acceleration不可译为“一部分的最近的加速”，而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商业周期”。
46．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. [句子主干]New ways of …workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and… [语法难点]有插入语。两个破折号中间的成分为插入结构，可以视为括号里面的内容。Such as后面的内容是对many other factors的列举。在阅读的时候基本可以跳过不看，除非后面有细节题考查这里的内容。 [句子翻译] 组织工作场所的新方法——包括机构重组和缩小规模——只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施，还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高，比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对教育培训投资等。 [翻译技巧]all that译为“这一切包括”。overall productivity译为“综合生产力水平”。Joint investment译为“联合投资”。Drive译为“驱动”。
47．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. [句子主干]His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving… [语法难点]有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定语从句。修饰的是前一分句的整体意思。without后面要跟现在分词giving。 [句子翻译] 他的同时迈克尔·比尔说，为数众多的公司以简单机械的方式进行机构重组，降低了成本，但却未能充分考虑长期赢利。 [翻译技巧]far too many译为“太多的（比实际需要）”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion应译为“以简单机械的方式”。chop out译为“削减”。

binbin214 · 发表于 2006-5-14 20:33:46

楼主辛苦了，谢谢了

lln_19791216 · 发表于 2006-5-15 21:12:43

好复杂啊谢谢呵呵

arlynn · 发表于 2006-5-20 09:18:00

考研英语长难句

1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。

3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。

4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

[参考译文] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。

5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.

[参考译文] 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。

thank you, if you had enough patience to read it through, you will get some kind of improvement for sure.

sky.

怎样处理阅读时最令人头疼的长句
长句
1. 长句：长句是让我们感到很困难的句子，长句的明显特点就是句子比较长，一个句子往往有三、四行，甚至一个句子就是一段。许多应试者在阅读时经常会陷入一个很长的句子中，不知道它到底讲了些什么。长句之所以长，主要有下面几个原因：

I. 从句多又长：一个主句带多个从句，从句中又有从句。
应对方法：首先找到主句的主体部分（即主语、谓语和宾语），再确定从句的主体部分，如果从句中还有从句，在确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。注意阅读时一层一层进行，先把同一层次的内容看完，再看下一层次的内容。
例如：98年的第三篇阅读文章中有这样一句话：“A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research。”
这句话就是在that引导的宾语从句中，又套入了两个who引导的定语从句。这个句子主句的主体是a survey reveals that…。从句的结构比较复杂：主语是the antiscience tag（反科学的标签），谓语是has been attached to（被贴到），宾语是many other groups，后面用了一个from sb. who…to sb. who…的结构来举例解释这些groups包括什么人。这句话的意思是“1996年进行的一次对新书的调查显示，“反科学”的标签也被贴在了很多别的人群的身上，包括提倡根除残余的天花病毒的权威机构，以及提倡削减基础科学研究资金的民主党人。”

II．长长的插入成分：考研阅读所选文章的一大特点就是喜欢用插入语，比如，用插入语交代某句话是谁说的，说话人是什么身份；或是用插入语来修饰、解释、补充前面的内容等等。插入语使作者能更灵活地表达自己的意思，但是插入语过长或是过多容易使读者找不到阅读的重点。从形式上看，插入语的出现有明显标志：用双破折号与主句隔开或者用双逗号与主句隔开。
应对方法：读句子时，先不要理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。
例如：99年第一篇阅读文章中有这样一句话：“Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. ”
这句话的插入语比较多，首先我们要找出主句：stepladders carry labels（梯子上贴着标签），这个labels有两个修饰语several inches long和一个that引导的从句。
从句的主语是that（也就是labels），谓语是warn，宾语又是另一个that引导的从句，在warn和宾语从句中插入among other things，表示宾语的内容只是在warn（被警告的）众多内容中列举的一个。这个被列举的内容是fall off（摔下来），但在fall off之前又插入了一个surprise!，插入这个词是因为作者认为梯子警告fall off是件令人吃惊的事，因为爬梯子本来就有摔下来的危险，但商家为了怕消费者控告，竟然将这么明显的事情也写进了警告语。
这个句子的阅读顺序应该是：第一层stepladders carry labels several inches long that，第二层是that warn that you might fall off，最后再看两个插入的部分among other things和surprise!

III．分词状语、独立主格结构的干扰：分词状语就是指用doing或done引导的伴随状语、原因状语等；独立主格结构有时由with引导，看似主谓结构，但实际上并没有真正的谓语部分。由于这些成分的干扰，不仅增加了句子的长度，而且使人很容易错把它们当成主句。在这里，我们不去仔细研究它们的语法构成，而主要研究一下在阅读时怎样分辨主句和这些从属部分。
应对方法：主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的谓语部分。什么样的词能构成独立的谓语部分？注意：do\does和is\am\are的各种时态变化都可以做谓语，但是单纯的to do\doing\done和to be\being的形式是不可以做谓语的。一个看似句子的结构，如果没有独立的谓语部分，那它就不是句子，而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。
例如：1994年考研阅读的第四篇文章中有这样一句话：“With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy。”
With引导的是一个独立主格结构，在这个句子中做原因状语，也就是说“因为现存癌症的种类有120种之多，所以…”。这句话的主语是由一个复杂的动名词短语充当的，即discovering how cancer works。由于这句话的状语较长，主语又是这样的一个复杂结构，所以大家往往感到找不到这个句子的主干。实际上，只要抓住谓语动词就很容易找到句子主干。由于单纯doing的形式是不可以做谓语的，所以在这个句子里，discovering就绝不可能是谓语。它是一个动名词，相当于名词的用法，因此它是做主语的。Works虽然是谓语，但它是how cancer works这个从句中的谓语，而不是主句的谓语。所以，主句的谓语只有is。

在实际的阅读过程中，我们常常会碰到包含上面三种情况的超复杂句子，即：一个句子中既有从句又有插入成分，还有分词状语或者独立主格结构。阅读这种句子的正确方法是：从前向后，抓住独立的谓语部分从而区别出主句和分词状语，再根据从句的连接词（有时无连接词）区分主句和从句，层层理解，插入语插在哪个层次中就放在哪个层次中理解。

我们举一个例子来练习一下这种阅读方法。
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. (99年第四篇阅读)
这句话比较长。主句在哪里？首先我们应该在从前向后读的过程中，根据独立的谓语动词找到主句。第一个动词是declaring，由于单纯的doing形式不能做谓语，所以它引导的是一个伴随状语。主句的主语是第二行的he，谓语是ordered，后面的that引导的宾语从句做ordered的宾语，这个宾语从句中还出现了一个插入语（用破折号标明）。
宾语从句的全部内容属于下一个层次，可以暂时不看。再看破折好后面，又出现了一个独立的谓语动词asked，由于从句的主语federal funds不会发出asked的动作，因此asked是主句的谓语动词。说明主句主语he发出了两个动作ordered和asked，用and连接，asked的后面也有一个比较长的宾语从句。

