考研阅读真题详解

qingqing

1998 Passage 1

　　Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
　　The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.
　　But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
　　And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.
　　Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.
　　Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.
51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.
　　[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
　　[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted
　　[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things
　　[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight
52. In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to ________.
　　[A] areas short of electricity
　　[B] dams without power stations
　　[C] poor countries around India
　　[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area
53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?
　　[A] They bring in more fertile soil.
　　[B] They help defend the country.
　　[C] They strengthen international ties.
　　[D] They have universal control of the waters.
54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.
　　[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"
　　[B] "More haste, less speed"
　　[C] "Look before you leap"
　　[D] "He who laughs last laughs best"

重点词汇：
imagination （想象；想象力）←imagin(e)想象+tion名词后缀。Imagination is more important than knowledge.想象力比知识更重要。Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination.科学的每一个重大进展都得力于大胆的想象力。imagination — ①the highest kite one can fly ②a poor substitute for experience 想象——①一个人能放得最高的风筝 ②经验的劣质替代品。
symbol （符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym-共同，bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”。Light is the symbol of truth.光是真理的象征。
cement  （v.胶合；巩固n.水泥；胶接剂）。A sweet and innocent compliance is the cement of love.温柔天真的依从是爱情的粘合剂。
deprive  （v.剥夺）即de+priv+e，de-(=away)，priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），“使某物离开个人”→剥夺。Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue; it is hard for an empty bag to stand upright.贫穷常使人丧失全部精神与美德，空袋子是难以直立的。
persist  （v.坚持，持续）即per+sist，per-“完全”，sist词根“站立”，于是“自始至终都站着”→坚持。参consistently（始终如一地），1999年Passage 5。To persist in efforts without losing the aim will finally result in success.不失目标地坚持努力终将导致成功。Any man can make mistakes, but only an idiot persists in his error.任何人都可能犯错误，但只有愚蠢的人才坚持错误。
complex  （复杂的；综合的；联合体）即com+plex，com-“一起”，plex词根“重叠”，“重叠在一起的”→复杂的。参perplex（使困惑，使复杂化）←per完全+plex，2003年Text 2。Everything is simpler than you think and at the same time more complex than you imagine.凡事都比你思考的简单，同时比你想象的复杂。
go-ahead n.批准，允许。
wrong-headed 执迷不悟的。
environmental  （周围的，环境的）←environment环境+al形容词后缀。What is the thing called health? Simply a state in which the individual happens transiently to be perfectly adapted to his environment. Obviously, such states cannot be common, for the environment is in constant flux.称为健康的东西是什么？不过是一种状态，处于这种状态的人刚好一时对环境完全适应。这种状态显然不可能常见，因为环境是在不断改变的。environment — everything that isn't me 环境——除我以外的一切。
proper  （适当的；合乎体统的；固有的）。Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style.风度的准确定义就是在适当的场合说适当的话。A fool, indeed, has great need of a title; it teaches men to call him count or duke, and thus forget his proper name of fool.傻瓜的确非常需要头衔，那使人们称他为伯爵或公爵，从而忘掉他固有的名字——傻瓜。
resolve  （v.n.决心；解决；决议）←re+solve解决。同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solve。The reason why a great man is great is that he resolves to be a great man.伟人之所以伟大，是因为他立志要成为伟人。Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.该做的事要下决心去做，决定去做的事要务必去做。Do not, for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you resolved to effort.不要只因一次挫败就放弃原来决心达到的目标。
conflict  （v.n.冲突）即con+flict，con-一起，flict词根“打”，“打在一起”→冲突。A marriage without conflicts is almost as inconceivable as a nation without crisis.没有冲突的婚姻几乎与没有危机的国家一样难以想象。In the long term we can hope that religion will change the nature of man and reduce conflict. But history is not encouraging in this respect. The bloodiest wars in history have been religious wars. 长期以来我们希望宗教能改变人的天性并减少冲突。但历史却令人失望。历史上最血腥的战争都是宗教战争。
hydroelectric  （水电的）即hydro+electric，hydro词根“水的”，electric单词“电的”。另记：hydrogen（氢）←hydro+gen，这是化学家创造的英文单词，因为氢气燃烧的唯一产物是水，-gen后缀意为“致……的物质”。
irrigation （灌溉；水利）与irritation（激怒；刺激物）一字母之差，联想记忆：“溉”的声母为g，故灌溉为irriGation，而irriTAtion为激怒“他”。
at the mercy of 受……支配；stop just short of 几乎要……；far from guaranteed 根本没有保障。
难句解析：
①Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
▲这个句子中包含了一个强调句型，基本结构是it is... that...，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，因而这个句子的核心句其实就是Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating。suffering加上前后的修饰、限定成分是humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought（人类受水旱灾害控制的长期的苦难）；ideal后面跟了一个of引导的分词短语：forcing the waters to do our bidding（让河水听我们吩咐［的这个理想］）；suffering使得这个ideal如何呢？so fascinating。在掌握了这个整体框架之后，这个句子就很清楚了。
△通过分析结构我们知道此句强调的是suffering这个使得ideal如此fascinating的这个因果关系。一旦给that引导的从句找到了真正的主语suffering，这个句子的基本结构就出来了。
②It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam had become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.
▲这个句子中第一个单词it指代的是文章中上面的一句话，即“从大型水坝中得到的教训是不一定大的就是好的”。help后面是一个从句，在这个从句中，主语是一个现在分词短语，核心句是Building a dam had become a symbol of achievement。分词短语striving to assert themselves是修饰nations and people的限定成分。
△注意it doesn't help的意思，此处意为“无法阻止”。
③The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
▲这个句子首先要注意的是有两个谓语：stopped和deprived；然后可以找出这个句子的核心句：The Aswan Dam stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the silt。第一个silt后面有一个that引导的从句that floods left修饰silt；破折号后面的all代替的是破折号前面所说的the fertile silt，介词短语in return for后面的宾语带了一个which引导的从句，修饰的是这个宾语：a giant reservoir of disease，同时这个从句中还有一个so... that的结构。如果把这个which引导的从句分解开来就是The reservoir is now full of silt, so it barely generates electricity。
△此句理解的关键有三个：一是找到两个谓语：stopped和deprived；二是要明白all指的是前面所说的the fertile silt；三就是which引导的从句修饰的是the reservoir of disease这个名词短语。
④This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.
▲这个句子理解上的困难可能出现在短语上。撇开前面的时间状语和地点状语不看，这个句子的核心句其实是Slovaks and Hungarians stopped sending troops。这里有两个短语需要理解：short of差一点就；send in派遣。后面的in their contention over a dam说的是他们sending in the troops的原因。再加上前后的状语短语，就有了一个完整理解。
△这个句子的短语和介词非常重要，除了结构分析中所说的两个短语之外，in the contentions，over a dam，on the Danube都对句子理解非常重要。
⑤Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.
▲这个句子的核心句是Study can help to resolve conflicts。但是理解的重点却在study后面的修饰成分，因为study后面有两个并列关系的of，说明了study的内容：study of the impacts of dams和study of the cost and benefits of controlling water。第三个of修饰的是the cost and benefits两个名词，of后面是个动名词短语。这个修饰成分解决了，后面的句子就好理解了，再注意一下help to do sth.的用法。
△主要是四个of的用法，注意哪两个of是并列关系（of the impacts和of the cost and benefits）。
试题解析：
51. [C] 意为：过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情。
　　第一段指出，在重大技术所创造的东西中，很少有比大坝更能体现人的幻想的。也许是因为人类长期遭受洪涝和干旱的袭击，使人类（通过筑坝）制服洪水的愿望显得更加令人兴奋不已（该句是一个强调句，基本句型是：it is... that makes... so fascinating）。这两句谈的是人们的愿望；本段第三、四句话锋一转，指出愿望与现实往往相反，所以，第三句应该在第一、二句意思的基础上理解。第三句可理解为：但是，兴奋有时候也表现为盲目。而第三句的意思又被第四句进一步阐释为：有些大坝工程为害多于为善(do more harm than good)。盲目建设大坝的危害在第三、五段都举了具体例子加以说明。
　　A意为：人们如果无视现实就会感到高兴。
　　B意为：盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福。
　　D怠为：兴奋使人双目失明。
52. [D] 意为：讷尔默达河大坝周围的平民百姓。
　　讷尔默达河位于印度。根据第五段，建设讷尔默达河大坝(Narmada Dam)本来就是一个错误(wrong-headed)，但是，世界银行还是向印度贷款，支持大坝建设。银行的顾问指出，大坝将给平民百姓带来苦难，给环境带来破坏，但是，银行方面却一意孤行。大坝的建设也许会给掌权有势的人带来益处。但是，即使这一点也根本没有保障（即：很难保障大坝会给有权势者带来利益）。该句中的the powerless（平民百姓）在意思上应该对应于上一句的the powerful（有权势者）。
　　A意为：缺电力的地区。
　　B意为：没建电站的大坝。
　　C意为：印度周边的穷国。
　　定冠词the置于形容词之前经常指一类人，如：the poor穷人，the rich富人，the miserable受苦难的人，the young年轻人，等等。
53. [D] 意为：它们普遍能控制住洪水。
　　第一段第一、二句指出，人们幻想大坝来达到控制洪水的目的，但有时意识不到大坝会带来意想不到的后果。第三段也指出，大坝有时有违其建设目的，埃及的阿斯旺高坝(Aswan High Dam)就是一个例子。大坝起到了制服尼罗河洪水泛滥的作用，但也不再有洪水过后留下的肥沃的冲积土壤；换来的只是(all in return for)一个硕大的病态水库，水库被淤泥填满，几乎无法发电。
　　第四段指出，尽管如此，制服洪水的神话还在继续传送。这句话的意思是：人们仍然一味地幻想着通过建坝来控制水：其含义是，尽管大坝的建设有时弊多于利，会给人类带来意想不到的后果，但是，人们建坝的热情还是很高，本段下文提到了斯洛伐克和匈牙利拟在多瑙河上建坝的事。最后一段第二句指出，其实，水力发电也好，治水也好，灌溉也好，未必都只有通过建坝进行。
　　A意为：它们带来更肥沃的土地。
　　B意为：它们有助于国防。第二段第二句指出，有些人把建设硕大的大坝看作是国家成就的象征，是一个民族独立(assert themselves)的体现，这其实是一种幻想(It doesn't help that...)；第四段第二、三、四句指出，本周，在文明的欧洲中心，为了多瑙河上的建坝事宜，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人几乎就要派驻军队了，该大坝也可能产生其他大坝存在的所有问题，但是，斯洛伐克正在闹独立(is bidding for independence)，想脱离捷克，它想通过大坝来证明自己的能力和独立性(prove itself)。可见，人们想通过大坝证明自己的国力和独立性，并非将大坝用于国防。
　　C意为；它们增强国际联系。
54. [C] 意为：“三思而后行。”
　　该题实际上提问的是作者的观点：作者想通过本文说明什么道理。
　　文章指出，人们对大坝的建设存在很多幻想，所以经常事与愿违。在最后一段最后两句，作者指出，该是我们认真吸取阿斯旺大坝的教训的时候了。言外之意，不要再存在理想化心理，我们应该变得更加理智一点，因为，我们未必非要通过大坝来拯救自己(You don't need a dam to be saved.)，这一句回溯该段第二句：其实，水力发电也好，治水也好，灌溉也好，未必都只有通过建坝实现。言外之意，应该消除对大坝的迷恋，多动脑筋，积极寻求更好的措施解决我们的问题。
　　A意为：“覆水难收。”比喻后悔是没有用的。
　　B意为：“欲速则不达。”
　　D意为：“笑到最后才算笑得最好。”比喻受到挫折时不要轻易放弃，应该坚持。
全文翻译：
　　在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样让人痴迷的。可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。
　　建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。
　　但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的是这么一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。
　　不过，控制水的神话还在继续。本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。这个大型工程可能会出现大坝上所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在他们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。
　　与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题很多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行已经这样做了。大坝会给有权有势者带来利益，但这种利益却没有保障。
　　对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。水利发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己（dekuan68注：此句应译为“我们不需要建一座将被拯救的大坝”）。


1998 Passage 2

　　Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
　　The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
　　Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
　　Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.
　　Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish —  "the worst sort of ambulance-chasing".
55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.
　　[A] not as good as it seems
　　[B] at its turning point
　　[C] much better than it seems
　　[D] near to complete recovery
56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.
　　[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle
　　[B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation
　　[C] meet the expectation of business people
　　[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy
57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ________.
　　[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"
　　[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works
　　[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading
　　[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses
58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
　　[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.
　　[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.
　　[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.
　　[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.

