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发表于 2006-12-18 03:19:42
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<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p><p><strong>Steve Smith & John Baylis</strong></p><p><strong>From international politics to world politics?????????????????????????????????????????????????2</strong></p><p><strong>Theories of world politics???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3</strong></p><p><strong>The four theories and globalization?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????7</strong></p><p><strong>Globalization and its precursors???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????8</strong></p><p><strong>Globalization: myth or reality????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10</strong></p><p>The events of 11 September 2001 (hereafter, 9/11), probably more than any other single event, brought home just how globalized is the contemporary world; the subsequent war in Afghanistan (2001-2) and the particularly controversial attack on Iraq in 2003 have been further clear examples of what it means to call the current era a globalized one, as both involved international coalitions in conflicts that seemed to link events in seemingly unrelated parts of the world. Let us open up some aspects of how these events illustrate <font color="#c71585">globalization</font>, using 9/11 as an example.</p><p>First, 9/11 was an event taking place in one country, the United States, but immediately observed throughout the world: the television pictures of the second plane crashing into the World Trade Center are probably the most widely images in television history. Thus 9/11 was world event, which had far more of an event than represented by the simple fact of the nimber of deaths involved (about 3,000 died in the four attacks that day; on an average day 30,000 children throughout the world die of malnutrition, though not of course in front of the gaze of the television cameras). Second, the attacks were carried out by 19 individuals in the name of an until-then shadowy organization known as Al Qaeda. This organization was not a state, was not a formal international body, but instead was a?loose coalition of committed Muslims based, it is claimed, in over fifty countries. This was a tryly globalized organization. Third, the attacks were coordinated by using some of the most powerful technologies of the globalized world, namely mobile phones, international bank accounts, and the Internet. Moreover, the key personnel travelled regularly between continents, using yet another symbol of globalization, mass air travel. Fourth, the reactions to the events throughout the world were intense, instantaneous, and very mixed: in some Arab and Muslim countries there was jubilation that the West generally, and the United States?specifically, had been hit; in many other countries there was profound shock and an immediate empathy with the United States. Fifth, although the attacks were on buildings in the United States, these were not ordinary buildings; while the Pentagon is the symbol of the United States' military power, the World Trade Center was (as the name implies) an iconic symbol of the world financial network. Sixth, it is worth noting that although these were attacks on the United States, many individuals of other nationalities were killed; it is estimated that citizens from about ninety countries were killed in the attacks on the World Trade Center. Finally, though there is a lot of disagreement over why Osama bin Laden ordered the attacks, the main reasons seem</p><p>???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????pp.1</p> |
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