我们在理清了文章的第一层结构是：Declaring that…, he ordered that… and asked…之后，我们就可以分别分析这三个动词的宾语部分了。
a. Declaring后面是一个that引导的宾语从句，表示其宣布的内容是“反对利用这项非同寻常的畜牧技术来克隆人体”；
b. ordered之后也是一个宾语从句，但其中又插入了一个成分“他同时下令禁止政府资助这种试验----尽管目前还没有人提出要这样做”；
c. ask一词后面通常接ask sb. to do sth.的结构，这句话比较复杂，但其主要结构仍是ask an panel to report back，只不过每个主要成分又有限定和修饰语。
这句话的意思是“命令一个由普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro带领的独立专家小组在三个月内向白宫汇报，对制定人体克隆方面的政策提供建议。”

19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is　convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on　which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. （5+）物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlying assumption）稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句在文章中就是一个自然段，虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达10行的例子，但是难度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩，连主句带从句居然一共有八个。从大往小说，由whereas连接了两个大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主语an augument之后又跟了一个定语从句that is convincing though imprecise，修饰augument。whereas前面共有六个句子，由the physicist作主语的主句；由since引导的原因状语从句，修饰since从句中主语an augument的由that引导的定语从句，此定语从句中的条件状语从句only if it is precise; since从句中的条件状语从句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语assumptions的定语从句on which it is based一共八个句子，从句套从句，实在令人叹为观止。然而，在考试现场去数句子的数目，是只有呆子才会干的事，读者们惟一要干的事就是反复阅读这句话，什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂，才算初步掌握；再进一步把它读顺，直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方，看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。
意群训练：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. （4-）起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了FaGuo沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在FaGuo沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句读到表示并列的连词and开始变难。and之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语came。　lacking之后的分词作定语修饰a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的salonnieres此从句中又有一个定语从句that each salonniere held in her own salon修饰其前的primacy,但是由于引导词that在从句中作宾语，因此被省略。
意群训练：However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon

21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional　similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5）随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：本句子的中间一段impressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences容易令人看晕，其中的insect and vertebrate societies and less so with由两个and连接了三个部分，然而它们其实不是同一层次的并列，第一个and实际上是between insect societies and vertebrate societies的一部分，是并列的，而and之后的less so with其实是对于一个完整的表达方式I have been increasingly less impressed with的省略形式，去掉了与前面重复的成分。后面修饰的structural differences的定语从句that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them中，又出现了一个别扭的插入语at first glance，把应该连在一起的seem to 粗暴地分开，令人不熟悉此类难句的人倍感不适。
意群训练：As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constiture such an immense gulf between them.

22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.（4）虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句从句子的结构上来讲，惟一的难度在于and之后的句子的主语talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology太长，以至于看到谓语circumvent的时候已经搞不清楚主谓了。更大的难度恐怕还在于对两个词汇的理解circumvent和enterprise。我们以前所背过的circumvent有两个词义，一个是规避，一是以计谋战胜，但是这两种意思放到此处都显然不通；其实circumvent有一个我们没有背过的最常用的意思是包围、限制或陷害；至于enterprise常用的意思是企业，这里的指事业。
意群训练：Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.

23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？（3）这究竟是一种缺陷呢，还是这些作者想要按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？
难句类型：插入语
解释：本句的句子既短，意思也不难理解，但插入语(or trying to forge)的干扰作用却极强。
意群训练：Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?

24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5）不仅如此，有些黑人小说（比如JT的甘蔗）的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义；这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢？这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：在本句中有三个词需要先解释一番：verge on这个词组是接近于、濒于的意思，hero在文学作品中是主人公的意思，pit作动词时，除了挖坑、窖藏之外，还有使竞争、使斗争的意思，其英文释义为：to set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在此用的是后一种语义的被动语态fate againt which Black heros are pitted.如果用主动语态则是：pit black heros againt fate。另外本句的结构复杂，分号之后是一个一般疑问句，但是由于修饰成分过多，过长，使得读者看不清楚这个句子在问什么。其实如果没有最后的那个prevalent theme的同位语a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression，本句会易懂得多。
意群训练：In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism； does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-　Colored Man. （4）注意：bring A to B --〉bring to B A 《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊（James Weldon Johnson）的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。
难句类型：倒装
解释：在以bringing开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装，bring A to B被倒装为bring to B A,其倒装的原因仍是为了避免头重脚轻，正常的语序应该如下：bringing some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man to our attention in the process.
意群训练：Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels， bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.

26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，　infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) 虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射--阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此--不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared emission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词
解释：前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语，但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配allow something to do somthing中间，将allow和to分得很远，所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服。后面的分句中的最后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space是其前面的infrared emissions的同位语。其中的otherwise是副词作状语，表示如果后面的分句所说的they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions不发生时的后果。
意群训练：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated， to pass through， they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface， radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space

27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints-ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting that　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. （4）这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类--即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略
解释：尽管我们很熟悉the role of something的这种表达，但本句中the role of被作者胜利很活。首先，在role后面有一个省略了引导词that的定语从句(因为role在从句中作ascribe的宾语)，这样就把role和系动词is隔得很远。其次，but前面的句子的主要结构The role is not of doing something其实是The role is not the role of doing something的省略形式，因为后面的the role与前面的完全重复，如果不把它省略掉，谁看到都要觉得啰嗦。因为同样的道理，but之后的one of imposing constraints实际上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式。
意群训练：The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints- ways of　feeling， thinking，and acting that　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.

28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? （5)以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之间的差异，从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比？
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词
解释：本句子在所有GRE或GMAT阅读题的题干中是最难读懂的题干之一。本句不但结构复杂，而且用词抽象，使得读者如果想根据语义来搞清楚谁修饰谁，也变得极为困难。分析如下：本句的主干是Which of the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraints distinction?. Versus是一个介词，等于against，即体育比赛中的VS。其他的所有成分均是一些修饰成分。其中一个对答题最重要的限制条件是from human morphology，　说明这种类比的比较双方所比的必须是人类形态上的特征。
意群训练：Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?

29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers　had removed most of the algae. （3+）在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出--但没能证明--食草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻。
难句类型：插入语
解释：本句主语很长，而且谓语suggested与that引导的宾语从句间被插入语but did not prove隔开，造成阅读障碍。当suggest与but did not prove连在一起使用的时候，其意思不是建议，而是指一种基于主观臆测的推理，中文翻译成“暗示”。其英文释义为：to call to mind by though or association the explosion suggested sabotage。GRE、GMAT及LSAT文章中，常用suggest，but do not prove来描述一种没有真凭实据、可能有问题的理论，然后在后面的叙述中把它否定掉。
意群训练：A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers　had removed most of the algae.