重点词汇：
assume  （v.假定；承担；呈现）。Optimism assumes, or attempts to prove, that the universe exists to please us, and pessimism that it exists to displease us.乐观主义假定或企图证明宇宙存在是为了使我们快乐；悲观主义则假定或企图证明那是为了使我们不快乐。When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property.当一个人承担了公众的信任，就应该视自己为公众财产。They who assume a character that does not belong to them generally betray themselves by overacting.装模作样的人常常由于表现过火而露出原形。
lump  （团块；使成团块）。An overdose of praise is like ten lumps of sugar in coffee; only a very few people can swallow it.过量的赞扬有如在咖啡里放了十块糖，只有极少数的人能咽得下去。
acceleration  （加速；加速度）即ac+celer+ation，ac-加强前缀，celer词根“速度”，-ation名词后缀；反义词为deceleration（减速）←de向下+celer+ation。
rebound  （v.n.反弹）←re反+bound跳。
evidence  （证据，迹象）即e+vid+ence，e-(=ex-)，vid词根“看”=vis（如visible→vis+ible→可见的），-ence名词后缀，“能看出来的东西”→证据。Growth is the only evidence of life.成长是生命的唯一证明。Poverty of speech is the outward evidence of poverty of mind.言语的贫乏是心智贫乏的表现。
treasury  （宝库，国库）即treasur(e)+y，treasure（n.财宝v.珍爱），-y表“地方”，于是“放财宝的地方”→宝库。Collection of famous quotes and collection of mottoes are the most important treasure of the society.名言集和格言集是社会最可贵的财富。Let us learn to treasure only good and reject the evil in everything.让我们学会只珍视善，而排斥一切事物中的恶。
disjunction （n.分离，***）即dis+junction，dis-否定前缀，junction（n.连接，连接处）。
anecdote  （趣闻，轶事）谐音：安妮(Annie)可逗她←用“趣闻”来逗女孩子开心。anecdote — a joke in evening dress 趣闻——穿着晚礼服的笑料。
profitability  （收益率）即profit+ability，profit（v.n.收益），-ability名词后缀；参profitable，1999年Passage 5。profitability — the sovereign criterion of the enterprise 有利可图——企业的至高无上的准则。
ineptly  （不相宜地；无能地）即in+ept+ly，in-否定前缀，ept(=apt)适宜的，-ly副词后缀。
revenue  （财政收入；税收）←re+venue，另可记avenue（林荫道；途径）←a+venue。Economy is of itself a great revenue.节约本身就是一大笔收入。
blunt 率直的；钝的；使钝。
consultant  （顾问）即consult+ant，consult（v.商量；查询），-ant表“人”；参consultancy，2002年Text 3。consultant — someone who will take your watch off your wrist and tell you what time it is 顾问——把你的手表从你手腕上摘下来，然后告诉你时间的人。
难句解析：
①What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
▲这个句子的主语和表语都是从句。主语是what引导的名词性从句，表语是whether引导的状语表语从句。在表语从句中，主语是the productivity revolution，核心句是Whether the productivity revolution is for real，其中productivity revolution后面跟了一个that引导的定语从句，这个从句中的主语是businessmen，谓语是assume，后面跟一个宾语从句，而that所替代的productivity resolution就是这个宾语从句中over这个介词的宾语。
△理解这个句子的关键在于要弄清其中环环相套的从句关系，就是revolution后面that引导的定语从句，以及从句中assume后面的宾语从句，这样就找出preside over的宾语其实就是productivity revolution。
②The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
▲这个句子有一个很长的表语从句，由that引导。从句中有两个分句，中间用and so连接。第一个分句中又有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰的是rebound，第二个分句的主语与第一个分句的主语一样，都是part of the recent acceleration。这样我们可以得到这个句子的主干部分：The trouble is that part of acceleration is due to rebound, and is not conclusive evidence.
△理解这个句子的关键在于要清楚表语从句中第一个分句所套的修饰rebound的定语从句，再者就是第二个分句的主语与第一个分句的主语一致，并注意conclusive的意思。
③There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
▲理解这个句子先要找出它的核心句：There is a "disjunction" between the mass and the picture，中间的人名及其职位可以当作插入语。between后面的名词带有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰的是business anecdote，that在这个从句中充当的是主语；and后面的名词the picture后面跟的是过去分词reflected，表示的是一种被动关系。
△找出between和and的宾语（分别是the mass of business anecdote和the picture reflected by the statistics），这个句子就容易理解了。
④New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
▲这个句子看似庞大，分析之下就简单了。先找出核心句：New ways are one contribution，再来看其它部分：new ways后面of organizing the workplace限定了new ways的内容；破折号之间的部分是进一步说明new ways of organizing the workplace的一些具体内容；contribution后面的to接的是名词宾语，这之后有一个which引导的定语从句，修饰的是前面的名词an economy。在这个定语从句中by后面的宾语是factors，后面的such as跟随的三个名词短语就是列举的内容。
△找出主干句之后就不会受到长句所造成的混乱影响，关键是要弄清楚contribution to后面的内容，尤其是which引导的定语从句，修饰的是economy。
⑤His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
▲这个句子的主要部分在于谓语says后面的宾语从句，从句中的重要成分是在状语短语部分，即in a mechanistic fashion，因为后面跟的一个现在分词短语chopping out costs是进一步说明fashion的内容，without后面的动名词短语是补充成分，表示的是一种伴随状态。
△关键在于chopping out costs这个现在分词短语的理解，要明白这是in a mechanistic fashion的进一步说明。
试题解析：
55. [A] 意为：并不像表面看上去那样好。
　　第一段第三、四句指出，美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴(tales of corporate revival)，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实(for real)，这一点却很难确定。该句实际上是全文的主旨，从反面提出了下文旨在回答的问题，所谓生产率革命根本不存在，官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观；该段第四句指出，问题是；最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹(rebound)造成的，因此，不能将它看作是更深层的（当指生产率）振兴的证据。
　　最后一段引用了几个专家的评价，对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施进行了否定，特别是罗森伯格的评价，在他看来，目前负责调整经济的顾问们所做的工作，多数都是垃圾（没有成效），是典型的“于事无补”(ambulance-chasing)。
　　B意为：处于转折阶段。
　　C意为：比现状要好得多。
　　D意为；几乎要实现全面复苏了。
56. [B] 意为：与商人的预想不符。或：不像商人预想的那样好。
　　第二段指出，官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观，如果将制造业和服务业算在一起(lump... together)，1989年以来生产率平均增长了1.2％，比前十年的平均指数略有增长；1991年后，生产率每年增长约2％，是1978年至1987年这十年平均指数的一倍多。然而问题是：最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹造成的，因此，不能将它看作是更深层的（当指生产率）振兴的证据。正如财政部长鲁宾所说的那样，一方面，大量的商业神话似乎表明生产率的激增(leap)，另一方面，（官方的）统计数字又是另一番景象，二者之间存在着一个“差距”(disjunction)。
　　A意为：排除了商业领域里出现的正常的反弹。
　　C意为：与商人预想的一致。
　　D意为：没有准确地反映经济的状况。
57. [B] 意为：他认为所谓的生产率革命并未奏效。
　　第一段指出，人们常说：不劳则无所获，但是，要是劳而无获呢？美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实，这一点却很难确定。作者的观点在此其实已表达得很清楚。
　　另外，从第三段来看，所谓的生产率革命包括了改组企业(business restructuring, reengineering)等一系列措施，正如第四段所指出的，近年所进行的一些重组措施也许并未奏效，而且，即使有所成效，效果也没有人们想像的那样广泛。在最后一段，作者引用了几个专家的评价，这几位专家对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施更是持否定态度。作者的引用当然带有很大的倾向性，用以支持自己的观点。
　　另请参考第55、56题题解。
　　A意为：他对“不劳则无所获”的真实性提出质疑。该选择项过于局限于字面意思。
　　C意为：他认为官方的统计数宁可能有错。正好相反，他们认为所谓的商业振兴仅仅是假象。
　　D意为：他获得了商业振兴的确凿证据。
58. [A] 意为：激进的改革对生产率的提高极其重要。
　　这是本文所未提到的，作者只指出促进生产率革命的措施并未奏效，未达到人们想象的效果，而并末提到应该如何才对。
　　B意为：用新方法改变工作场所可以提高生产率。第三段第二句指出，重新改变工作场所仅是加快一个国家的国民经济综合生产率水平(overall productivity of an economy)的一种措施，促进生产率发展的因素还有许多，如：设备和机器投资、新技术、教育和培训投资等都会带来生产率的提高。
　　C意为：降低成本并不能保证带来长期利润。根据第五段第三句，在比尔看来，许多公司机械地(in a mechanistic fashion)应用改革措施，降低了成本，但对长期盈利却考虑不够。可见，降低成本和长期盈利并非总是成正比。
　　D意为：顾问们是一伙饭桶。文章最后一段指出，在罗森伯格看来，目前负责经济调整的顾问们所做的工作，多数都是垃圾（没有成效），是典型的“于事无补”。
全文翻译：
　　人们说，不劳就无获。但是，如果有劳却无获又会怎样呢？在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。
　　官方的统计数字却有点不让人乐观。这些数据表明，如果把制造业和服务业合起来算，1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2％。这比前10年的平均增长速度略快。自1991年来，生产力每年约增长2％。这比1978年—1987年的平均增长速度高两倍以上。问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的结论性证据。正如财政部长罗伯特•鲁宾所说的，生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”。
　　这其中的一些原因很容易解释。企业重组的新方法——所有那些重新设计和缩小规模的做法——只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献，而这种经济的发展还收到许多其他因素的驱动，如设备、机械上的联合投资，新技术，以及教育和培训上的投资。另外，公司的大部分改革是为了赢利，而达到赢利的目的不一定非要提高生产力：转入新的市场或改善产品质量也会有同样的功效。
　　其他两种解释带有很大的猜测性。一种解释是近年来所进行的公司重组也许并未奏效。另一种则说，即使有所成效，效果也不像人们所设想的那样广泛。
　　哈佛学者，快速增长的面包连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁莱昂纳多•施莱辛格说，许多“重组”是粗糙的。他认为很多情况下，企业收益的损失超出了成本的降低。他的同事迈克•比尔说，太多的公司已用机械的方式进行重组，在没有充分考虑到长期赢利能力的情况下降低了成本。BBDO的艾尔•罗森夏恩更加直率。他把许多重组咨询专家所做的工作视为垃圾——“典型的劳而无获”。


1998 Passage 3

　　Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
　　Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics — but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "anti-science" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
　　Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.
　　Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
　　A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
　　Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
　　The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
　　Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things," notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."
59. The word "schism" (line 3, paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.
　　[A] confrontation
　　[B] dissatisfaction
　　[C] separation
　　[D] contempt
60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.
　　[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power
　　[B] show the author's sympathy with scientists
　　[C] explain the way in which science develops
　　[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities
61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
　　[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
　　[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
　　[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.
　　[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti-science" is justifiable
62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ________.
　　[A] impartial
　　[B] subjective
　　[C] biased
　　[D] puzzling

