外交学———专业课复习纲要！

白鹤

<div align="center">经济外交</div><div align="center">作者：朱素梅时间：2005年04月24日<br /><br /></div><div><div><strong /></div><div><strong>经济外交</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>经济外交有两种含义：其一是指主权国家通过外交手段促进对外贸易，增进国家的经济利益。其二是指利用经济手段达到某种政治和外交上的目的。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong>张学斌：经济外交是主权国家元首、政府首脑、政府有关部门的官员以及专门的外交机构，围绕国际经济问题开展的访问、谈判、签订条约、参加国际会议和国际经济组织等多边和双边活动。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong><u>美俄能源外交分析</u></strong><strong /></div><div><strong>美俄在能源合作中，既合作又斗争，各有自己的战略需求和战略运作谋略。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>美俄近期达成有关铺设从秋明油田到摩尔曼斯克油管、开发巴伦支海底天然气、开发萨哈林气田等协议。美国资本已涉足秋明油田、西伯利亚油田等。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong><u>日本的经济外交（日本经济外交的发展历史及经验教训）</u></strong><strong><u /></strong></div><div><strong>1</strong><strong>、战后初的经济外交&mdash;重返国际社会。</strong><strong>1957</strong><strong>年，日本政府在其《外交蓝皮书》中首次提出&ldquo;经济外交&rdquo;的口号。力争获最惠国待遇。</strong><strong>1955</strong><strong>年加入关贸总协定。&ldquo;赔偿外交&rdquo;。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong>2</strong><strong>、经济高速增长期。&ldquo;民族主义的经</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>济外交&rdquo;。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong>3</strong><strong>、成为经济大国后的&ldquo;经济摩擦外交&rdquo;。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong>4</strong><strong>、走向政治大国的经济外交。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong>日本的政府开发援助（</strong><strong>ODA</strong><strong>）</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>ODA</strong><strong>是经济外交的载体。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>1989</strong><strong>年以来，日本的</strong><strong>ODA</strong><strong>金额持续居世界各援助国之首。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>1991</strong><strong>年，日本明确提出其</strong><strong>ODA</strong><strong>的目的和理念，即&ldquo;为建立确保日本的全面安全之国际秩序。在这一总方针下又具体提出了&rdquo;</strong><strong>ODA</strong><strong>四原则&ldquo;，即：军事支出动向；核武器及生化武器状况；武器进出口动向；民主化状况。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>日本的</strong><strong>ODA</strong><strong>分为三大类：无偿援助；日元贷款；技术合作。</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong>经济外交的表现方式</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>1</strong><strong>、经济合作</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>2</strong><strong>、<u>经济援助</u></strong><strong><u /></strong></div><div><strong>3</strong><strong>、<u>经济制裁</u></strong><strong><u /></strong></div><div><strong>4</strong><strong>、第三世界的发展外交</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>5</strong><strong>、国际协调与国际经济法</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong><u>经济援助</u></strong><strong>：美国和日本的经济援助</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>外交</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong><u>经济制裁：</u></strong><strong><u /></strong></div><div><strong>经济制裁有哪些形式？有效地实施经济制裁的前提条件是什么？</strong><strong /></div><div><strong>哪一类国家特别易受经济制裁的影响？试举例说明</strong><strong /></div><div><strong><u /></strong></div><div><strong>案例分析：美缘何放宽对利比亚的经济制裁？</strong><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><h1><strong>Economic Reward and Coercion</strong></h1><div /><div><strong>1.Tariffs</strong></div><div>The tariff structure can be used effectively as a foreign policy inducement or punishment when a target country stands to gain or lose important markets for its products by its upward or downward manipulation..</div><div><strong>preferential tariff treatment</strong></div><div><strong>most-favored-nation treatment</strong></div><div><strong>2.Quotas</strong></div><div><strong>3. Boycott</strong></div><div><strong>4.Embargo</strong></div><div><strong>5.Loans,Credits, and Currency Manipulations</strong></div><div><strong>6.Blacklists</strong></div><div><strong>7. Licensing</strong></div><div><strong>8. Freezing Assets</strong></div><div><strong>9. Granting or Suspending Aid, Including Military Sales or grants</strong></div><div><strong>10. Expropriation</strong></div><div><strong>11. Withholding Dues to an International Organization.</strong></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong>Economic coercion is most likely to be effective when the following conditions are met:</strong></div><div><strong>1. </strong><strong>The economic relationship between the coercer and the target is highly asymmetrical in terms of vulnerabilities.</strong></div><div><strong>2. </strong><strong>Alternative sources of supply or markets are readily available to the target.</strong></div><div><strong>3. </strong><strong>The target does not have the technology or resources to fashion substitutes for those items it can no longer import from the coercer.</strong></div><div><strong>4. </strong><strong>The costs of applying the sanctions to the coercer are significantly less than those suffered by the target.</strong></div><div><strong>5. </strong><strong>There is little international sympathy for the government of the target.</strong></div><div><strong>6. </strong><strong>The attempts at economic coercion are coupled with other techniques of statecraft.</strong></div><div><strong>7. </strong><strong>The economy of the target is already weak, characterized by high unemployment, low investment, severe inflation, and the like.</strong></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong /></div><div><strong><u>世界武器贸易</u></strong><strong><u /></strong></div><div><strong>武器贸易增强了国家安全还是损害了国家安全？</strong><strong /></div></div><div align="right">来源：国际关系学院国政系</div>

leejoylee

看得我眼睛都花了
<br>谢谢白鹤

白鹤

<p>这个是增加知识用的～～</p><p>考的可能性　比较小！</p>

etfact

xiexie

hexin015

谢谢楼住

hexin015

谢楼住

pinger1231984

顶你没商量

pinger1231984

顶你没商量