30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. （5）可能这样一个事实，那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的水藻，这样一个忽视了更小的浮游生物（而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，导致了在接下来的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：句子的结构繁杂。句子的主语令人吃惊地长，在最后一个逗号后的led以前，全是主语！其实句子的主干简单，就是the fact led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers。但是本句的主语the fact后面的修饰成分长得吓人，先是个定语从句；定语从句中又套了一个定语从句。然后逗号后面的a practice引导的部分是前面的主语的同位语兼任插入语，practice后面的修饰它的一大堆东西又是定语从句套着定语从句。本句是典型的层层修饰结构。
意群训练：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a pratice that overlooked the smaller that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research

31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers. （5）由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句对阅读者的阅读能力提出了更高的要求，不但要求读者读清楚句子的复杂的结构，而且对读者的词汇能力也提出了更高的要求。By以前结构无需解释，by以后有两个作介词宾语短语的动名词结构，measuring和后面表示并列和顺接的and then之后的computing，说的是计算方法；前一个measuring说的是先算出实验室中浮游动物品种的单位捕食速率，后面的computing前其实省略了一个by，而且在这个动名词结构中还包括一个分词结构using the known population density of grazers，用已知的捕食者的种群密度计算出其野外的群体捕食速率。整个的by以后的计算过程简单了就是：实验室单位速率×野外密度＝野外群体速率另外本句中的词汇也颇有迷惑性；虽然没有太难的单词，但是很多单词都是同义词和反义词，容易让人读混；（斜线分隔同义词，冒号分隔反义词） estimate/measure/compute; feeding rates/grazing rates; zooplankton/grazers; natureal/field; laboratory community; individuall
意群训练：Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers.

32. In the periods　of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，　Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. （3+）
在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
难句类型：插入语
解释：句中有两组插入语，每组两个插入语，尤其是第二组，把rate of从中间劈开。不过因为句义尚好理解，所以本句只是有一点别扭，但不算太难。
意群训练：In the periods　of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. （4）水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：beginning开始的一系列分词都是修饰主语The hydrologic cycle的，分别是beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意的是，thence along and into the grund surfacee 是thence passing along and entering into the ground surfacee的省略形式，但是看上去意思却很清楚。类似这样的省略，是出题者合理地利用了省略来达到改编学术论文时压缩文章篇幅的目的。
意群训练：The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.

34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.（4）只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候，才有可能把整个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质学有关。
难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装
解释：only放在句首时，主句的情态动词may倒装，这是我们高中就已经学过的东西。然而句首的only与倒装的may距离如此之远，这在以前却没有见过，所以读上去让人不习惯。另外一个难点在于，前面的由when所引导的时间状语从句中，宾语boundaries后面跟了一个定语从句，that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle,而且从句中的associate with又被water within it所分开，读者还要分神去考虑it所指的是什么，所以读到后面倒装的may的时候，难免不知所云。
意群训练：Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.

★胡敏长难句69句★
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted. （难度系数5，下同）
译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
难句类型：倒装、省略
<a > 本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex　ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。
 在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，　an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。
意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted.

2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)（这是一种）
译文：照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。
复杂+倒装+省略;
解释：本句子的难度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲，类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣，可以把其废掉不读。
A、这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。
B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了overreality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。
C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，而A be given way to B，　则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire，what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to recored exactly
and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。
D、就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望（新冲动），前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。
意群训练：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .

3. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and　risky ones. （3）
译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。
解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由and所连接，在and之后的第二个from前，省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太长，初学者难以一下子看下来；二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。
意群训练：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.

4. Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states　of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5）译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）
译文：在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词
解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂，since引导的原因状语从句较难。
A、 since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分，一个是of her literary interests，　另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修饰an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelist.
B、句中有两处省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from当中，修饰interests的定语从句中引导词＋be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后，由于concerned with与前面的concerned with重复，所以concerned被省略。
C、本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。
意群训练：Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states　of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-）
译文：就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”
抽象词、抽象词组、比喻
这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”

6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for
glycogen resynthesis .（4+）
译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词
解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难；leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语；分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted into拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而glycogen这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。
意群训练：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .

7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+）
译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱--在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来--在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
难句类型：插入语
解释：本句中插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that slaves' preference与系动词was离得太远，造成阅读的困难。
意群训练：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.

8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4）
译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：由that引导的宾语从句中，encouraged的宾语the transmission of the Black heritage被同时表示并列和转折的and so 分开，给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面的black 的同位语。
意群训练：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　thetransmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+）
译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主语和谓语。West African rules后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是分词修饰(governing marriage), 第二个是以which引导的非限定性定语从句，从句中出现了第二个插入语though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系
意群训练：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe. （4+）译文：该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义--即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”--可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的后半个分钟中，长长的插入语as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作为主语his definition of racial prejudice的同位语，使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理解，对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读懂，宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，but之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，转折后的内容就应该说其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。
意群训练：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe.

★胡敏长难句69句★
11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any　possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
难免类型：复杂修饰
解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这样的语言方式，可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.
意群训练：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.

12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。
难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装
解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装，正常语序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是个大倒装，lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的，但是因为它太长，所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到lacking之后，正常的语序应该是proof that the quality of ..was lacking
意群训练：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4）尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。
难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定
解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的，原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法，但在英文中出现，因为在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉上很别扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中，很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的，表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是在GRE和GMAT这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中，如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，则双重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解为agree，不反对者中，的确有人会同意，但通常心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但如此，大双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，没有完全被反对，不能理解为从来都被严格支持的，而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法，就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式，按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定，然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态；这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这个分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else这种语言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说得通，但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系，in favor of强调的是这两种动作的同时性；抛弃了前者，而转向后者，namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。
意群训练：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system
14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，　arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -）尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主语the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相隔很远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。
意群训练：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，　at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：在Although引导的分句中，谓语shows后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句，从句中先出现一个插入语as an object becomes familiar,之后的内容是由and 连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其实and前后就是两个句子，只不过作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词that和谓语become。
句子中有一个生词holistic，其实即使不认识，也能用合理化原则猜出它是后面serial的反义词、parallel的同义词，大约是统一、完整或同时的意思；其实只要能理解到其是与serial相反的意思即可。
意群训练：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，　at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serialhypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。

16. In large part as a consequence of　the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in　various periods. （3+）
难句类型：倒装
解释：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介词on的宾语determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一个小倒装，正常语序应该是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。
意群训练：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.
在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。

17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact -real Amazonian societies - but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4)
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：有两个词汇需要先解释一下：something be meant to represent是use something to mean的被动语态。mean在这里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表达的目的、意图，其英文释义为：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的结构为：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是把be meant to和not rather 的两个固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是为了...而是为了...
另外，suppose的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此词既有据信、被认为的意思，也有预期的意思，还有表示贬义的假想的被想当然的意思。本句的supposed用法极其特殊，在此处的意思，用以上任何一个释义来理解居然都可以成立，既是在说一个预期的社会状态，又是在说一个虚构出来的、本来不存在的社会状态，其用法类似于中文中的一语双关，是文章作者自以为文笔精妙之处。
如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实--真正的亚麻逊社会的--而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。 ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎NvZ7F6O0JO
意群训练：If obegins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society.

18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected　equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of　quantum field-theoretical equations. （5）因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔（Schrodinger）的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：读到此句时，数学家不见得震惊，晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂，而且罗列了大量的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲，在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应该读到什么程度远比研究这些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说并不见得重要，GRE考试的出题者也不见得知道它；关键是要读懂句子的主要意思；数学家不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中，出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的，所以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。主句中的主语it是一个开工主语，其具体的内容应该是从to learn开始一直到句子结束的长达八行的不定式，但是此不定式实在太长，如果放在句首则句子无法平衡。Learn后面带着两个以that引导的宾语从句，中间以分号和and分开，可以把分号以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。
意群训练：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.