重点词汇：
relationship  （关系）←relation关系+ship抽象名词后缀（如：friendship友谊）。The incestuous relationship between government and big business thrives in the dark.政府与大商人之间的乱伦关系在黑暗中繁盛着。There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage.世上没有一种关系、交流或陪伴比美满的婚姻更愉快、友好和迷人。The relation of genius to talent is the same as that of instinct to reason.天赋与才能的关系一如本能与理智的关系。
aspect  （外表；方面）；参spectacle（场面；奇观），2000年Passage 5。A real genius possesses talents in many aspects, but they are brought into play only by chance and in a single field.真正的天才具有多方面的才能，只是处于偶然而仅在单一的领域中得到施展。
rebelling （n.反叛）看作re+bell+ing，re-反复，bell铃，-ing表“现在进行时”，联想：监狱里警铃大作→犯人们“****”了！rebel（v.反叛n.反叛者）。As long as the world shall last there will be wrong, and if no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever.只要世界继续存在就会有不公正，如果没有人反抗，这些不公正将永远存在下去。No one can go on being a rebel too long without turning into an autocrat.没有人能一直做叛逆者而不变成独*者。rebel — a man who says no 反叛者——说“不”的人。
Catholic （天主教的；天主教徒）看作Cat+hol(e)+ic后缀，“天主教的”“天主教徒”像“猫”一样住在“洞”里刻苦修行。As a Roman Catholic I thank God for the heretics. Heresy is only another word for freedom of thought.身为天主教徒，我为异端者的存在而感谢上帝，异端不过是思想自由的别名。
harsh  （粗糙的；刺耳的；严厉的）意同hard，因发音为“哈嘘”，故又表示“刺耳的”。Harsh counsels have no effect: they are like hammers which are always repulsed by the anvil.刺耳的劝告不会收效：它们就像总是被铁砧弹回的锤。
schism  （组织的***；派系）←sch+ism，sch看作scholar（学者），-ism抽象名词后缀，学者之间是分“派系”的。
superstition  （迷信）即super+sti+tion，super-前缀=over，sti词根=stand，-tion名词后缀，“超出站的地方”→在理性观念之外→迷信。Superstition comes from fear, while fear in turn comes from ignorance.迷信来自恐惧，恐惧又来自无知。Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition.科学是狂热和迷信这两种毒害的最佳解药。superstition — ①someone else's religion ②a premature explanation that overstayed its time 迷信——①别人的宗教 ②逗留过久的不成熟的解释。
creationism （神创论）←creation+ism。
elimination  （消除）即e+limin+ation，e-(=ex-)出，limin词根“门”，-ation名词后缀，“拒之门外”→排除；动词形式为eliminate←e+limin+ate。同根词：preliminary（预备的，初步的）←pre在前+limin+ary形容词后缀。Envy is more difficult to eliminate than hate between two people.在两个人之间，忌妒比仇恨更难消除。
smallpox  （天花）即small+pox，small小，pox看作box（据说古人老外书写字母无方向性，故对称字母常可替换而词义不变），感染天花者所发的皮疹像一个个凸出皮肤表面的“小盒子”。guangxian注：天花是首个在全球范围内被人类所消灭的传染病，现天花病毒仅存在于少数科学实验室中，对于是否彻底销毁这些病毒植株曾引起极大争论，故真题原文中提到“提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士”。
dispute  （v.争论）即dis+put+e，dis-否定前缀，put看作单词“放”，e小词，有人说“放”有人说“不放”→争论。A long dispute means that both parties are wrong.持久的争论意味着双方都是错的。
Unabomber （邮寄炸弹的恐怖分子）是FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation)造的新词，由university and airline bomber缩略而成，原指某位专向高级行政或科研人员邮寄炸弹的遁世大学教授，后泛指类似行为者。关于Unabomber尚需补充两点：一、今年出版的某品牌考研辅导书竟将Unabomber译作“反原子弹组织”，想必是把un理解为否定前缀，在对译者丰富想象力表示由衷倾佩的同时，考研资料之良莠不齐亦可见一斑。二、那位被称作Unabomber的早年毕业于哈佛的教授于1995年出版了著名的Unabomber's Manifesto（网上到处有原文下载），书中作者将environmentalists视为同盟，并表达了scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia的观点，于是可理解真题文章中为何人们将“环境主义者”与“反科学”联系起来。
manifesto （n.宣言）←manifest+o，manifest（v.表明，见2000年Passage 1），o看作张大的嘴，“用嘴表明”→宣言。Manifesto of the Communist Party 《共产党宣言》。
scorn  （v.n.轻蔑）可看作s+corn，s象形“蛇”，corn谷，蛇因不吃谷物而对之“蔑视”。Silence is the perfect expression of scorn.沉默是轻蔑的充分表达。In the very books in which philosophers bid us scorn fame, they inscribe their names.正是在教导我们蔑视名声的书籍中，哲人们题下了自己的大名。
depletion  （损耗）即de+plet+ion，de-(=away)，plet充满，-ion名词后缀，“离开充满的状态”→损耗。
ozone （臭氧）←o+zone，o看作“洞”，zone区域，联想：由于全球变暖，“臭氧”层出现一个大洞。
epithet  （称号，绰号）看作epi+the+t，epi-前缀=up，the定冠词，t他，“在他名字上面加个东西”→绰号。
exemplify  （v.举例说明）即exempl(e)+ify，exemple=example（元音替换词义不变），-ify动词后缀。
难句解析：
①Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.
▲这是一个类似祈使句的无主语句。think of后面的宾语部分比较繁杂，主要有两个宾语，主干部分其实是Think of Galileo's trial or Blake's remarks。剩下的就是关于这两个宾语的修饰限定成分。trial后面for his rebelling解释的是trial的原因，before短语解释的是trial的地点；harsh remarks后面跟的against短语解释的是remarks的内容。
△注意think of后面并列的双宾语，以及介词for，before，against等在语义上的作用。另外注意作者举的这两个例子，前者是科学正确，而后者是人文学科正确。
②Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason", held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information", which assembled last June near Buffalo.
▲这个句子有一个较长的介词宾语，主干句并不复杂：Defenders have voiced their concerns at meeting。后面such as所跟的成分主要是举例说明meetings，引号里的是两个meeting的名称。第一个引号后用逗号隔开的过去分词短语是修饰前面引号里的内容，指出这个会议召开的地点和时间；第二个引号后面跟了一个which引导的从句，补充说明的是第二个会议召开的时间和地点。
△先要知道voice their concerns的意思，然后就是such as后面列举的是两个会议的名称，其后各有限定成分说明会议召开的时间和地点。另外，注意the Age of (Mis)information有双关的意思，the Age of information表示“信息时代”；而the Age of Misinformation表示“充满了错误信息的时代”。
③A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
▲理解这个句子的关键在于对that引导的宾语从句的剖析，主干句就是A survey reveals that...。宾语从句中的核心句比较简单：The tag has been attached to many groups。剩下的就是对用逗号部分隔开的最后部分进行分析：这是一个是from... to...连接的两个并列名词，每个名词后面都有一个较长的定语从句。第一个名词是authorities，第二个名词是Republicans，后面跟的都是一个who引导的定语从句，who在从句中作主语。
△先要解决整个句子的基本句型，然后是宾语从句的句型，接着把from... to...结构找出来，搞清楚其中的定语从句就可以了。在阅读中，考生不一定要关注那些细枝末节的信息，比如smallpox的意思对于本句的理解就不构成障碍，因此只要知道是一种病就可以了。
④Few would dispute that the term applied to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.
▲这个句子也有一个that引导的、较长的宾语从句。从句的核心句是：The term scorns science and longs for return。需要注意的是term后面跟了一个过去分词短语，这个分词短语的宾语部分the Unabomber跟了一个whose引导的定语从句；return这个名词后面跟的是一个介词to引导的地点（生存状态）——a pretechnological utopia。
△找出宾语从句中的主谓宾成分，明白主语后所跟的过去分词结构和定语从句的作用，就会对整个句子有了清晰的理解。
⑤The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
▲这个句子主语和谓语成了类似插入语的成分，插在了句子中间，表明的是发表这个观点的是什么人（姓名与身份）。而该句的主要内容在于argue所跟的宾语从句。这个宾语从句中的宾语those有一个who引导的较长的定语从句，其中who是主语，question是谓语，the evidence是宾语，宾语后面跟的现在分词短语修饰的是evidence，这个现在分词supporting后面跟了三个并列宾语。
△要弄清suporting与evidence的关系：supporting引导的短语修饰evidence，规定了evidence的内容。
试题解析：
59. [C] 意为：***，分歧。
　　该句可译为：本世纪如果有什么变化的话，只是科学和人文学科的分歧加深了。本段第一句可以为理解该词提供线索，该句可译为：长时间以来，科学和文化的其他领域的关系一直不谐调(uneasy)。不谐调即对抗，即分歧。
　　实际上，第一段第一句和第三句是全文的主旨，所以对全文的理解也可以帮助考生理解该段第三句的意思。
　　A意为：对抗。表面看起来，这似乎与C没有多大差别，但是，考生在理解句子的意思的同时，也应该稍微注意一下该句的措辞：该句的主语是schism，谓语是deepen，只有裂痕才能“加深”，而对抗只能“加强”。
　　B意为：不满。
　　D意为：蔑视。
60. [D] 意为：（举例）说明科学和人文学科的分歧。
　　其实，不仅第二、三段是第一段第三句的展开论述，其他各段也不例外。
　　第二段指出，直到近期，科学界(the scientific community)力量壮大，没有必要理睬其批评者，但是，现在情况不同了(but no longer)。由于科学经费减少，科学家开始著书抨击“反科学”倾向；第三段指出，科学的维护者也在聚会上表达他们的担忧。这两种表现都是二者矛盾公开化、加深的表现。
　　A意为：探讨科学的威力减少的原因。
　　B意为：表示作者对科学家的同情。
　　C意为：说明科学发展的方式。
61. [A] 意为：一篇文章指责环境保护者为反科学者。
　　第六段第二句指出，但是，这当然不意味着为工业的无限制的扩展而担忧的环境保护者都是反科学者，（美国新闻与世界报道）五月刊的一篇文章似乎是想把他们归做反科学者。对该句的理解可以在第七段第一句中找到线索，该句可译为：环境保护者当然对这种批评进行了还击。如果没受到攻击，当然也没有必要还击。
　　B意为：政治家没有被贴上反科学的标签。第五段指出，1996年发表的新闻调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在许多其他人的身上，包括主张消除所存的最后的天花病毒样本(the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus)的权威机构，和主张减少基础研究经费的共和党人。这两种人——尤其是第二种人都是政治家。
　　C意为：“更开明的人士”经常给别人贴上反科学的标签。
　　D意为：给环境保护者贴上“反科学”的标签是有道理的。
62. [A] 意为：客观的。
　　作者似乎只是客观地叙述了科学和人文学科之间的分歧，而并未评价孰是孰非。
　　B意为：主观的。
　　C意为：有偏向的。
　　D意为：令人困惑的。
全文翻译：
　　科学与文化的其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看，17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人威廉•布莱克对艾萨克•牛顿的机械的世界观所发表的尖锐批判。本世纪，（自然）科学与人文科学之间的***更深了。
　　以前，科学界如此之强大以致可以对批评者置之不理——但现在不同了。由于科研经费减少了，科学家出了几本书来抨击“反科学”势力，其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗•R•格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼•莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔•萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。
　　科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995年在纽约举行的“远离科学和理性”会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“信息（迷信）时代的科学”会议。
　　显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他与科学世界观相左的人。
　　1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，从提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。
　　将该词用在仇视现代文明的恐怖主义者身上，也不会引起多大争议，它在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代理想社会的声明。当然，这并不意味着，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环境主义者也是反科学的，而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。
　　毫无疑问，环境主义者要对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗•埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和工业增长带来的其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。
　　的确，一些观察者担心反科学这个词会失去意义。“‘反科学’这个词可以涵盖很多截然不同的东西”，哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德•霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学和反科学》中写道：“它们惟一的共同点就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人。”


1998 Passage 4

　　Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
　　This development — and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead — has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
　　Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people — numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
　　Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.
　　Three sun-belt states — Florida, Texas and California — together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio form 15th to 10th — with Cleveland and Washington DC dropping out of the top 10.
　　Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
　　Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances —
　　● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate — 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
　　● Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people — about 9 per square mile.
　　The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
　　Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.
　　In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they choose — and still are choosing — somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
　　As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent — little more than two-thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.
　　[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
　　[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population
　　[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
　　[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II
64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.
　　[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution
　　[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants
　　[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living
　　[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"
65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.
　　[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US
　　[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West
　　[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration
　　[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population
66. The word "demographers" (line 1, paragraph 7) most probably means ________.
　　[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy
　　[B] advocates of migration between states
　　[C] scientists engaged in the study of population
　　[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life

重点词汇：
standstill  （n.停止；停顿的）←stand+still。
enthrone （使登基；给予最高地位）即en+throne，en-前缀“使”，throne（宝座；王权）。
numerically  （在数字上）即numer+ical+ly，numer=number（b脱落），-ical形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀。
prevail  （v.取胜；盛行）←pre+vail。I believe that man will not merely endure. He will prevail.我相信人不会仅仅是忍受，他终将胜利。Culture has one great passion — the passion for sweetness and light. It has one even yet greater, the passion for making them prevail.教养有种强烈地对友善的渴望，还有一种甚至更强烈的渴望，即渴望使友善盛行。
nonstop （不断的；不停地）←non+stop。
demographer （人口统计学家）即demo+graph+er，demo词根“人”，graph词根“写”，-er表“人”；参democracy，2000年Passage 5。
overcrowdedness  （过于拥挤）←over+crowd+ed+ness。Ant says, nothing can beat the crowd.蚂蚁说，群体是不可战胜的。
plague  （瘟疫；灾害）谐音：怕累咯←怕“瘟疫”累及自身。Bad habits are as infectious by example as the plague itself is by contact.恶习易于由实例传播，就像瘟疫的传播借助于接触。One was never married, and that's his hell; another is, and that's his plague.一个人从未结婚，这是他的痛苦；另一个结了婚，这是他的灾难。1957年获诺贝尔文学奖的FaGuo现代存在主义思想家加缪(Camus)的代表作之一就是长篇小说——The Plague（《鼠疫》）。
urbanization （都市化）即urban+iz(e)+ation，urban都市的，-ize“使……”，-ation名词后缀。
discern  （v.认出；辨别）←dis+cern。The beginning of all war may be discerned not only by the first act of hostility, but by the counsels and preparations foregoing.一切战争的开端不仅可由首次敌对行动区分，也可由事前的策划和准备识别。
distinguish  （v.区别），参extinguish，2003年Text 2；indistinguishable（a.不能区别的）←in+distinguish+able。We drink without thirst, and we make love any time, madame. Only this distinguishes us from the other animals.我们不渴而饮，随时示爱，夫人。使我们与其它动物相区别的只有这一点。Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.任何足够先进的技术都与魔术难以区分。
unanimously  （无异议地）即un(i)+anim+ous+ly，uni-“一”，anim词根“生命；精神”（如animal→anim+al→动物），-ous形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“在精神上一致地”→无异议地。
难句解析：
①Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
▲这是主从复合句，逗号前面是主句，是个倒装句，主干句其实是The picture is emerging from the 1988 census。倒装的原因是这个句子的主语the picture后面有一个of引导的很长的修饰成分，其中nation后面跟随的分词短语表述了nation的某种状态；逗号后面是as引导的从句表示伴随，基本结构是population growth reaches a standstill。
△认识到第一个分句的倒装构成，nation后面的分词结构是对nation的表述；再者就是要搞清楚两个分句之间并列转折的关系。
②This development — and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead — has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
▲首先不看破折号之间的内容，找出这个句子的主干：This development has enthroned the South as region。再看各个部分的修饰成分：主语后面的破折号之间是对主语的补充，即this development产生的另一种暗示，注意其中介词for和in的用法；然后看region后面的状语for the first time in the history（有史以来第一次）。
△注意破折号之间的插入部分在意义上是主语的补充部分；enthrone和head counting对这个句子的理解很关键。注意head counting是census通俗的说法。
③Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
▲这是由两个分句组成的并列句，只不过第二个分句简化了一下。第一个分句很简单，主干是immigrants played a role。主语immigrants前面是其修饰成分。第二个分句是个主从复合句，主句是倒装形式，还原过来应该是Bigger crops of babies also played a role。因为前面已经提到了played a role，为了简洁，用so前导，后跟助动词did加主语就可以了；as引导了一个原因状语从句，指出这种情况发生的社会原因。
△关键是要理解破折号后面倒装句的构成与意义，这样就会明白这个句子要说明的就是影响人口增长的两个原因：immigrants和bigger crops of babies，crop在这里是“大量，大批”的意思。
④Often they choose — and still are choosing — somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
▲我们先来分析这个单句的主干结构：They choose and are still choosing colder climates in order to escape...。注意破折号之间是谓语动词的补充，表示另一种时间状态。在climates后面跟的是such as引导的三个州名，列举的是较为寒冷的几个州；后面是一个由in order to引导的表示目的的短语，其中escape的宾语有三个：smog，crime and other plagues，of短语修饰plagues，说明plagues发生的原因。
△在时态上注意同一个谓语动词choose的两种时态，表示的两个时间概念；短语the Golden State是美国加利福尼亚州的别称。
⑤As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent — little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
▲这个句子的结构是由数字的比较构成。第一处在于dropped to 18.5％（下降到了18.5％），不要理解成下降了18.5％；再一个是two thirds the 1960's growth figure，指的是60年代生长率的三分之二；below后面的that代替的是growth rate，目的是与其它西部各州相比较。
△对数字的理解是这个句子的关键，注意其中比较的是70年代与60年代、加州与西部其它各州的生长率。
试题解析：
63. [B] 意为：人口向西南部迁移。
　　第二段指出，这一变化对美国未来几年(in years ahead)的政治和经济都有很大影响，同时，在人口统计史上，美国南部第一次成为人口最稠密的地区；第四段指出，自第二次世界大战以来，美国人一直有南迁和西迁的趋向，现在还是如此(and the pattern prevails)，所谓西迁，主要是指向位于西南部的加利弗尼亚州迁移（见第五、九段）；另外，本文所提到的人口增长速度较快的加利弗尼亚、亚利桑那、内华达等州都在美国西南部。
　　A意为：是历史上人口净增长最低的十年。第二段指出，70年代，美国共增长了2320万人，从增长数量上来看，该年代增长幅度居于有史以来第三高位；但这一数字仅为总人口的11.4％，除了大萧条时代以外，这是美国有史最低的。
　　C意为：是有史以来人口增长最快的十年。
　　D意为：自第二次世界大战以来的迁移趋向告一段落。参阅第四段。
64. [C] 意为：它显示了美国人寻求宽阔的生活空间的新倾向。
　　第七段指出，除了继续的南迁和西迁趋向外，人口统计学家还发现了一个相关的新现象：美国人迁移的目的不仅是寻找工作，而是越来越明显地寻找人口稀少的地区居住；第八段指出，离开拥挤的地区同时也改变了过去美国人一味逃离寒带、迁向气候温和地带(more-bearable climates)的做法；第九段也指出，1980年的统计最清楚地表明：美国人迁向最西部地区，是因为他们想寻找宽阔的生存空间(spacious living)。
　　A意为；它强调了气候对人口分布的影响。参考第八段。第六段第一句也指出，统计官员们说：并非所有的迁移都是因为想脱离寒带。
　　B意为：它强调了不断的移民热对人口增长的影响。第六段第二句指出，不断的移民热潮(nonstop waves of immigrants)也起了一定作用，另外还有出生率的增长，因为上一轮“出生高潮”(baby boom)出生的一代已经到了生育期。这里虽然提到了移民因素的影响，但作者并未强调它的作用。
　　D意为：它（详细地）说明了上一轮“出生高潮”的后期效果。
65. [D] 意为：在所有州中，亚利桑那州的人口增长率名列第二。
　　第七段第二句指出，在所有州中，内华达州和亚利桑那州人口增长最多，分别为63.5％和53.1％。
　　A意为；加利弗尼亚州曾经是美国人口最稀少的州。
　　B意为：人口增长最快的十个州全在西部。第七段第二句指出，除了佛罗里达州（位于东南部）和得克萨斯州（位于中部）以外，人口增长速度最快的前十个州都在美国西部，人口750万，每平方英里约9人。
　　C意为：气候好的城市普遍受益于人口的迁移。
66. [C] 意为：研究人口的科学家。
　　该词意为：人口统计学家。
　　A意为：支持**运动的人。
　　B意为：主张州际迁移的人。
　　D意为：坚持旧生活模式的保守分子。
全文翻译：
　　1980年美国人口普查显示出这样一幅图像：随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停止，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。
　　这一发展——以及它对今后几年美国政治和经济的强大影响——使南部在美国人口普查史上第一次成为人口最密集的地区。
　　20世纪70年代，美国人口总共增长了2320万——从数字上看，这是有纪录以来10年期人口增长的第三高峰。即使如此，人口总数也只增加了11.4％，除了大萧条时期，这是美国年度记录最低的增长率。
　　第二次世界大战以来，美国人大量向南部和西部迁移，而且这种趋势如今仍很盛行。
　　佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚这三个阳光充沛的地区，1980年的人口比前10年增加了近1000万。在大城市排行榜上，圣地亚哥从第14位上升到第8位，圣安东尼奥从第15位升到第10位，而克利夫兰和华盛顿特区却被挤出了前10位。
　　普查官员说，并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。不断涌入的移民潮，还有以前“生育高峰”出生的那些孩子也已到了生育年龄，这些都发挥着作用。
　　而且，人口学家发现，向南部和向西部的不断迁移还伴随着一种相关却又较新的现象：越来越多的美国人显然不再仅仅寻找有更多工作机会的地方，也在寻找人口稀少的地方。例证如下：
　　从区域上看，洛基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率——37.1％，而以前这片广阔的土地上的人口仅占美国总人口的5％。
　　从各州情况看，内华达和亚利桑那是增长最快的两个州：其增长率分别为63.5％和53.1％。除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州外，处于人口增长率前10位的都是西部各州，共有750万人——每平方英里约9个人。
　　离开人口过度稠密区的做法影响了以前那种离开寒冷地带去气候宜人之地的趋势。
　　没有哪次调查比1980年美国人口普查更能突出显示美国人迁往最西部是为了找到更广阔的生存空间。正因为如此，加利福尼亚州在70年代人口增加了370万，比其他任何州都多。
　　70年代也有大量的人离开加利福尼亚，大多数去了西部其他的地方。他们常常选择——现在依然这样选择——一些气候较冷的地区，如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加，为的是躲开“金州”加利福尼亚）的烟雾、犯罪和其他城市化进程中的问题。
　　结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在70年代降到了18.5％——略高于60年代增长率的2/3，但大大低于西部其他各州。


1998 Passage 5

　　Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
　　That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
　　The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
67. The author believes that ________.
　　[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior
　　[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true
　　[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions
　　[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart
68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.
　　[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions
　　[B] they have been found to share certain geological features
　　[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years
　　[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe
69. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.
　　[A] the structure of the African plates
　　[B] the revival of dead volcanoes
　　[C] the mobility of the continents
　　[D] the formation of new oceans
70. The passage is mainly about ________.
　　[A] the features of volcanic activities
　　[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates
　　[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
　　[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes

重点词汇：
interior  （内部的；内部）←inter+ior，inter“在里面”，-ior后缀。Laughter, n. — An interior convulsion, producing a distortion of the features and accompanied by inarticulate noises.笑，名词——一种体内痉挛，造成面容的变形并伴有说不出话的阵阵难听的声音。
milestone  （里程碑）←mile+stone。The invention of the wheel was a milestone in the history of the world.发明轮子是世界历史上的重大事件。
reminder  （n.暗示）←remind提醒+er。The music at a marriage procession always reminds me of the music of soldiers marching to battle.结婚行列行进时的音乐总是使我想起士兵们投入战斗的音乐。
construct  （v.建设，构造）即con+struct，con-“一起”，struct词根“建造”；同义同根词：structure（v.n.构造）←struct+ure后缀。Taking to pieces is the trade of those who cannot construct.拆卸是那些不会建造的人的行为。
readily  （容易地；乐意地）即ready的副词形式，已经准备好的事情做起来当然是“容易地”，于是做事的人当然是非常“乐意地”。Nothing is so easy as to deceive one's self; for what we wish, that we readily believe.再没有比欺骗自己更容易的事了，因为对于希望的事，我们总是乐于相信。
opposite （对立的；对立面）即op+pos+ite，op-“反”（ob-在p前变形为op-），pos词根“放”，-ite后缀，“反过来放”→对立的。Almost every wise saying has an opposite one, not less wise, to balance it.几乎所有的格言都有意思相反的一句，其智慧并不逊色，以便使之平衡。The opposite of love is indifference.爱的对立物是冷漠。
instrument  （工具，仪器，乐器）即instru(ct)+ment，instruct指导，-ment后缀，“能帮人们做事的东西”→仪器。Circumstances are the rulers of the weak, instruments of the wise.弱者受制于环境，智者利用环境。
significance （意义；重要性）即signify（y变形为i）表示+cance名词后缀，“表示出来的东西”→意义。形容词形式为significant，见2002年Text 3。The whole significance of life lies in the unremitting efforts to explore the unknown and increase knowledge.生活的全部意义在于不懈努力探索未知事物与增加知识。It is undesirable to try to damage the significance of all life simply for love.仅仅由于爱情就试图抹杀全部生活的意义是不可取的。
confine  （v.限制）即con+fine，con-“一起”，fine词根“界限”，于是“全部有界限”→限制。参define（2002年Text 4）；finite（2000年Passage 3）等。The world owes all its onward impulses to men ill at ease. The happy man inevitably confines himself within ancient limits.世界的全部前进动力都归功于对现状不满的人们，感到愉快的人必然把自己限制在旧框架之内。
reference  （涉及；参考）←refer参考+ence。We live in reference to past experience and not to future events, however inevitable.我们参照过去的经验而非未来的事件生活，不管那些事件如何必然发生。
propel  （v.推动，驱使）即pro+pel，pro-向前，pel词根“推”。同根词：compel（v.强迫）←com+pel；repel（v.击退；DIZHI）←re(=back)+pel。
fissure  （v.裂开n.裂隙）看作f+is+sure，“裂开”的东西上面有“缝”(f)是(is)肯定(sure)的。
formation  （构成）←form构成+ation名词后缀。The self is not something ready-made, but something in continuous formation through choice of action.自我并非现成之物，而是通过行为的选择不断形成的。
mutability  （易变性）即mut+ability，mut词根“交换”，-ability名词后缀表性质，“具有交换的性质”→易变性。参commute，2000年Passage 4。mutability of human affairs 人世沧桑。
难句解析：
①Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.
▲这是一个由两个分句组成的并列句，中间由分号隔开。前一个分句的第一个部分是一个形容词性的短语，修饰的是这个句子的主语they，在plates的后面有一个that引导的定语从句，that所替代的plates在这个从句里作主语；第二个分句用on the contrary开始，表示与前面的情况形成对比，这个句子较简单，注意这里them指的是前文所说的hot spots。
△注意两个分句的对比关系，弄清哪个特征是they(hot spots)所具有的。
②The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.
▲这个单句的主语是the complementary coastlines and certain geological features，后面带了一个定语从句，从句中that充当的是主语；表语名词reminders跟了一个of加上where引导的名词性表示地点从句的短语。where从句中用的是过去时，表示的是过去存在的结合状态。
△找出句子的主语、谓语(are)和表语(reminders)，再看主语和表语的修饰成分。并注意reminders的意思是“值得注意的地方，具有提醒作用的地方”。
③The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.
▲在这个用but连接的两个并列分句中，前一个分句主语的限定成分the plates带了一个现在分词短语，起修饰作用；后一个分句中注意谓语be translated into意为“被解释为”，这里的another指的是another plates。介词whit respect to出现了两次，意思是“相对于……”。
△对介词的理解是这个句子的关键，注意motion这个词在本句中指的是相对运动。
④It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.
▲这个简单句的主语it是个形式主语，真正的主语是后面to引导的不定式短语。这个短语中，determine后面跟的是whether... or whether...引导的选择关系的从句。注意后面whether从句中有两个分句，用and连接，其中the other指的是the other continent。
△找出该句真正的主语（不定式形式），注意两个whether从句的选择关系，以及后一个从句中两个小句所描述的相对关系。
⑤As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.
▲这个句子是由四个小分句组成，前两个分句是一个主从复合句，其中it指的是the dome；分号后面的句子有一个状语短语in at least a few cases，逗号后面是so that引导的表示结果的从句。
△在理解这个句子时，最好是能按时间的先后排列地质变化的过程。
试题解析：
67. [B] 意为：地质学上的板块漂移说证明是正确的。
　　第二段第一句指出，对于板块漂移说目前已不存异议(beyond dispute)。例如，非洲和南美洲正在漂离，新物质不断注入二者之间的海底裂痕。
　　A意为：板块的移动与地球内部的移动是相对应的。第一段指出，地球有100多个地质学家称之为热点的互不相邻的(isolated)火山活跃区。与地球上多数火山不同的是：它们并非都处在构成地球表面的巨大漂游板块的连接处，相反，它们多深埋在板块之下(lie deep in the interior of a plate)。这些热点移动缓慢，有时，当板块从它们上面移动过去时，就会留下死火山痕迹(trails of dead volcanoes)。热点及其火山痕迹标志着板块漂移而过。可见，二者的移动并没有相应处。
　　C意为：热点和板块缓慢作反方向移动。根据第一段，二者的移动并没有相应处。参阅上文题解。
　　D意为；热点的移动证明：大陆板块正在漂离。根据第一段最后一句，热点及其火山痕迹证明板块是移动的。
68. [B] 意为：它们有某些共同的地质特征。
　　第二段指出，对于板块漂移说目前已不存异议。例如，非洲和南美洲正在漂离，新物质不断注入二者之间的海底裂痕；虽然有大洋（大西洋）相隔，二者的海岸线（形状）是互补的(complementary)，共有某些地质特征，说明它们曾经是联在一起的。
　　A意为：这两个大陆还在向相反方向移动。根据第二段最后一句，通过对热点区域的研究发现，非洲板块似乎是静止的(stationary)，至少3000万年未移动了。
　　C意为：非洲板块至少3000万年未移动了。这也许是事实，但不是非洲和南美洲曾经是一个板块的证据。
　　D意为：地球有100多个热点。这也许是事实，但这也不是非洲和南美洲曾经是一个板块的证据。
69. [D] 意为：新的海洋的形成。
　　最后一段指出，热点说的意义不限于提供了一个参照点，它看来对推动板块移动的地质物理学过程也提供了解释。当板块处于热点之上时，底层物质会将板块顶起，形成(develop)巨大的弧线(a broad dome)，弧线变高时，板块出现深深的裂痕。当有些地方裂痕迸裂后，就形成新的海洋。
　　A意为：非洲板块的结构。
　　B意为；死火山的复活。
　　C意为：大陆板块的移动性。热点只能说明板块是移动的，但板块为什么是漂移的，本文却并没有解释。
70. [C] 意为：地质物理学中热点说的意义。
　　本文提到了这种学说的几方面的意义。见上文题解。
　　A意为：火山活动的特点。
　　B意为：板块漂移说的重要性。
　　D意为：火山的形成过程。
全文翻译：
　　地球上散落分布着100多个互不相连的小火山活动区，被地质学家称为热点。和世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现；相反，许多热点处于板块较深的内部。大多数热点移动非常缓慢，有时，板块滑过这些热点便留下了死火山的痕迹。热点及其火山痕迹是板块移动的标志。
　　板块漂移这一理论现在是毋庸置疑的。例如，以非洲和南美洲为例，由于有新的物质注入二者之间的海底，两大洲距离越来越远。但互相吻合的海岸线和某些似乎跨越海洋的地质特征会使人想到这两个大陆曾经是连在一起的。携带这些大陆的板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地阐述出来，但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。人们不能确定两个大陆是在朝相反的方向运动，还是一个大陆停止不动而另一个从它身边漂移开去。位于地球更深层的热点提供了解决该问题的测量仪器。从热点地区的人口情况分析来看，非洲板块似乎是固定的，在过去3000万年里也没有移动过。
　　热点的重要性不仅限于它们作为参照体系的作用。现在看来，它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。当大陆板块漂移到热点上方，来自地球深层的物质便形成了巨大的圆顶状隆起物。随着这个圆顶的增长，板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完全裂开了，因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。这样，正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样，热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。

qingqing

1996 Passage 1

　　Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get."
　　Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.
　　You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.
　　Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.
　　This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
　　When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgement. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.
51. What do the elders mean when they say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get"?
　　[A] You'll certainly get what you want.
　　[B] It's no use dreaming.
　　[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have.
　　[D] It's essential to set a goal for yourself.
52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________.
　　[A] an illustration of how to write an application for a job
　　[B] an indication how to secure a good job
　　[C] a guideline for job description
　　[D] a principle for job evaluation
53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.
　　[A] that is the first step to please the employer
　　[B] that is the requirement of the employer
　　[C] it enables him to know when to sell his services
　　[D] it forces him to become clearly aware of himself
54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something ________.
　　[A] definite to offer
　　[B] imaginary to provide
　　[C] practical to supply
　　[D] desirable to present