35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　closing of the internal frontier--that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system. （4）史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧--亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：典型的句子套句子。主句是F.J.T. wrote that，宾语从句中主干是the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在从句的主语the agrarian discontent后面又来了一个定语从句。
意群训练：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　closing of the internal frontier--that is，the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system
36. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to　investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数（杨鹏的书中：第一次以大量的数据），开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。
解释：句子中有两个插入语，一个是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,这个插入语的直接作用是解释前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而起到的客观作用则是把主句中的主语和谓语分割得很远；第二个插入语是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中间，把一个好好的began to斩为两段。这句话另外一个难以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工业化以前的欧洲人口中超过了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群众。
意群训练：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to　investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.

37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract case　histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not　confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+ )
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：象勒罗伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史（case history）来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度（这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度），并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。
解释：逗号以后的内容都是修饰逗号以前的case history的。在which引导的非限定性定语从句中有一个插入语(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law)，我们可以看到这个插入语中又套了一个插入语but not confined to。
意群训练：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie　have used the documents to extract case　histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not　confined to，attitudes toward crime and　the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.

38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5）
难句类型：复杂修饰
译文：从文章中可以推断出来，一个希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率与另外一个十年中的犯罪率的历史学家将会被以下那种信息的提高所最好的帮助？
解释：句首的it是形式主语，其具体内容是从that开始到句子结束的全部内容。That从句中，主语a historyian之后修饰它的超长的定语从句是这个句子难以读懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中间被修饰第一个crime rates的两个修饰成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很远。在with之后的第二个crime rates后面，省略了与前面重复的per thousand in a European city。
意群训练：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?

39. My point is that its central　consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender　as shaping influences on people’s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：我的论点是，其作品的中心意识--它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解--在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。
解释：宾语从句中的主语和谓语被长插入语分开，造成阅读障碍。插入语中有一个固定搭配understanding of A as B，是把A理解成B的意思。不过本句中as的宾语不容易理解：shaping influences on people’s lives可以理解成“形成了对人们生活的影响”也可以理解成“对人们生活的塑造性(决定性)影响”。当然后面的理解是正确的，然而在阅读现场想要在瞬间做出正确判断，还有赖于考生的阅读理解力和词汇功底的深浅。插入语后面还有一个固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多东西是来自于后者，得益于后者的。
意群训练：My point is that its central　consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender　as shaping influences on people’s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5）
即使是这样的要求，即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害，也能够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的，或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、专有名词、固定搭配
解释：主语the requirement后面带着一个长长的修饰主语的同位语；由于requirement的同位语中要求使用虚拟语气，所以其中的系动词成了原型(should be省略了should)。如此之长的修饰成分过后，谓语can be met与主语的关系已经很难理清了。从by开始的状语结构更为复杂；修饰techniques的后置的定语derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants实际上是由or所连接的两个固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个derive from中还套了另外一个固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二个derive from则干脆把derive给省略了。此外，本句的专有名词奇多，这使得阅读的难度非常高。
意群训练：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants

41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. （4）但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合--而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句这样的复杂修饰和插入语的作用差不多；主语achieving necessary matches之后的修饰成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter把主语和谓语requires分开。值得注意的是修饰宾主的of which molecules 中的which在此不是定语从句的引导词，而是一个形容词，意思是哪个。
意群训练：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.

42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding，of course，a　considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other　of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to　appreciate adequately the full range of　possible legal phenomena. （5）伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象--毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处--以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：这是一个被GRE考生尊称为No.题三大难文章之一的伊斯兰法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入语前后都不难，关键是如何对待这段插入语。首先，插入语很长，在原文中有四行。笔者在前面不只一次提醒读者，三行心目的插入语必须跳过，看懂前后的内容再回头来看插入语。插入语难懂的第一个原因是其中混有大量的抽象词和法律术语；还有一个重要原因，那就是它其实不是一个完整的句子。把插入语中所有的修饰成分扒光，只剩下一个单词：coinsidences，而主语和谓语it has则被作者省略。不管从哪个角度上来看，这句话中的那个插入语都极像是ETS布下的一个陷阱：首先，插入语的内容对理解文章毫无作用；其次，考试中对插入语也出题；第三，其实这句话中的插入语根本不必读。也可以根据插入语前后的内容用合理化原则的取非读法猜出其意思。插入语前后的内容是伊斯兰法与其他法律不同，插入部分以notwithstanding开关，又有of course,可见插入部分一定是让步证据，因此可以对前后的内容取非，猜出插入部分一定是在说伊斯兰法与其他法律有相同之处。句末的in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena中，包含一个倒装；正常语序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副词adequately被提到appreciate的宾语之前。
意群训练slamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.

arlynn · 发表于 2006-5-20 09:21:01

43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. （5）尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》（Talmud）极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、专有名词
解释：本句与上一句同来自于同一篇文章，本文的主题是伊斯兰法，但作者反复用犹太法来吓唬读者，同样ETS也未就此句话出题。这句话难读是因为两个原因：第一、作者在between　Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了Jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了jewish law，使人看到of the Diaspora时搞不清楚在什么与什么之间；第二个难懂的原因，是文中出现了大量的专有名词、法律术语和历史背景。其实读者除了Israel 和Jewish两个单词有必要也有可能认识之外，其他单词既不需要了解也无法了解，像什么Diaspora(大流散时期)、Old Testament(旧约全书)、Talmud(犹太教法典)等奇怪名词，在非宗教国家的考生的大脑中，一点概念都没有，更不要说其英语的表达了。那么ETS的出题者在阅读文章中搞出这种东西来，不是有意违背公平出题原则之嫌了吗？其实出题者也并没有要求读者把这些内容搞清，只需知道前面那句话是一个判断句，说犹太法和伊斯兰法一致，后面这句话是对上面一句话的解释，因此肯定也在说它一致。再看第二句话的结构，上来就是一个用though表示的让步语气，我们可以看出在一个break between，那么逗号后就应该是省略了but的转折语气，该说没有break between，果然我们看到了very close to 的字样。我们也知道，既有让步又有转折时，作者强调转折之后的内容。所以这句话仍是在说犹太法一致。
意群训练:043 Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law（这是作者加的便于理解的话）. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination,　from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic　Arabia and numerous legal elements　taken over from the non-Arab peoples　of the conquered territories. （4）另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。 (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：这句话是接着上面的那句话写下来的，是在说伊斯兰法的不一致。句中有三个插入语，都起到了一定的干扰作用。第一个是on the other hand，隔开了主语和谓语。第二个是from a religious angle，分开了examination of ，第三个as it did，　根本就是句废话，分断了动词comprise 和动词的宾语the various components。
意群训练：Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories

45. One such novel idea is　that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into　nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. （5），此句最好能够熟读，更好的是背诵下来。（复杂修饰+插入+省略+倒装）这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、省略
解释：本句的难度以倒装为主，复杂为辅；然而二者相互借力，难度更大，而且本句中有两个省略，就更令读者头痛。句子一开始的One such novel idea is that of 之中的that of, 是that　idea of 的省略形式。此外容易理解，后面开始变难。Inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去不舒服的原因，是作者在此用了一个便装；正常语序应该是：inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants，　即把非此植物的genes插入到该植物中。之所以倒装，是因为discrete genes加上复杂修饰的成分以后太长之故。同样，后面的the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria一句，正常的语序也是the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,即把便利豆科植物成为固氮菌的寄主的基因（如果它们能够被找到并分离出来的话）插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。这一回。Genes之后不但有定语从句的复杂修饰，而且在genes和that从句之间还有一个不短的插入语，增加了阅读难度。最后的一句话，Hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其实也不是一句话，只是一个词：research。作者省略了there is ，其实引处即便看不清语法结构，作者的意思还是可以懂的。因此，笔者在前面强调的“如果可以看懂意思，不必去分析语法”，在实战的应用中有其意义；GRE和GMAT中很多表达其实不严格遵守语法，或者有考生不懂的语法，读者处心积虑地研究它们，不但没有实战意义，而且还令读者徒增烦恼。本句是GRE和GMAT考试中集各种语言现象之大成者，包括了几乎所有的难句类型，希望读者一定把这句话读熟；有心者最好能把它背熟，一定对提高你的阅读能力有好处。
意群训练：One such novel idea is　that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into　nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes.

46. It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.（3+）下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：It是形式主语，其真正的内容是that之后的由even though连接的两个句子。其实本句的真正难度倒不在于句子的结构，而是对于其意思的理解：尤其是文科同学，可能缺乏必要的背景知识，就更不容易读懂。句中的set an upper limit on plant growth直译为”给植物的生成设立一个上限”，其真正的意思是“限制了植物的生长”；因此the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth之中的availability一定指的是氮的供给之少。整句话的意思是，土壤中的氮植物能够利用，却太少；而空气中虽有大量的氮，植物却不能利用，这岂不是自然界开的一个大玩笑。
意群训练：It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.

47. Unless they succeed，the　yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in　legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers　are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. （4）除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体（gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎DRyxFerXCG
解释：主句比较简单，而后面跟着的由and连接的两个表示让步的条件状语从句就相对复杂，第一个从句是用一个修饰主语的定语从句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主谓隔开；第二个从句则运用了插入语once they are found把主谓隔开。
意群训练：Unless they succeed，the　yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in　legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers　are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.
48. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，　diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of　Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”，因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”：读者被要求与阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。（从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思）注：her主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的
难句类型；复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词、熟词僻义
请思考：如果看不懂分号前的without的意思，是否可以用合理化原则根据分号后的那句话推理出其意思？ ◎
解释：本句中尽管也存在一些复杂修饰和插入的内容，但是本句话之所以难懂，与其说是因为这些东西的影响，倒不如说是因为用词的抽象和语义的难以理解。作为一篇文学评论型的文章，文章中充斥着一些很抽象的词汇；本句话中就有subject/category/spectacle/divert/incident/hero/primarily/without/present/identify/motivation/particularly/likable等。背过这些单词的中文释义，并不意味着在阅读中能够清楚地理解其真正含义。对于抽象词的训练方法，请参见附录中＜阅读抽象词提速法＞。这里仅解释几个对于这句话最重要的单词：her在此不是指英雄，在文学评论型的文章当中，此单词的意思是主人公。 Without:在此处是一个熟词僻义，意思是外部，等于outside。 Likable:不可望文生义，它不是像什么东西的意思，而是有吸引力的意思，其同义词有pleasant或attractive. 本句中，对于理解全句起到最大影响的，就是能否正确理解without这个单词，然而问题在于，如果不认识without的熟词僻义，是否可用合理化原则根据分号后的那句话推理出其意思？根据紧跟着分别的however，我们可以推断出分号前后的两句话所说的内容截然相反，因此可以从I戏剧的描述中推出，without的意思应该是不去认同其主人公的内心世界。
意群训练：Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，　diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of　Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.

49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. （3+）在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。
难句类型：倒装、省略
解释：本句的倒装本质上与我们早就的一种倒装结构是一样的，即形容词放在句首时，主语和谓语倒装。本句的主干的正常语序应该是：Eye placement is most striking;倒装后成了Most striking is eye placement。但是这种倒装在GRE考试中出现，又有了新的特色，被提到句首的Most striking被长长的状语among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish与后面的主语和表语分开，造成阅读困难。
意群训练：Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head

50. A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .（4）一个对于H的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在17世纪60年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批评显示，关于奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查，而且显示出，对于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解释应当被扩展。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略解释：句子的主干清楚：A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但是因为句子的结构复杂、修饰成分多，再加上后面的and 之后的suggests被省略，所以句子的结构很难被读出来的。本句的suggest不再是暗示，而是显示、说明的意思，其同义词有point,indicate,imply。本句的两个suggest之后的宾语从句都根据语法要求使用了虚拟语气。
意群训练：A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .

51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most　geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 -）对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿--这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）--上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks，主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的；islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。
意群训练：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most　geologists contend，is the upper mantle.

52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+）但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids；后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰incompatible elements的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。
意群训练：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.

53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -） F认为，P在1908年试图开始写一部小说，又为了写一部批判S-B的伟大作品的真正本质的视而不见的长篇的证明而放弃了这部小说，其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆及小说情节的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词
解释：本句来自历来被GRE考生尊称为所有GRE文科文章中难度第一的普鲁斯特的追忆似水年华，这篇文章的难度远远高于现在计算机考试的题目。普鲁斯特是公认的意识流小说的先驱，据笔者推测，本文的原作者必定是研究普鲁斯特的大家，因此其文章必然带有思维的跳跃，、不连贯性、时空颠倒等意识流手法：经过ETS的改编后，虽然可读性略有啬，然积重难返、无法救药，于是堕落成一篇流水帐文章。从本句的结构来看，也可以表现作者的这种叙事风格：本句从that引导的宾语从句开始，实际上是以普鲁斯特的意识流向为线索，以列举的方式描述其动机的变化，从一开始的写别的小说，其英文为Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因为abandoned之后的状语for…的结构复杂、用词抽象，所以这个结构不太容易被看出来。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨认能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,视而不见。Give rise to 这个词组的意思是引起，使发生。
意群训练：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.

54. The very richness and complexity of the　meaningful relationships that kept　presenting and rearranging themselves　on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. （5）各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列；正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：请原谅笔者在此所做中文翻译的艰涩难懂，为了让读者能够更好地理解句子的结构，本书尽量把中文翻译与英文原文的语序相对应，而且尽可能的不用意译。为了达到这个目的，可以说绞尽脑汁，但本句之难懂也全非笔者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象词。本句仍然来自于上面说过的这篇关于普鲁斯特的文章。句中的主语是The very richness and complexity,其后的修饰成分长达三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中还夹杂着插入语，有效地分开了主语和谓语。其实本句虽然结构也比较复杂，但是不见得比前面的句子复杂得多，其真正的难点，还在于句子中大量的抽象词的使用。由于笔者在附录中所提到的原因，抽象词可以严重地占据大脑资源，因此带有大量的抽象词的结构复杂的句子就更为难懂，比如本句就是一个很好的例子，复杂修饰与抽象词狼狈为奸，句意另人难以理解。
意群训练：The very richness and complexity of the　meaningful relationships that kept　presenting and rearranging themselves　on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.