重点词汇：
tight-lipped（沉默寡言的）。
blueprint  （蓝图）←blue+print。
intelligently （聪明地，明智地）即intel+lig+ent+ly，intel-“在……之间”（=inter-，因后接l，故r变形为l），lig词根“选择”=lect，-ent形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，故“具有从中挑选出所需之物的能力”→聪明地。Philosophy is a study that lets us be unhappy more intelligently.哲学是让我们更聪明地不快乐的一门学问。The computer is not intelligent at all, but very stupid indeed, and that, in fact, is one of its great values — its blind stupidity.计算机一点都不聪明，反而实在非常愚蠢，实际上，这才是它的非凡价值之一——它的盲目的愚蠢。
tangible  （确实的；有形的）即tang+ible，tang拼音“糖”→方糖→方糖是方的→方糖是“有形的”。tangible assets 有形资产；tangible results 确实的成就。
secure  （安全的v.获得；防卫）即se+cure，se-前缀“离”（参separate，2001年Passage 1），cure=care，“不需要照料的”→已经“获得”“防卫”的→安全的。Freedom of opinion can only exist when the government thinks itself secure.言论自由只有在政府认为自己安全时才能存在。He that publishes a book runs a very great hazard, since nothing can be more impossible than to compose one that may secure the approbation of every reader.出版一本书的人冒着极大的危险，因为创作一部可能受到所有读者欢迎的作品是最不可能的事。That government is not best which best secures more life and property — there is a more valuable thing — manhood.最完善地保护更多的生命财产的政治不是最好的政治——还有更重要的东西——人的地位。
illustration  （例证；图解）看作ill+ust+rat+ion，ill生病的，ust=est形容词最高级，rat老鼠，-ion名词后缀，用病入膏肓的老鼠作“图解”。如图：

What is character but the determination of incident? What is incident but the illustration of character?除了事件的规定，人物还是什么？除了人物的说明，事件还是什么？
imaginary  （想象的；虚构的）←imagin(e)想象+ary形容词后缀。We do not content ourselves with the life we have in ourselves and in our own being; we desire to live an imaginary life in the mind of others, and for this purpose we endeavour to shine.我们不满足于为我们自身、为自己的存在而拥有的人生，我们想过一种存在于别人心目中的虚构的生活，为了这个目的而极力出人头地。
难句解析：
①Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get."
▲此句的主要结构是elders used to say+直接引语。直接引语中是主系表的结构，其中表语中用了not... but的结构。
△not... but（不是……而是）结构是理解这个句子的重点。在not... but结构中，说话者所要强调的重点在but之后。注意在理解tight-lipped这一短语时要有一定的联想能力，从字面上理解，它的意思应该是“嘴唇紧绷的”，而此处结合上下文应该理解为“出言谨慎的”。
②You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.
▲这句话是and连接的两个并列句。在第一个分句中，as是连词，引导比较状语从句，把a mental blueprint of a desire和a blueprint of a house相比较。第二个分句的主体结构是each of us is... making blueprints...。第二个分句中的is continually making的用法：一般进行时在这里用来表示经常发生的事情。这样的结构常用来表达经常发生的令人不快、令人讨厌的事情。副词always，forever，constantly和continually都经常用于这样的结构中。在此处，它表示一个经常重复的动作。
③While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
▲这句话是由and连接的两个并列句组成的。第一个分句的主干结构是：employer is deciding whether...；第二句的主干结构是：your "wares" and abilities must be displayed...。第一个分句中while引导了一个伴随动作talking，其实是一个简略了的时间状语从句：while (he is) talking to you；decide后面接了一个whether引导的宾语从句：whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you。
△首先要分清两个分句的关系和各自的起始位置。另外要注意副词orderly和reasonably都是修饰形容词connected的。另外因为文章作者认为找工作是在推销自己，所以这里用了“wares”来表示应聘者的资格、能力。could be表示“有可能的，潜在的”。
④When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.
▲when引导时间状语从句，主句是you have something tangible to sell。
△首先要注意形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything，somebody，anywhere等的时候，形容词需后置，例如：Anything important?另外，have+名词+动词不定式，这一结构中的动词不定式相当于定语从句，这里是修饰something的。
试题解析：
51. [B] 这句话应理解为：It's not what you want in this world that matters, but what you get (that matters).译成汉语为：重要的不是你在这个世界上需要什么，（重要的）而是你得到什么。
　　文章第二段进一步说明了这句话后半句的含义（同时，这也是全文旨在说明的问题）：只要你知道自己所需要的是什么，并且只要要求合理，你就能得到它。可见，只是梦想是不够的。只有明确自己的所需，你才能制定具体的计划去获得它，理想才能最终转化为现实。
　　A意为：你肯定能得到自己想要的东西。
　　C意为：你不应满足于自己已有的东西。
　　D意为：为自己确立一个目标是极为必要的。确立目标固然重要，但是，如果不制定具体计划实现目标，目标也仅是空想而已。
52. [A] 意为：用以说明怎样写工作申请。
　　illustration意为：实例，说明。为了更充分地说明第四段所阐明的道理，文章在第三段举了几方面例子。正像盖房子要设计图纸一样，你也可以在头脑中为自己的愿望绘制一幅蓝图(blueprint)。实际上，在日常生活中，我们不断为自己的行动策划。例如：如果想请朋友吃饭，我们首先要开列一个菜单，决定买什么东西，还要决定先炒什么莱，等等。这种计划对请客成功与否至关重要。第四段指出，如果你想找份工作，应该取一张纸，简要地描述一下自己。因为，只有当你明确地知道自己的特长（what you have to offer可直译为：你可以提供的东西）后，才能为自己的工作选择做出理智的决断。第四段与第二段相照应，陈述了全文的中心，从该段第一个词likewise来看，第二段中所举的例子仅用以说明第二、四段说明的道理。
　　B意为：说明怎样获得一份好工作。原文强调的是如何为申请工作策划，根据自己的条件得到自己所需的工作。另外，本文并没有谈到工作的“好”与坏。
　　C意为：工作介绍指导。
　　D意为：工作评估原则。
53. [D] 意为：这使之明确地认识自己。
　　文章最后一段第一句指出，在精心准备出一份自己的能力和愿望的“蓝图”以后（即：在仔细地描述了自己的能力和愿望之后），你就明确了自己能“出卖”的东西（tangible意为：能触摸到的，具体的），只有在这个时候，你才做好了找工作的准备。
　　另请参考第52题题解。
　　A意为：这是取悦于雇主的第一步
　　B意为：这是雇主的要求。
　　C意为：这使之明确何时去找工作。
54. [A] definite意为：明确的，具体的；区别于：不清楚的，不定的。
　　参阅第53题题解。
　　B不对。imaginary意为：想像的，虚构的。
　　C不对。practical意为：（切合）实际的；区别于：不实际的，理想的。
　　D不对。desirable意为：令人满意的，称心的。
　　可见，从本文的上下文来看，[A]最为确切。
全文翻译：
　　沉默寡言的老人们曾经说：“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么，而是你得到了什么。”
　　心理学教导人们，如果你知道你想要什么，并且想要的又是合适的东西，你就能得到它。
　　你可以在头脑里勾画出一幅欲望的蓝图，就像你可以设计房屋的蓝图一样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地画着这样的欲望蓝图。比方我们想请朋友吃晚餐，我们就会筹划菜谱、写购物单、决定先煮什么菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。
　　同样，如果你想找一份工作，那就拿一张纸，写一份简历吧。为找工作做筹划，从你自己开始，因为只有当你确切知道你可以提供什么服务，你才可能明智地筹划到哪儿去兜售你的服务。
　　你的简历实际上是对你的职业生涯的简单描述，它包括教育、经验和证明人。这个描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时它可提供参考，在面试时更是起极大的作用。在与你谈话时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育、你的经验和你其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你的“商品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式陈列出来。
　　当你为自己的能力和欲望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以兜售了。那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集有关你想找的工作的所有信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看与听，使用你的判断能力。每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住：找工作就是你现在的工作。


1996 Passage 2

　　With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it.
　　And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.
　　It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organisation, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
　　The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC's royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organisation as it is, or to make changes.
　　Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the American slogan. "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." The BBC "ain't broke", they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word "broke", meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?
　　Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels — ITV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
55. The world famous BBC now faces ________.
　　[A] the problem of new coverage
　　[B] an uncertain prospect
　　[C] inquiries by the general public
　　[D] shrinkage of audience
56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?
　　[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.
　　[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.
　　[C] Potentials for further international co-operations.
　　[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organisation.
57. The BBC's "royal charter" (line 3, paragraph 4) stands for ________.
　　[A] the financial support from the royal family
　　[B] the privileges granted by the Queen
　　[C] a contract with the Queen
　　[D] a unique relationship with the royal family
58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.
　　[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels
　　[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
　　[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
　　[D] the challenge of new satellite channels

重点词汇：
coverage  （覆盖范围；新闻报导）←cover+age名词后缀。
stretch  （一段时间或路程v.n.伸展）与sketch（v.速写；略图；梗概）一起记。Babies do not want to hear about babies, they like to be told of giants and castles, and that which can stretch and stimulate their little minds.幼童不愿听关于幼童的故事，他们喜欢给他们讲巨人和城堡，那可以扩张和刺激他们小小的心灵。
slogan  （标语，口号）看作s+log+an，s形的圆木(log)上刻着一条(an)标语(slogan)。My slogan is "Four hours for work, four hours for study, eight hours for sleep, and eight hours for play."我的口号是“四小时工作，四小时学习，八小时睡眠，八小时游戏”。
难句解析：
①They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.
▲句子的主干结构是They are brought... for an annual license fee...，其中谓语部分使用了被动语态。实际结构是bring后接双宾语：bring sb. sth.，在这句话中，直接宾语很长，是一系列名词的罗列，前面的名词用逗号连接，最后两个并列成分用and连接。
△重点要注意they指代前面提到的listeners and viewers，这里使用了bring sb. sth.这一结构的被动式：sb. was brought sth.。介词for在这里相当于at the price of。另外news and current affairs中的and是连接news和current affairs的，而这个词组作为一个整体与其它的名词music，education等并列。
②The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
▲句子的结构是but连接了两个转折关系的句子。其中at least for the time being前后用逗号与句子其它部分分开，是插入语。前一句子的主干结构是The Corporation will survive as...，后一句子的主干结构是its role, its size and its programs are now the subject...。
△The Corporation指代前面提到的BBC=British Broadcast Corporation。另外注意as的用法，这里它用作介词，是“作为……”的意思。publicly-funded由公众提供资金的；nation-wide全国范围内的。
③The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
▲这个句子的主干结构是：The debate was launched by the Government，使用了被动语态。后面which引导定语从句which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC...修饰government，定语从句中不定式to say后面是两个并列的宾语从句，一个由what引导，一个由whether引导，两部分用and连接，副词even表示进一步强调。另外两个破折号之间的部分属于插入成分，是用来进一步定义anyone的。anyone后面的with介词词组也是用来修饰anyone的。
△重点是要弄清楚后面定语从句，两个宾语从句，还有插入成分之间的层次关系。另外要注意be worth doing的用法，这一结构本身就可以表达被动含义，因而the Corporation was worth keeping就是“英国广播公司值得被保留”的意思。
④The BBC "ain't broke", they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word "broke", meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?
▲这句话是so连接的两个因果关系的句子。they say是插入语。which引导定语从句修饰前面引号中的部分“ain't broke”。
△注意which指代的是前面引号中的部分；而且注意区别broke和broken在这里的不同意思。why do sth.这里是个反问句，是不太正式的用法。注意在此处，作者修正了前面美国俚语“ain't broke”中broke一词的用法错误，指出其应该被写为broken。
⑤But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
▲首先这个句子使用了强调结构：it is... which，which指代前面的channels。破折号中间部分的插入成分相当于定语，(which are) funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions修饰channels。其中and连接两个partly by。
△注意bring about在句中的含义是“引起，导致，产生”。
试题解析：
55. [B] 意为：前景不定。
　　第三段指出，英国广播公司(BBC)已有70多年的光辉历程，然而，目前其前景不明(in doubt)。虽然（至少就目前而言）作为一个公办广播机构，广播公司将继续存在下去，但是，其作用、规模、节目成为目前英国举国上下争论的话题。第四段指出，这场争论是由政府发起的。政府要求普通听众和观众评论广播公司的优缺点——甚至于值不值得把它办下去(was worth keeping)。最后一段指出，广播公司也的确面临着新的挑战，它只有改变自己才能适应新的形势。
　　A意为：新闻报道（的范围）问题。
　　C意为：公众的质询。公众并未主动对广播公司的发展前景及状况评头论足，而是政府要求他们这样做的。
　　D意为：观（听）众的减少。
56. [C] 意为：进一步进行国际合作的潜力。
　　最后一段指出，由于广播领域(broadcasting world)正在发生变化，英国广播公司也应改变自己，以适应新形势。撤切尔政府制定的广播法要求电视频道进一步商业化、搞广告竞争并削减开支与劳务。新电视频道的开播将带来长远的巨变。可见，这里并未提到国际合作问题。
　　A意为：将电视广播扩展到远东地区。第一段指出，随着英国广播公司国际电视节目的开播，数百万亚洲和美洲人不仅可以听到它的广播，还可以观看到它的电视新闻报道(news coverage)。文章最后一段还提到了卫星频道将会给广播公司带来最大的变化。
　　B意为：电视节目成为举国上下谈论的话题。
　　D意为：它作为广播机构的存在。
　　另请参阅第55题题解。
57. [C] 可直译为：与女王签的契约。
　　众所周知，英国是君主立宪国家，国王代表国家。因此，与女王签约就等于说该公司是国家办的广播公司(a publicly-funded broadcasting station)，而不是私营的。charter意为：契约，特许证。原句可译为：质询的原因是：广播公司的皇家契约1996年将要到期，因此必须决定广播公司是保持原样还是要改革。
　　A意为：皇族的财政支持。皇族指国王的家庭，与国家是两码事。
　　B意为：女王准予的一系列特权。
　　D意为：与皇族的特殊关系。
58. [D] 意为：新电视频道的挑战。
　　该题提问部分意为：英国广播公司不得不自行调整的最主要原因恰恰是……。文章最后一句指出：从长远的观点来看，新电视频道的开播将无疑会带来最大的变化（注意：本句是强调句）。另请参阅第56题题解。
　　A意为：商业性电视频道的出现。
　　B意为：政府广播法的实施。
　　C意为：降低成本和劳务的紧迫性。
　　[A]、[B]、[C]虽然都提到了，但都不是作为主要原因而提的。
全文翻译：
　　随着BBC（英国广播公司）全世界电视节目的开播，亚洲和美洲的数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。当然，英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道，五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台，每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。
　　延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。至少目前，它仍可以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目却成了全英国争论的话题。
　　英国政府发起了这场争论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期，政府必须决定让公司维持原状还是进行变革。
　　公司的捍卫者——他们中有很多人——喜欢引用美国的广告口号：“如果没坏，就不要修。”他们说英国广播公司“没有破产”，他们的意思是说它没有垮掉（broken和单词broke是有区别的，broke的意思是没有钱），那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢？
　　然而BBC将不得不进行变革，因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进行商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减员工。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现，它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。


1996 Passage 3

　　In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
　　The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "Shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
　　The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
59. It's true of the old family firms that ________.
　　[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations
　　[B] they failed for lack of individual initiative
　　[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies
　　[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.
　　[A] the separation of capital from management
　　[B] the ownership of capital by managers
　　[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes
　　[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business
61. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that ________.
　　[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
　　[B] the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers
　　[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
　　[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
62. The author is most critical of ________.
　　[A] family firm owners
　　[B] landowners
　　[C] managers
　　[D] shareholders

重点词汇：
bureaucracy  （官僚主义；官僚机构；官僚）即bureau+cracy，bureau（署，局，司，处），cracy词根“统治”；参democracy，2000年Passage 5。Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies.官僚政治是一种由侏儒操纵的庞大机构。bureaucracy — ①a continuing congregation of people who must act more or less as one ②the only form of human organization that can manage to pass a hot potato through a small crack ③the art of making the possible impossible 官僚主义——①一群人不断聚集在一起，因为他们多少必须像一个人那样行事 ②唯一一种能够通过小裂缝传递土豆的人类组织形式 ③变可能为不可能的艺术。
spoil  （v.损害；溺爱）看作sp+oil，sp即缩写“专家”，oil石油，“专家溺爱石油”。We drink one another's healthes and spoil our own.我们为彼此的健康干杯而损害自身的健康。When you "spoil" a child you are practically saying, "I know you aren't capable of being civilized and considerate and contributing and I won't expect it of you."“宠”孩子的时候，你实际上是在说：“我知道要你有教养、为人着想和奉献都是做不到的，我也不指望你做到。”
collectivism  （集体主义）←collect+iv(e)后缀+ism后缀表“主义”。
municipal  （市的；市立的）与principal（首要的；负责人；本金）一起记；municipality  （自治市；市政当局）←municipal+ity名词后缀。Our principal writers have nearly all been fortunate in escaping regular education.我们的大作家们几乎都幸运地躲过了正规教育。←注意例句是principal而不是municipal。
taxpayer  （纳税人）←tax+payer。taxpayer — someone who works for the federal government but doesn't have to take a civil service examination 纳税人——为联邦政府工作，却不必参加文职雇员考试的人。
detach  （v.分开）即de+tach，de-前缀“离开”，tach词根“连接”。同根词为attach（v.缚上；使依附）←at(=to)+tach。Every scene, even the commonest, is wonderful, if only one can detach oneself, casting off all memory of use and custom and beholding it as if for the first times.生活中的每个情景，甚至最普通的一幕，都是奇妙的——只要一个人能够离开自我，抛弃对习惯的全部记忆，就像第一次一样观察。
dividend  （股息；红利；被除数）即divid(e)+end，divide分开，-end后缀表物，“从整体中分出的一部分”→红利。dividends — hush money to shareholders 股息——给股东的封口钱。
patriarchal  （家长的）即patri+arch+al，patri词根“父”，arch词根“统治”，-al形容词后缀。另可记patriot（爱国者）←patri+ot后缀表人。
render（v.使得；提供）。Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love.世上唯有爱能够使一个人变得不可缺少。The service we render to others is really the rent we pay for our room on this earth.我们向别人提供的服务实在是为自己在这个世界上的住所付出的租金。
discipline （纪律；学科v.训练）即dis+cipl+ine，dis-(=apart)，cipl(=cip)词根“抓”（前文已多次述及），-ine后缀，“培养抓出东西的能力”→纪律或训练。Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline, and government of its own kind.自由是一种生活方式，它需要权威、纪律，以及具有自由本身性质的统治。discipline — ①remembering what you want ②the bridge between goals and accomplishment ③the refining fire by which talent becomes ability 磨练——①记住你需要什么 ②目标与成就之间的桥梁 ③使天赋变成能力的冶炼炉火。
lockout  指雇主为促使与工人达成协议而强制性关闭工厂。
negotiation  （谈判）谐音“你狗献爱心”←“谈判”的目的是让你的狗献爱心；动词形式为negotiate。Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.永远不要在谈判时忘记惧怕，而要永远不惧怕谈判。
难句解析：
①The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
▲句子的主干结构是The change met... requirements... and prevented the decline...。其中by engaging a large professional element是介词词组作状语，说明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式。decline in efficiency后面的that引导定语从句修饰前面的decline in efficiency。
△此句的阅读关键在于抓住句子的主干，即主要谓语动词，这样就能把握句子的基本结构，从而明白句子的主要意思。engage在这里的意思是“使卷入，涉及”。
②Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
▲这个句子的主干结构是... manipulation... increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class...。其中an element是class的同位语，representing irresponsible wealth是现在分词作定语修饰前面的element，detached from则是过去分词作后置定语，相当于是省略了which is的定语从句。and连接两个detached from，都修饰前面的wealth。
△理解an element是a class的同位语是理解此句的关键。只要分清句子的主语、谓语动词的中心词，就能够抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的时候，也可以先抓住主句而略过an element后面的部分不看。另外句中一些短语的意思也会影响到对整句的理解，如：detach from与……相分离；irresponsible wealth不负责任的财富，在本句中指的是股东们虽然拥有大量财富，但并不参与公司的运作，不承担任何经营管理的责任。
③Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
▲这个句子的主干结构是Towns... sprang up to house... classes，后面两个who引导两个定语从句修饰前面的classes。except在这里是介词，它后面的that指代relation。drawing和attending是并列关系，作介词of的宾语。动词不定式to dictate their orders to the management是表示目的的状语。
△理解这句的关键是两个who引导的定语从句都是修饰classes的，而且except后面的that指代的是relation。
④The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.
▲这个句子是and连接的两个并列句。第一个句子的主干结构是The "shareholders" had no knowledge...。在第一个句子中，employed作定语修饰前面的workmen，相当于省略了who were (employed by)...。which引导定语从句in which he held shares修饰前面的company。第二句的主干结构是his influence... was not good，是常见的主语+系动词+表语结构。
△第一分句中要认清employed by和后面which引导的从句都是修饰什么成分的。另外，在阅读本句中，指代关系也非常重要，要看清代词he和his都是指代前面的shareholders。
⑤The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
▲首先这个句子是but连接的两个转折关系的句子。第一个句子的主干结构是The... manager... was in more direct relation with...。第一个句子中acting for是现在分词作定语，修饰manager。第二个句子的主干结构是he had seldom that... knowledge of the workmen...。第二个句子中which引导定语从句which the employer had often had...修饰前面的familiar personal knowledge，passing away是现在分词作定语修饰前面的family business。under the more patriarchal system of the old family business是介词词组作状语，修饰谓语had often had。
△理解本句的重点在于对第二个分句的理解。he指代前面的the paid manager，which引导的定语从句是修饰that familiar personal knowledge的，而不是修饰workmen的，因为在这个of词组that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen当中中词词是knowledge，而且其中的that一词是用来强调familiar personal knowledge，在朗读的时候应该重读。另外现在分词词组now passing away是修饰前面的the old family business的。把这些修饰关系弄清楚，就能够把握句子的层次结构了。
试题解析：
59. [C] 本题提问部分意为：事实上，老家族公司……。选择项[C]意为：与现代公司相比，它们缺乏效率。
第一段第二、三句指出，许多老公司被拥有各级拿薪水的经理的有限（责任）公司所取代。这一变化通过一大批专业人员的使用适应了新时代技术的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使许多家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司的创立者那样精力充沛。
A意为：它们被后代毁了。[A]不对主要有两个原因，其一，原文指出：是效率的下降毁了家庭公司，而效率的下降可能是主观原因造成的，也可能是客观原因造成的；其二，根据原文，效率的下降通常(so commonly)在第二、三代毁了家庭公司，so commonly一词的使用说明还有没破产的家庭公司。
B意为：它们因缺乏个人的独创精神而破产。从以上的分析可见，破产的原因是缺乏效率。
D意为：它们能为纳税人提供足够的服务项目。
60. [A] 意为：资本与管理的分离，
第二段指出，有限公司及市营买卖的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。国民生活中这一现象的出现代表了与土地及土地所有者相分离的不由个人负责的财富的出现，而且这也意味着（不由个人负责的财富）几乎在同等程度上与由个人负责的商业管理的分离。在整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚及欧洲的部分国家的发展靠的是英国的资本，因此，在世界走向工业化的过程中英国的股东们大发其财。从以上的论述可以看出，作者认为：有限公司的发展引起了资本与经营的分离，投资者（股东）并不实际参加经营，而是坐吃红利(dividends)或有时参加些间接管理；而真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。这一点从第三段的论述也同样可以看出。
B意为：经理对资本的所有权。
C意为：劳资两个阶级的出现。劳资两个阶级早在资本主义的形成时期就已经存在了。
D意为：股东对市办买卖的参与。
61. [C] 意为：有限公司太大以至于运转艰难。本文并未提到这一点。
A意为：股东不了解工人的需要。这一点在第三段第一句说得很清楚。该句可译为：这样的“股东”根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人们的生活、思想和需要，因此．他们对劳资双方的关系有不良影响。
B意为：老公司的老板更了解自己的工人。第三段第二、三句指出，公司的拿薪水的执行经理与工人和他们的需要有更直接的关系。但是，与现在正在消失的世袭制的旧家族企业的老板相比，即使是他也很少有过去那种对工人的熟悉程度。的确，仅经营的规模和雇用工人的数量两方面就使得这种个人关系的建立成为不可能的事。
C意为：工会似乎起一个正面作用。第三段第三、四句指出，然而，值得庆幸的是，至少在所有技术行业，工会与日俱增的力量使得工人们可以同他们的雇主平起平坐。罢工与封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重，明白了公平协商的价值。可见，在这方面，工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。
62. [D] 提问中is critical of意为：对……持批评态度。
第二段第四句将股东阶层称为“饱食终日”(comfortable)者，他们与别人的关系仅限于抽取红利，他们偶尔也参加一次股东会，对企业的管理指手画脚(dictate their orders)。第三段指出，他们不了解工人，不关心工人。这里使用的显然是一种批评的语气。
全文翻译：
19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大和完善各自相对立的组织。许多旧式公司被责任有限公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。与此同时，大城市也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。
有限责任公司及市政企业的发展导致了重大后果。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营相分离。整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起是为了给大批“舒适”阶层提供居住场所，这些人靠自己的丰厚收入而不工作，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界没有联系。另一方面“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。
这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的关系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解。的确，单说公司的经营规模和所用的工人数量就使建立这种个人关系不可能了。然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各技术行业是这样，这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们地位平等了。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的价值。


1996 Passage 4

　　What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America — breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
　　Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
　　Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
　　Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."
　　A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
　　In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
　　Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."
　　This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."
　　When all these shaping forces — schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking — interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.
　　[A] elementary schools
　　[B] enthusiastic workers
　　[C] the attractive premium system
　　[D] a special way of thinking
64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.
　　[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
　　[B] shed light on disciplined school management
　　[C] was brought about by privileged home training
　　[D] owed a lot to the technological development
65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.
　　[A] they are both winners of awards
　　[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
　　[C] they both abandon verbal description
　　[D] they both use various instruments
66. The best title for this passage might be ________.
　　[A] Inventive Mind
　　[B] Effective Schooling
　　[C] Ways of Thinking
　　[D] Outpouring of Inventions