55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4) 但是我们当中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年书信的全集能够更加详细的记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句中从句套从句，致使主语those of us与谓语的距离很远，而且中间的成分又极多，使得句子很难读懂。修饰主语those of us的定语从句who hoped之中又套了一个宾语从句，宾语从句的主语complete edition又被一前一后的两个定语所修饰，之后才依次是宾语从句的谓语、宾语：主句的系动词、表语。
意群训练：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed

56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. （5 -）现在我们必须也按照我们墨西哥裔的美国人的经历来审视这个文化，我们的经历是从一个主权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞，在最终沦落成为一个被征服的民族--在我们自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、固定搭配
解释：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的状语，说明审视的角度；后面直至句尾的分词结构又是experience的状语，详述了经历的具体过程。就是这个分词有些难懂，因为我们熟知的结构是from…to…没有见过，也没有想到过后面居然还有一个to,因此看到这个套了一个插入语的newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people的时候头脑发生混乱，不明所以、不知所措。这里的to还是与前面的from搭配的，也就是说，原文的结构是from…to…to…
意群训练：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land.

57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to　these mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4）科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA’s.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA’s应仍然和这些信使mDNA’s粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA’s的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使RNA’s进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。
难句类型：易混词
解释：与其他的难句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。笔者之所以在本句中不设标志和翻译，是因为这三句话从结构和意思上来说并不难。然而很少有人能够真正的一次把这段话读清楚，原因在于两个容易混淆的单词cDNA’s和mRNA’s在文中交替出现，而且相互作用；再加上brain cell和hormones从中捣乱，更难读清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA’s来探测mRNA’s。如果脑细胞产生了荷尔蒙，则其中必有mRNA’s意味着可用cDNA探测荷尔蒙。如果脑细胞制造的不是真荷尔蒙，则可以用cDNA’s与其中的mRNA’s附着的情况来确定此荷尔蒙的真假。
意群训练：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to　these mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.
58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purifications　to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. （4）采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。
难句类型：复杂修饰、易混指代
解释：主语后的修饰成分同样隔开了主语和谓语，但本句的难度主要在because从句中。按照一般的习惯，作为从句主语的it应该指主句的主语，但本句的主句是一个比较结构，A should be faster than B because it…,此处it也可以指B。但是因为这种指代不符合和我们以前所形成的习惯，所以阅读现场不得不边读边根据句意来判断，这就增加了阅读理解的难度。现场阅读时，类似antiserums的这种专有名词不必理会，仅需从词头anti推出这是一个反p荷尔蒙的东西即可。
意群训练：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purifications　to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.

59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.（3+）然而，研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。
难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、修辞
解释：句末的由how引导的名词性从句中包括了双重的倒装，正常的语序本来是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes。本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的动作执行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 则必须后置；这样一来又造成了if被省略，成为had they been的倒装结构。另外，作者为了表达其对于这些研究者的模型的负态度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虚拟语气，并使用了fanciful这个词以表示这些研究的不负责任、异想天开的幼童心理。
意群训练：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.

60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits　and events not directly related to　glacial and interglacial periods，rather　than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4）这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、易淆指代
解释：句子中的rather than 之后省略了与前面重复的being based,直接加上了介词on。Modern method后面的部分都是修饰method的。其中的remains既可以作动词也可以作名词，此处是名词的用法，biological remains指的是类似于动物化石之类的遗迹。读到这里我们看到了句子的难点，themselves既可以指前面离得很远的modern method(当然，在语法上来讲单复数不一致)，也可以指前面离得较远的biological remains，亦可以指紧挨着的interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一个，只有通过理解句意，才能确定在此处指biological remains。
意群训练：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits　and events not directly related to　glacial and interglacial periods，rather　than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits

61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social　relationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.（5）人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的，要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略
解释：前面的主架构There have been attempts to explain these taboos很简单，从in terms of inappropriate social relationships开始句子变难，ralationship后面跟着一个一直延续到句末的长长的修饰成分，其中有两个固定搭配，either…or…和between…and…，不但如此，原文把这两个搭配又套在一起，变成了either between…and…,or between…and…;再加上每一个between…and之后都是those who这样的结构，就愈发令人眼花缭乱了。
意群训练：There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social　relationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

62. Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. （5）研究艾米丽。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小说《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）的许多文学评论家，将小说的第二部分视作一种对比物，即使没有将第一部分予以逆转的话，也是在对第一部分作出一种诠释评判，而在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的读解能获得更为充分的确证。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：上面的翻译中为了符合中文习惯不得不把修饰the first part的where引导的定语从句翻译到中括号以外。本句主要难在两个地方，一个是插入语if it does not reverse如何理解，另一个是counterpoint的意思是什么。产生，插入语的位置比较讨厌，把comments on the first part这样一个连贯的说法割成两段，增加了阅读的难度。而且它的意思容易理解错；if既可以理解成如果的意思，也可以理解成即使的意思。如果理解成即使的意思，则上下文的意思则要理解成即使不反对第一部分，也要给予第一部分一个负面的评论。然而此处不能这样理解，因为that之前的counterpoint的意思不是相反、对立，而是指和谐的组成部分的意思。这个词来源于一个音乐术语，指音乐中的对位法、旋律配合，引伸为形容两个不同的东西彼此和谐一致，同义词是harmony。因此文中的if it does not reverse的意思是假如不反对第一部分，则是与第一部分和谐一致的评论的意思。这种情况下，插入语纯属废话。
意群训练：Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation.
63. Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s　heterogeneous parts. （4+）诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那种意识相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course.
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词
解释：本句的结构固然复杂，但造成最大的阅读难度的，主要还是对一些抽象词的理解。正面是对一些关键词汇的解释： ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎SoDMLxw4Vi
Granted that出现在句首，其意思是大家都同意、当然，实际上是一种让步语气，等于admitted,of course。 ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎t1DGV8GDSK
Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那个辩论、争论的意思，而是表示意味着或证实的意思，其同义词是maintain或prove。Camparable的词义有两个，除了读者熟悉的that can be compared之外，还有一个意思是worthy of comparison，其同义词是as good as。本文中用的是后面的那个意思，对于这个词义的理解，后面的第18题考到了。
意群训练：Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s　heterogeneous parts.

64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a　danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation. (5) 这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题（尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释中，僵化死板总是一种危险），而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素，以其无可辩驳的力度，最终拒绝被囿于一个囊括无遗的解释中。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：本句的两个插入语虽然有一些干扰性，但是最为主要的难点在于成批出现的抽象词，如interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power/ultimately/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing等。据笔者估测，对于初学GRE或GMAT的学习者而言，在一句话中出现了三个心上的抽象词就会使阅读理解造成障碍，而这句话中出现了十三个这样的单词，读不懂也不足为怪。
训练：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a　danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation.