重点词汇：
breakthrough （n.突破）←break+through。
premium  （奖金）看作pre+mi+um，pre-在前，mi拼音“米”即money，-um后缀表物，“在前面放着的钱”→奖金。
nonverbal  （不用语言的）即non+verb+al，non-否定前缀，verb词根“言语”，-al形容词后缀。Gestures are a nonverbal means of expression.打手势是一种非言语的表达方式。
spatial  （空间的）即spacial←spac(e)+ial。
trigonometry  （三角学）即tri+gon+o+metry，tri-前缀“三”，-gon后缀“…角形”，-o-连接字母，-metry后缀表“测量学”。
stimulus  （n.刺激；刺激物）←stimul刺激+us名词后缀。参stimulant（刺激物；兴奋剂），1997年Passage 3。
incentive  （动机；鼓励a.激励的）←in+cent+ive，in-前缀，cent单词“分币”引申为“钱”，-tive后缀，“用钱去激励”。incentive — the possibility of getting more money than you can earn 奖励——得到比你挣的钱更多的可能性。
beneficence  （恩惠）←benefic+ence，benefic看作benefit，-ence名词后缀。
emulation  （竞争；仿效）看作emul(e)+ation，emule即BT出现前极受欢迎的一种P2P下载软件，-ation名词后缀，各种P2P软件为“竞争”而相互“效仿”。
难句解析：
①Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
▲句首是介词词组among the many shaping factors作状语，谓语动词would single out后面用分号隔开的各个部分都是名词性的词组，这些词组都是single out的宾语。a labor force that welcomed the new technology中that引导定语从句，修饰前面的labor force。最后的形容词technological是后置定语，修饰前面的things。
△single out后面列举的各种因素都属于shaping factors，但是是作者认为比较重要的因素，其中要注意在最后一个因素前面加的修饰词组above all用来强调American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological其实是要比其它因素更重要的，在阅读中一定要注意这一点。
②Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.
▲这句话是比较容易理解的简单句。句子主干结构是observers related A to B。
△关键是理解relate... to的用法：把……和……联系起来。
③A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.
▲这是一个主从复合句，句子的主干结构是... stimulus came from...，其中逗号后的which引导了一个非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的"premium" system。句末的it指代前面的patent system。定语从句中，and连接了两个并列的谓语动词：preceded和ran。
△关键要明白，定语从句中which指代前面的"premium" system，是谓语动词preceded和ran的动作发出者。parallel：平行的，这里ran parallel with意思是两种制度都在运作。
④Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
▲句子的主干结构是Americans flocked to these fairs...，后面的动词不定式to admire and thus to renew都是表明flocked的目的的，作状语。
△句子的结构比较简单，关键是理解几个动词的层次关系：... flocked to admire... and renew...。thus是副词，“因而”的意思。另外，renew their faith应该理解为“进一步加深其信仰”。
⑤As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."
▲句子的主体部分是直接引语部分。直接引语中有两个句子。第一个句子中是分号连接的两个并列句。第一个分句的主体结构是A technologist thinks about objects...，其中that引导了定语从句：that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions，修饰前面的objects。第二个分句中使用了被动语态，主语they指代前面的objects。第二个句子中，that引导定语that as yet do not exist修饰前面的devices。
△注意reduce... to的用法：reduce to这里的意思是“简化为，归纳为”；另外应该注意as yet的用法：as yet的意思是“指导此时，指导目前为止”，用在否定句和疑问句当中。
⑥Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."
▲句子的结构是Robert Fulton wrote+直接引语。直接引语中，句子的主干部分是The mechanic should sit down...。like在这里是连词，意思是“in the same way as，如同，同样”，这里是构成比较。like a poet后面省略了和前面句子一样的谓语部分：should sit down。considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts是现在分词作状语，表示伴随动作，其中them指代前面的letters。后面的which引导定语从句in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea修饰前面的exhibition。
△理解这个句子的关键是理解like作为连词的用法。而且要明白which指代的是exhibition而不是thoughts，因为of词组an exhibition of his thoughts中的中心词是exhibition。
试题解析：
63. [D] 在作者看来，美国早期出现的发明创造热是由几个因素共同促成的，但是，在这些因素中，美国人在思考技术问题时所表现出的非语言的（指：无法用语言表达的）“空间”思维能力起了最大的作用。参阅第二段，持别注意本段中above all的使用。在文章最后三段，作者又对这种持殊的思维方式进行了进一步的、重点的说明。
　　A意为：小学。
　　B意为：充满热情的工人们。
　　C意为：吸引人的奖励制度。
　　[A]、[B]、[C]所谈的内容都是促成美国早期的发明创造热的因素，但都不是主要因素。
64. [A]
　　第三段指出，由于这些学校的存在，我们的技工们基本上都识文断字、熟知算术及某些几何学与三角学知识。可见，早期美国技工的适应能力与创造能力在很大程度上得益于数学知识。第四段对此进行了进一步说明。
　　B意为：解释了学校管理的严格性。
　　C意为：产生于优越的家庭训练。
　　D意为：在很大程度上归功于技术的发展。
65. [B]
　　第八段指出，这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力方面可以与绘画和写作相比。正如Fulton所指出的：“正像诗人坐在字母中一样，技工应该坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，把它们看作自己思想的展现。在这个展现过程中，每一个新的排列方式都传达一种新的思路。”可见，进行形象的空间思维是这两种人的共同特征。
　　A意为：他们都是获奖者。
　　C意为：他们都放弃了语言的描述。善于进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言的表达。
　　D意为：他们都使用各式各样的工具。
66. [A] 意为：创造精神。
　　文章第一、二段是自问自答，提出了本文旨在论证的问题；第三、四段指出了教育的影响；第五、六段指出了奖励制度带来的鼓励的影响；第七、八段探讨了早期美国人特有的思维方式所起的决定性作用。最后一段是全文的总结。可见，本文主要探讨了早期美国人的创造热情及其根源。
　　B意为：有效的教育。
　　C意为：思维方式。
　　D意为：发明热。
　　可见，[B]、[C]、[D]都太抽象而且片面。
全文翻译：
　　在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，这是什么原因呢？
　　在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出这个国家优异的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；对发明者进行奖励的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。
　　为什么要提小学教育？正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。
　　目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国孩子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”
　　推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法来自国外，为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。
　　在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机械，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。
　　有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。正如尤金•弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化成功用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工……设计者和发明者……能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”
　　这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特•法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”
　　当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”（取其仿效之意），而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。


1996 Passage 5

　　Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.
　　The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.
　　Kitcher is philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
67. "Creationism" in the passage refers to ________.
　　[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe
　　[B] a notion of the creation of religion
　　[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation
　　[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe
68. Kitcher's book is intended to ________.
　　[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists
　　[B] expose the true features of creationists
　　[C] curse bitterly at this opponents
　　[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists
69. From the passage we can infer that ________.
　　[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
　　[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
　　[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists
　　[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings
70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.
　　[A] a book review
　　[B] a scientific paper
　　[C] a magazine feature
　　[D] a newspaper editorial

重点词汇：
pipeline  （管道；流水线）←pipe+line。
cosmology  （宇宙学）即cosmo+logy，cosmo即cosmos“宇宙”，-logy后缀表学科。
non-fundamentalist（非原教旨主义者）←non-否定前缀+fundamentalist（原教旨主义者）。fundamentalist — anyone who takes the Word of God too seriously 原教旨主义者——任何对上帝的话太认真的人。
motivation （动机）←motiv(e)+ation。motivation — the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it 动机——使人们因为自己想做而做你想让他们做的事情的能力。
dust jacket 精装书的护封。
digest  （v.消化n.摘要）。当初指责中国《读者文摘》（即现在的《读者》）刊名侵权的美国著名杂志叫Read’s Digest。To eat is human, to digest, divine.能吃的是人，能消化的是神。
难句解析：
①The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.
▲句子的主干结构是The goal... will be to try to explain...，其中explain后面接的是双宾语：explain to sb. sth.，这里sth.是that引导的宾语从句：there are not...。
△all指代上文提到的书籍，要注意origin和evolution是并列的，而universe和life是并列的。而confused和unenlightened也是并列的。
②"Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.
▲句子的主体结构是... creationism is based... on religion, not science。其中which引导了一个非限定性定语从句which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classroom...修饰creationism，在这一定语从句中，whenever引导了一个时间状语从句：whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given。
△首先要理解非限定性定语从句的用法，另外，在阅读中可以先跳过非限定性定语从句，只看句子的主干。
③In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
▲第一句话的主体结构是... he takes off... and gives...，第二句是and连接的两个并列句。在第二个分句中，前面插入了一个介词词组：for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists。其中unfamiliar相当于省略了who are的定语从句，修饰those。
△第一句话中，作者把写书比喻成拳击，因而要抨击神造说/特创论的时候，用了takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating这样的句子。第二句中，关键要弄清楚，their programs and tactics，their deception and distortion中的两个their指代的都是creationists，而不是指那些对神造论者的处事方式不熟悉的人。
④On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
▲第一句话中是主语+谓语动词+直接引语。第二句表示对第一句中的观点的赞同，破折号后作进一步解释；其中隐含一个if引导的状语从句表示虚拟语气。在正式的文体中，倒装可以用来代替if引导的表示假设的状语从句。were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate相当于if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate。
△注意so it does的用法：so+主语+助动词，表示对前面表述的观点的赞同，注意这一结构与so+助动词+主语结构的区别。后者表示“也”的意思，只用在肯定句当中。另外应注意破折号后解释部分中的条件句里时态的运用：if条件状语从句中使用过去时were，主句中用过去将来时would do，是作出与现在事实相反的假设。
试题解析：
67. [D] 意为：关于宇宙起源的虚假理论。
　　在本文中，作者将“造物主义理论”（或“创世主义理论”）与进化论对立而论，指出前者的基础是宗教而不是科学，而且，几乎所有的科学家和大部分非原教旨主义宗教领袖都越来越将所谓“科学的”造物主义理论看做既不是好科学也不是好的宗教。Kitcher的书对造物主义理论进行了深刻的批判。参阅第一段。
　　A意为：有关宇宙起源的真正意义上的进化论。
　　B意为：宗教创立的思想。
　　C意为：地球形成的科学解释。
68. [B] 意为：揭露了造物主义理论的真实面目。
　　第二段指出，他利用合适的机会(at appropriate places)对造物主义理论进行了批判。在最后三章，他摘掉了手套，将造物主义者狠狠地揍了一顿。他描述了他们的纲领及（骗人）手段，对那些不了解他们的把戏的人来说，（Kitcher所揭露出的）他们的欺骗程度和歪曲程度会令人感到吃惊和厌恶。考虑到他们的基本动机是宗教的，人们也许期望在他们身上看到更多的基督徒行为（但他们欺骗人民、歪曲事实）。
　　A意为：推崇进化论的观点。Kitcher的确推崇进化论，但从书的章节安排来看，本书更着重于对造物主义的批判。
　　C意为：狠狠地咒骂了他的对手。
　　D意为：对造物主义者发起了突然袭击。
69. [B] 意为：造物主义的论点不是建立在推理之上的。
　　参阅第67题题解。文章最后一句指出，它的确代表了理性本身，如果理性是造物主义理论与进化论之争的惟一裁判者，问题就容易解决了。本句是一个虚拟条件句，等于说：all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
　　A意为：在这场争论中，推理起了决定性作用。注意：reason（理性）与reasoning（推理）意思不同。
　　C意为：对专家以外的人来说，进化论太难。第三段第二句指出，不是专家至少也能了解一下支持进化论的数据的性质及其论点。
　　D意为：科学发现支持了造物主义理论。
70. [A]
　　本文是一个书评摘要。这从第二、三段就可以一目了然。
　　B意为：科学论文。
　　C意为：杂志特写。
　　D意为：报纸社论。
全文翻译：
　　有传言说，有20多本关于创世纪论与进化论之争的书即将出版，有几本已经面世了。所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷糊而且常常是还不开通的芸芸众生：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种都成立的科学理论。对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。而“科学”创世纪论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教，而非科学的。实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世纪论看做是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。
　　金切尔这本书的前四章简单地介绍了进化论。作者在合适的地方引入了对创世纪论者的批评并提供了后者的回答。在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世纪论者进行了猛烈抨击。他揭露了这些人的纲领和手段，对那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的作为。
　　金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于创世纪论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上引用了斯蒂芬•杰•古尔德的一句话，“本书赌注是理性”。的确如此——如果理性是创世纪论和进化论之争的惟一裁判，一切问题就已解决了。

qingqing

1995 Passage 1

　　Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
　　And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
　　Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
　　There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
　　If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.
　　[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
　　[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming
　　[C] advertising costs money like everything else
　　[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?
　　[A] Securing greater fame.
　　[B] Providing more jobs.
　　[C] Enhancing living standards.
　　[D] Reducing newspaper cost.
53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.
　　[A] very precise in passing his judgement on advertising
　　[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention
　　[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
　　[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising
54. In the author's opinion, ________.
　　[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
　　[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
　　[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
　　[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

重点词汇：
know of 知道。I don't know him, but I know of him.我不认识他，但听说过他。
live up to 做到；不辜负。
subtly  （精细地；微妙地），形容词形式为subtle。Men always want to be a women's first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a man's last romance.男人总想成为女人的第一个恋人，女人则具有更微妙的本能，她希望成为男人追求的最后一个对象。
难句解析：
①Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.
▲本句的主干非常简单，就是Money is money。重点在于要看清修饰两个money的定语，特别是后面一个修饰语中的as well as。
△理解本句的海王星在于了解as well as不是“也”的意思，其中的well就是一个副词表示“好”，修饰过去分词spent，而后面的any指代的是any money。
②It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
▲本句的主干是It serves... to assist... distribution...，而thereby后面是两个由and连接起来的分词短语作补语，里面又有一个make+it+adj.+to do sth.的结构。
△本句的阅读重点在于理解这几个动词之间的逻辑关系。
③Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
▲本句的主干是no regular advertiser dare promote a product，前面是一个apart from引导的介词结构，介词宾语the fact后面又有一个同位语从句。在主句中，a product后面是一个定语从句hat fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements。
△注意文中acts指的是“法案”，而live up to表示“实现，兑现”的意思。另外apart from在这里是我们通常所说的“加法”的“除去”。
④If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
▲本句是一个条件句，主句的结构比较复杂，注意I know是一个非常短的定语从句，修饰proof，而后面的两个that引导的是两个同位语从句，修饰the surest proof，前面的那个同位语从句中又有一个宾语从句。
△看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。同时注意作者对广告抱完全肯定的态度。
⑤If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.
▲本句的主句是一个if引导的虚拟语气If its message were confined merely to information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention。两个破折号中间的部分是一个补充说明成分。
△看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。注意作者使用了虚拟语气，显示了作者认为广告中只出现告知性信息的不可能性。
试题解析：
51. [D] 这句话可直译为：将钱花在广告上是我所知道的好的花钱方式之一。意为：将钱花在广告上好或很值(worthwhile)。
　　该句的非比较级形式为：Money spent on advertising is money spent well.在该句中，any指任何一种好的花钱方式(any money spent well)；know of意为：知道，所了解到的。其实，该句所陈述的内容不仅是第一段的主题思想，也是全文旨在说明的问题。在第一段的其他部分，作者就列举了合理的广告带来的诸多方面的益处。
　　A意为：他对广告的价格了如指掌。这显然不对。
　　B意为：众人皆知做广告很费钱(money consuming)，即：做广告很贵。
　　C意为：像做其他事一样，做广告要花钱。
52. [A] secure在此意为：取得，获得。A意为：获得更大知名度。这是原文所未提到的。
　　原文第一段历数了广告所带来的诸多益处。它直接有助于产品以合理价格迅速销出(distribution)，在稳定国内市场(home market)的同时，使产品能以有竞争力(competitive)的价格出口进入国际市场；它给人以新的消费观，从而大大地提高人们的生活标准；它增加了市场需求(demand)，扩大了劳动力(labour)市场，有效地扩大了就业。它使许多公共事业的服务价格低廉，因为，这些服务都可以利用登广告所嫌的钱补贴其经营费用，这使得它们可以降低价格。
　　B与原文内容相符。
　　C意为：提高生活标准。与原文内容相符。
　　D与原文内容相符。
53. [D] 在这一题的提问部分，deem意为：认为。选择项D中partial意为：片面的，不公平的。
　　文章第四段和第五段讨论了一个反对广告的著名电视工作者(television personality)的看法。他反对广告的理由是：广告是劝诱性的(persuade)，而不是客观地提供信息(inform)，但是，作者认为：作这种区别有些过于细微了(excessively fine)，广告当然要劝诱人们。即使在很小的方面，也很难做到只局限于(confine... to)客观地提供信息，而且，那样的话，广告就失去了吸引力，没人会注意它。由此可见，在作者看来，广告的这两方面很难严格地区别开来，二者是有机地结合在一起的，不能顾此失彼。
　　A意为：准确地表达了他对广告的评价。这里，pass意为：表述，表达，提出。
　　B意为：只关心消费者的注意力。这里，nothing but意为：只有，除……之外都不。
　　C意为：区分劝诱与信息提供是有道理的。这里，tell the difference意为：区分，区别。
54. [C] 意为：广告劝诱消费者无可指责。
　　作者认为，毫无疑问，广告会劝诱消费者。它不仅是这样，而且应该是这样，否则，广告便失去了吸引力而没人看了。参阅第53题题解。
　　A是不对的。正如第三段所指出的，广告给社会(community)带来的物质利益(material benefit)比其他形式都大。
　　B意为：广告应给人以新的（消费）观念，而不在于说服人。这里，win over意为：说服，争取；rather than意为：而不是。可见，所表达的内容与原文中作者表达的观点相反。
　　D意为：消费者不关心广告所提供的信息。这与作者的观点也不同，作者仅是说：广告不能仅局限于提供客观信息，否则，就无法吸引消费者。参阅第53题题解。
全文翻译：
　　花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别处的钱一样值得。它直接有助于商品以合理的价格销售，由此建立稳固的国内市场，并使商品能以富有竞争力的价格出口。它吸引人们对新观念的注意，极大地提高生活标准。广告有助于增加市场需求，从而确保对劳动力需求的增加，因此是遏制失业的一个有效方法。它降低了多种服务费用，没有广告，每天看的报纸价格会上涨四倍，电视收视费会翻番，公共汽车或地铁票也得提高20％以上。
　　也许最重要的是，广告为你购买的商品或服务提高了合理的价值方面的保证。除了国会制定的二十七项法案对广告词加以约束之外，没有哪个专职广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他们或许能通过误导性的广告暂时愚弄一些人，但时间不会太长，因为庆幸的是，公众有良好的意识，他们不会一而再地去购买劣质商品。如果你看到一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这是最可靠的证明，即此商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。
　　广告给社会带来的物质利益比任何我所能想到的方式都多。我觉得有一点还得谈一谈。最近我听到一位著名电视人宣称他反对广告，因为广告意在劝诱而非提供信息。他把两者区分得过于细微，因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者。
　　如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息（虽说这不是不可能做到的，但它本身也是很难做的，因为哪怕是挑衬衫颜色这样的细节也带有几分劝诱性），那会令人生厌，以致没人再去理会。但也许这就是那位著名电视人所希望看到的。