65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate　virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4)铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差；而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专业抽象词
解释：本句是一个怪异的现象的典型例子：句子的结构谈不上复杂，所用单词也不难，但是除非读者有理工科的科研（最好是材料科学的科研）背景，否则句子虽然能够得读下来，但是却搞不清句子说的是什么意思。首先，句子中出现的一些词汇虽然也都比较常见，但是在理科文章中出现，就有了专有名词的意味，同时还带有很抽象的学术含义，笔者称之为专业抽象词，如isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study等。认识这些单词，并不意味着懂得它们在文章的意义和作用。比如说measurement error，大家都可以望文生义地理解成测量错误、测量误差，但是在对文章的阅读中这种字面上的理解是远远不够的。其实此处强调的并不是测量中出现的错误和毛病，而是指那些每次测量都会发生的、永远也无法避免的、在测量值和实际值之间的正常的差异。因此，本句话的真实含义也难以理解。句子只是罗列了一堆事实，而作者真正想说的意思是什么呢？其实variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是这些不同variations是真正有意义的不同，而不是试验的误差；那么不同矿源的铜矿的铅同位素成分真的不同，相同的矿源的铅同位素几乎相同，就意味着我们可以通过测量铅同位素的成分来确定铜矿的矿源(挖掘地)。
意群训练：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate　virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source
66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds. （3+）更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装
解释：句首有一个倒装，正常语序是bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的频繁出现使句子显得十分凌乱。
意群训练：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds.

67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+）
一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变--为扩张主义的军事目标所左右--产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 ◎大宝考研版权所有，拒绝转载◎W1ienIwYrI
解释：主架构简单，可是主语和表语从句都不让人省心。句子的主干其实就是：A long-held view has been that..。但是主语A long-held view之后却是修饰它的一个三层的定语：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系动词has been之后所接的表语从句其实不止一个，其实原句是用了and来连接两个并列的表语从句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的has been照例被省略。
意群训练：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4）现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的句子既长，专有名词又多，从句层出不穷，故而难懂。在本句中出现的专有名词中，除了silicates硅酸盐这个单词常常出现于理科文章中，需要记忆之外，其他单词阅读现场简单处理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物质；garnet作首字母提炼叫grystallography只要能从词头推出这个单词与晶体有关即可。
意群训练：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

69. Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+）即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《***的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词
解释：本句实际上是由and连接的两个句子，阅读的一个难度在于，and之后省略了they(此处指前面的主语the radical critiques，)而are thus able to 又与前面离得太远，使读者难以找到主语。另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D当中的A、B、C，全部既长又抽象，理解起来较为困难。
意群训练：Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority

★长难句结构分析最新经典100句★

1. The American economic system is. organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
[参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
[参考译文]因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。

3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
[参考译文]另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。

4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
[参考译文]在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位)自由签定合同的权利。

5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
[参考译文]同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。

6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
[参考译文]不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。

7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
[参考译文]残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。

8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
[参考译文]在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。

9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
[参考译文]它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。

10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
[参考译文]除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。

★长难句结构分析最新经典100句★

11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.
[参考译文]如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。

12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
[参考译文]得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。

13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
[参考译文]随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。

14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
[参考译文]现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他／她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招架。

15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
[参考译文]通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。

16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.
[参考译文]现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。

17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
[参考译文]在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。

18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.
[参考译文]英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。

19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
[参考译文]这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。

20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. [参考译文]这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。

★长难句结构分析最新经典100句★

20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. [参考译文]这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。

21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[参考译文]这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。

22. Towns like Bournemouth and East bourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
[参考译文]像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的"舒适"阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。

23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.
[参考译文]这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。

24. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
[语法难点]本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是（which was）representing… ，另一个是(which was)detached…。
可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。
[句子翻译] 对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。
[翻译技巧] 实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况，把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从“这个阶层”开始另起一句。

25．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
[句子主干]Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…
[语法难点]1）有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由who…,and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名词）”。
2）that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth结构是名词性的，that of sth相当于which is结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句，把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考生朋友们要注意分辨。
[句子翻译] 像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入，在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系，只是分取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，对管理人员发号施令。
[翻译技巧]同样是为了避开定语从句，将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。
retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模

26．Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
[句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
[语法难点]有省略。1）like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句，considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾，较短的置于句首，为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。
2）like分句中出现了比较多的省略，补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。
[句子翻译]罗博特·富尔顿曾经写道，机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围，像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样，把它们作为自己的思路展示，每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。
[翻译技巧]如果严格地翻译，like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”，原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工，应该用诗人来对应，但这样一来，就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。

27．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
[句子主干]Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…
[语法难点]主语是some of these causes，实际的主语就是some，不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于of后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to…是定语从句的分句结构，意为“属于”。
[句子翻译]在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。
[翻译技巧]这个翻译比较简单，注意being to的翻译即可。

28．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
[句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that…
[语法难点]1）有套和从句。这个句子实际上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干，关键是确定句子的主语和谓语，只有这样才不会被众多的修饰成分所迷惑。
2）When引导的是时间状语从句。第一个that引导的是修饰conclusion的定语从句，第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句，wants前省略了which，是引导的修饰a government的主语从句。
[句子翻译]这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府下了结论，认为：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
[翻译技巧]此句中短语较多。
come to the conclusion形成某种结论/make of提出/in detail详细地

29．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
[句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…
[语法难点]注意not…but句型，意为“不是……而是……”
[句子翻译]给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
[翻译技巧]严格说来，not…but结构应译为“不是……而是……”，但这样就显得罗嗦，所以译为“与……无关”，但（另一些有关）。a amount of指“数量达到……”。be related to指“与……有关”。

30．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
[句子主干]However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects
[语法难点]so made指“如此构成”，so和后面的that构成so…that结构，意为“如此……以至于……”。be…(un)able to指“可以（或不可以）……”。
[句子翻译]然而，世界就是如此。一般而言，完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。
[翻译技巧]be so made that意为“如…构成”，不符合汉语表达习惯，所以译为“就是如此”。
in principle 总的说来/deal with应付……

31．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
[句子主干]New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…
[语法难点]有并列从句。1)主语较为复杂，为并列结构，分别是new forms和new subjects，中间用as well as连接。
2）as在这里引导了一个介词结构（as they have in the past），have的宾语省略了，其内容与本句主语一致。
3)giving rise to…分句为非限定性定语从句的从句，省略了which are。
[句子翻译]同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
[翻译技巧]as well as 和，以及/give rise to给……以机会

32．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
[句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…
[语法难点]插入成分很多。此句实际上是个简单句，其核心结构为Rights means…，只不过添加了诸多限制结构使句子看起来很复杂。”For Lolyd Nicks”为主句的状语成分，“a 54－years old…cancer”为Lolyd Nicks的同位语。
[句子翻译]对于现年54岁居住在达尔文的的肺癌患者尼克逊来说，这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去，而无须终日担心将要来临的折磨：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去。
[翻译技巧]同位语从句在汉语中很少出现，对同位语从句的处理就把它当作定语从句即可。如此句中就将同位语成分作为前置状语成分的主语的修饰成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一样恐惧”，表示非常恐惧。

33．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
[句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except…
[语法难点]有省略现象。traveling不是现在分词，而是引导修饰someone的定语从句。if引导的从句中均省略了“主语＋be动词”的结构，这样显得句子简洁。
[句子翻译]独自旅行时，如果没有了食物，受伤了或者生病了，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
[翻译技巧]直译的话，应该说人们“没有其他地方，只有……”可得到帮助，但这样写的话显得冗长而且费解，这里根据句意，译为“只能向……求助”就比较准确了。“turn”的用法比较灵活，意思很多，这里依据上下文，译为“向……求助”。<

34．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive…
[语法难点]实际是简单句。此句句子虽长，但是结构并不复杂，可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。理解的时候要有意识地把两部分分开，个个击破。in which引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是is而不是are，是因为在这个从句中主语是use，而不是substances，这一点要注意分辨。
[句子翻译] 在我们生活的社会里，物质（药品）被广泛地运用于社交和医疗：服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼，喝酒来应酬，早晨和咖啡来提神，吸烟镇定情绪等。
[翻译技巧]该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧，很有文学性，我们翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应，而应该也是比较灵活。如quiet不是“安静”的意思，而是“镇静”的意思。

35．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
[句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…
[语法难点]有并列从句和省略。with引导的是伴随结构作状语，修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and引导的分句省略了谓语动词marked ，所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句，而是与之并列的结构。
[句子翻译] 依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强，用量越来越大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。
[翻译技巧]有些同学遇上伴随结构就不知道如何翻译了，其实只要按照原来的语序顺次翻译就是。

36．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
[句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…
[语法难点]该句没有从句结构，而是由and连接的两个并列成分构成。用would是因为表达了某人的主观态度和意愿。
[句子翻译] 但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要“努力保持均衡”这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准
[翻译技巧]虽然没有从句结构，但是由于句子太长，有众多的修饰成分，所以建议还是拆为两句较好。

37．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
[句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before
[语法难点]有省略。close to分句是非限定性定语从句，省略了which was。Before后面的成分是对全句的补充说明，是状语成分。状语成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并无定规。之所以用rising，是因为这里需要一个名次性的结构the inflation which was，这样显得简洁得多。
[句子翻译]七大工业国家的通货膨胀率去年下降到了2.3%，接近30年来最低水平，今年7月才小幅上涨到2.5%，比许多国家70年代和80年代两位数低了很多。
[翻译技巧]the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工业国。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。

38．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
[句子主干]Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have …
[语法难点]主句用现在完成时have been…是因为经济学家长时间以来关注，现在也在关注，是一个从过去持续到现在的动作。Since引导的是表原因的状语从句。
[句子翻译] 特别让经济学家感到诧异的是，英美两国的通货膨胀带来的是良性的结果，因为传统的分析方法表明，两国尤其是美国的经济生产几乎没有出现滑坡。
[翻译技巧]favorable表示的是“非常好的”，不是“非常喜欢的”，与个人取向没有关系。productive slack是“生产滑坡”的意思。

39．Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is
something the world does not have.
[句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…
[语法难点]有套合从句。本句为主从复合句。主句很简单，而because引导的原因状语从句中，又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中，主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引导的飞行定性定语从句修饰，而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。
[句子翻译] 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
[翻译技巧]agree为“约定的”意思，agreed account直译为“约定的看法”，意译为“共同的认识”。可见翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。an agreed account of human rights不可译为“有同意的人权记录”。此外，将不定代词具体化，也更符合汉语习惯。

40．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
[句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…
[语法难点]该句仍为主从复合句。that引导的宾语从句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充当了补充语的角色。
[句子翻译] 有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。
[翻译技巧]要正确选择contract的词义，不要译成从此“收缩，缩小”。argue不要译成“争论”，而要灵活处理成“论证说”。

41．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
[句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…
[语法难点]有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分，后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。that引导的宾语从句中，主语是animals，谓语是should be treated，either… or…引导两个介词短语作状语，either引导的介词短语中，humans extend to other humans是一个省略引导词that的定语从句。
[句子翻译] 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
[翻译技巧]it 的所指要明确。leads the discussion to extremes译成“将讨论引向两个极端”，at the outset译成“从一开始”。注意把被动句译为主动句，更合乎汉语习惯。

42．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
[句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…
[语法难点]有套和从句。逗号前面是一个现在分词短语，作状语，里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语，逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。
[句子翻译] 这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
[翻译技巧]in every relevant respect译成“各相关方面”，不要把respect 译成“尊重”；extremists为极端主义者；let outside the area of moral choice译成“不在道德范围内，不关乎道德”。

43．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
[句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…
[语法难点]以冒号为界，将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里，时间状语从句when that happens叙述的是前一句to see…的情形的出现。That修饰这种行为，主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句解释为什么。这里有一个that从句，作instinct的定语。
[句子翻译] 这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
[翻译技巧]将that，it等代词具体化，使译文表达明确；reasoning不能译成“原因”，而应译为“推理，推论”；in action不能译成“在行动中”，而译成“在起作用”，action在此是“作用，性能”的意思；翻译被动语态时，使用“得到”，“遭到”等，使译文流畅自然。

44．The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
[句子主干]The Aswan Dam, …stopped the Nile flooding…but…
[语法难点]有插入语。for example是个插入结构，不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…结构，是“如此……以至于”的意思。
[句子翻译] 以阿斯旺大坝为例，它挡住了尼罗河的洪水，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤，换回来的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙，几乎不能用于发电了。
[翻译技巧]the Nile是尼罗河。All in return意思是“换回来的全部则是”。

45．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
[句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …
[语法难点]有套和从句。the trouble is that…是表语从句结构。后一个that引导的是修饰rebound的定语从句。
[句子翻译] 问题在于，近期的增长一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果，因此还不能得出经济已经呈现复苏态势这一结论。
[翻译技巧]part of the recent acceleration不可译为“一部分的最近的加速”，而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商业周期”。

46．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
[句子主干]New ways of …workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…
[语法难点]有插入语。两个破折号中间的成分为插入结构，可以视为括号里面的内容。Such as后面的内容是对many other factors的列举。在阅读的时候基本可以跳过不看，除非后面有细节题考查这里的内容。
[句子翻译] 组织工作场所的新方法——包括机构重组和缩小规模——只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施，还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高，比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对教育培训投资等。
[翻译技巧]all that译为“这一切包括”。overall productivity译为“综合生产力水平”。Joint investment译为“联合投资”。Drive译为“驱动”。

47．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
[句子主干]His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving…
[语法难点]有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定语从句。修饰的是前一分句的整体意思。without后面要跟现在分词giving。
[句子翻译] 他的同时迈克尔·比尔说，为数众多的公司以简单机械的方式进行机构重组，降低了成本，但却未能充分考虑长期赢利。
[翻译技巧]far too many译为“太多的（比实际需要）”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion应译为“以简单机械的方式”。chop out译为“削减”。

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