1995 Passage 2

　　There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
　　By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
　　In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
　　These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.
　　[A] he has given up his smoking habit
　　[B] he has made great efforts in his work
　　[C] he is keen on learning anything new
　　[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
56. In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.
　　[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
　　[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
　　[C] face difficulties and take up challenges
　　[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 2, paragraph 3) he is referring to ________.
　　[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
　　[B] a new way of taking risks
　　[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves
　　[D] a new system of adaptation to change
58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ________.
　　[A] curiosity about more chances
　　[B] promptness in self-adaptation
　　[C] open-mindedness to new experiences
　　[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts

重点词汇：
external  （外部的），反义词为internal（内部的）。Everybody acts not only under external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity.每个人的行动都不仅处于外部的推动，也同样依据内在的需要。
signpost （路标）←sign+post。
landmark  （界标）←land+mark。
obstacle  （障碍）即ob+st+acle，ob-前缀“阻碍”，st词根=stand，-acle后缀表物，“站在那里阻碍的东西”→障碍。Victory is not the end but a phase to the end. It is no more than the removal of obstacles.胜利不是目的而是达到目的的一个阶段。它不过是对障碍的消除。Some minds seem almost to create themselves, springing up under every disadvantage and working their solitary but irresistible way through a thousand obstacles.有些人仿佛自己创造自己——在每次逆境中崛起，穿过重重阻碍，孤独但义无反顾地开辟自己的道路。obstacles — things a person sees when they take their mind off their goal 障碍——当一个人的大脑脱离自己的目标时所看到的东西。
curiosity （好奇心；古玩）即curios+ity，curios(=curious)好奇的，-ity名词后缀，“引起好奇的东西”→古玩。参curiously，2001年Passage 5。Curiosity is a scholar's virtue.好奇心是学者的美德。There are two sorts of curiosity — the momentary and the permanent. The momentary is concerned with the odd appearance on the surface of things. The permanent is attracted by the amazing and consecutive life that flows on beneath the surface of things.有两种好奇心——一种是短暂的，一种是永久的。短暂的好奇心关注事物表面的奇异外观；永久的好奇心被事物表面之下流动着的令人惊讶并连续的生命所吸引。curiosity — ①the key to creativity ②a willing, a proud, an eager confession of ignorance ③the first step to betrayal 好奇心——①打开创造力的钥匙 ②心甘情愿地、自豪地、急切地承认自己的无知 ③背叛的第一步。
难句解析：
①The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
▲本句破折号前面是三个并列的名词词组，其核心词是the workers，the student和the foreigner，它们后面都有一个定语从句，而破折号后面的部分是一个简单的主系表结构。
△注意破折号前面的只是一些例子，在看不懂的情况下可以跳过，当然如果能够精确理解它们的意思对理解作者把成长视为一种过程也有帮助。
②The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.
▲本句主干结构就是not... but，注意but后面的成分较复杂，有四个并列的成分attitudes，feelings，caution，courage，在它们的后面有一个时间状语从句。
△注意抓not... but结构中but后面的部分，这里是阅读的重点。
③In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
▲可以用分号把句子一分为二，后面一半的表语比较复杂，有三个new的东西：new ways，new ideas，new challenges。
△在此句和此句的上下文中，字面意思的理解可能不成问题，但考生应该真正理解作者在这里把人生的成长视为一种过程而不是一个简单的结果这一事实。
④In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first.
▲本句开始的两个不定式是目的状语，主句结构是people need to have a willingness to do sth.，后面又是三个并列的不定式。
△在读到这一句时我们就应该对此文作者的文风有一个大致把握，本文的作者比较喜欢使用排比结构来使其论述显得更加强有力。
⑤If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
▲第一个句子以两个if引导的条件从句开始，核心在then的后面，后面的句子中注意become后面的过去分词作表语。
△开始也是排比，比较容易理解，后半句里有一个比喻，shell指的是“自我封闭”，大家理解起来也没有什么问题。
试题解析：
55. [A]
　　第一段指出，人们对成长有两种基本看法：有人将之视为结果(product)，有人将之视为一个过程(process)。一般来讲，人倾向于将个人的成长（或发展）看作是一个易于识别和测量的外在的结果，如：工人晋职，学生成绩(grades)好，学会一门外语。这都是他们做出努力(efforts)之后所取得的可衡量的结果。[A]表达的内容原文虽未提到，但我们可以做一个简单的类推。一旦形成习惯，戒烟是很不易的，是需要决心与毅力的，正像一个学生要取得好成绩必须做出努力一样。
　　B意为：他对工作尽了巨大的心力。但是，这里却未提到尽心尽力后带来什么样的结果，也许是徒劳无益呢？
　　C意为：他热衷于学习新东西。be keen on意为：热衷于，想要。与[B]一样，这里也未提及结果：他是否学会新东西？
　　D意为：他想看看（或确立一下）自己在发展的道路(journey)上走到哪儿了。这更没道理了。
56. [C] 意为：面对困难，接受挑战。
　　在第二段，作者指出，将发展看作是一个过程的人关心的不是结果，他们更多地是注重人面对新的体验(experiences)与不期而至的障碍时所表现出的态度与感受：是谨慎还是表示出勇气。发展永无止境，对外部世界的体验不止一种，总是有新的思路需要检验，新的挑战(challenges)去接受。另请参阅第三段第一句。
　　A意为：成功地爬上了社会阶梯（即：成功地进入社会上层）。这是一个结果，而不是一个过程，因此，是不正确的，而且，原文并未提到这一点。
　　B意为：从他自己的成就来判断其发展（潜）力。这显然是从结果的角度来看待人的发展。
　　D意为：确立高的（发展）目标(aim high)，而且每次都实现自己的目标。原文并未提及“目标”的确立，而且该选择项的后半部分(reach his goal each time)显然又是在谈结果。
57. [A]
　　在该句中，being在此意为：生存，存在，第三段第二句指出，当我们用新的方式生存（或体验世界）时，我们对自己的看法对我们能否发展至关重要。下文举了几个例子来阐述这一观点。如果我们认为自己行动敏捷，喜欢刨根问底，在实际的行动上，我们就会倾向于冒险(take more chances)，更欢迎(be more open to)新的体验。如果我们自认为天生怯懦并优柔寡断，我们就会遇事犹豫不前，行动迟缓，只有感到安全可靠时才会挪动一步。如果我们自认为适应变化很慢或不够精明，无法对付新的挑战，那么，我们很可能做事被动或干脆不做。可见，我们的态度决定了我们的生活方式。
　　A意为：体验世界（即：生活）的新方式（或方法）。
　　B意为：新的冒险(take risk)方法。这有些片面。
　　C意为：认识自我的新方法。这是指态度方面，而不是指实际行为方面。
　　D意为：适应变化的新方法(system)。这也失之片面。
58. [D]
　　意为：避免内心的恐惧感与（自我）怀疑。
　　在最后一段，作者指出，不安全感与自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的(unavoidable)，而且是必要的，否则，我们就无法变化、发展。关键是要敢于面对(confront)并克服这种心理，如果我们一味地求安全，就不会有所长进，就等于是作茧自缚(We become trapped inside a shell of our own making)。
　　A意为：对更多的冒险（指：做新的事情）持好奇态度。即：总希望尝试新的事情。
　　B意为：自我调节快。即：适应新事物快。
　　C意为：对新的体验持欢迎态度。
　　对选择项[A]、[C]、[D]的理解请参阅第57题题解。
全文翻译：
　　人们对成长有两种基本看法：一是将其视作结果；一是将其视为过程。人们通常把个人成长看做是易于识别和测量的外在结果。工人得到升迁，学生成绩提高，外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可衡量的成绩。
　　相比之下，对成长过程的测定就难多了，因为从定义上讲，它是一次旅行，不是沿途上的某个路标或界标。成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未曾预料的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。在这个过程中，旅行永远不会真的结束；总会有新的方法去体验世界，新的思想去尝试，新的挑战去面对。
　　要想成长，要想探索新的道路，人们就得乐于冒险，乐于面对未知世界，并敢于接受初次尝试便失败的可能性。我们在尝试新的生存方式时如何看待自己对我们能力的培养是至关重要的。自以为行动敏捷而又好奇吗？如果这样，我们就会去抓住更多机会，更加勇于面对陌生的体验。自以为害羞而优柔寡断吗？那么这种恐惧感便会使我们犹豫不决，行动迟缓，而且在确保安全无虞后才前进一步。自以为适应变化的速度很慢，不够精明，无法应付新挑战吗？那么我们就可能采取消极姿态，或根本不去尝试。
　　如果我们要变化、要成长，那么这种不安全感、自我怀疑则是不可避免的，而且也是必要的。如果我们不能去正视并克服这些内在的恐惧和疑虑，如果我们过于自我保护，那么我们就会停止成长，陷进自己营造的壳里面。


1995 Passage 3

　　In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
　　In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
　　Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
　　Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can the settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
　　In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance . Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
59. The word "it" (line 3, paragraph 2) most probably refers to ________.
　　[A] the lack of stable communities
　　[B] the breakdown of informal information channels
　　[C] the increased mobility of families
　　[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place
60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.
　　[A] they have to learn new things consciously
　　[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
　　[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
　　[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family
61. From the passage we can infer that ________.
　　[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
　　[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
　　[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
　　[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.
　　[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
　　[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible
　　[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information
　　[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

重点词汇：
subconsciously  （下意识地）←sub下+conscious有意识的+ly。
stockpile  （v.n.积蓄，贮存）←stock存储+pile堆积。
expertise （专门知识）←expert专家+ise后缀，“专家所掌握的东西”。
participant  （参与者）即parti+cip+ant，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓，-ant后缀表人，“抓取部分东西的人”→参与分享的人→参与者。参participation（参加；分享），2001年Passage 1。
facilitate  （使便利）即fac+il(e)+itate，fac=fic词根“做”（参artificial←art+i+fic+ial，2002年Text 2），-ile后缀“易于……的”，-itate动词后缀，“使易于做的”→使便利。名词形式为facility（熟练）；facilities（设施；便利条件）。It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.如果你再合作一点的话，事情就变得更容易了。It is not helps, but obstacles, not facilities, but difficulties, that make men.成就人的不是帮助而是障碍，不是便利而是困难。
breakdown  （n.崩溃；故障）←break+down。a nervous breakdown 神经衰弱。
dominant （支配的，占优势的）←domin+ant，domin词根“支配”，-ant后缀。参predominance（优势），2000年Passage 1。
难句解析：
①Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
▲本句的主干是Many life's problems... are beyond the capability...。problems后面是一个由which引导的定语从句，而capability后面也是修饰成分。
△首先要理解be beyond the capability的意思。在考研的阅读中beyond引导的各种短语层出不穷，这里的意思是“在……的能力之外”。另外，extended family是指“扩展型家庭，几代同堂或者是包含各种亲戚关系的家庭”。
②Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
▲本句的主语由两个并列的结构Where to turn for expert information和how to determine which expert advice to accept构成，表语是questions，后面的facing many people today修饰questions。
△首先要注意断句，再看清复杂的主语就能够理解本句的意思，另外注意turn for相当于ask for。
③As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
▲本句较难，首先应该看到主句就是the informal flow of information is cut off，前面的部分是一个as引导的伴随/原因从句，而在主句后面的只是一个名词性的词组，其核心词是the confidence，前面的with it是个介词结构修饰the confidence，后面的that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable只不过是the confidence的同位语，为了方便理解，我们也可以在句末的地方加一个“is gone”，这样就可以把主句后面的部分理解为一个句子：the confidence is gone。
△首先要看清句子结构，另外注意and with it the confidence中的it指代的是整个主句the informal flow of information is cut off。
④Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
▲本句的主干就是things... must be consciously learned。things后面有一个定语从句。
△看清句子结构，并且注意subconsciously与consciously之间的对比。
⑤The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
▲本句由两个并列的子句构成，之间以and连接。前面的有一个more... than...的结构，而后面的主干是the task is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming。主语task后面的介词of的宾语比较长。
△看清句子结构，可以把它一分为二，同时注意最后的三个形容词有一定的递进意味。另外注意that one piece of information中的that用来强调one piece of information。
⑥Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mails to bombard people with multitudes of messages.
▲本句的主语是telecommunications developments，谓语是enable，主要应该看清enable的宾语是两个并列成分：the sending of messages via television，radio和very shortly, electronic mails to bombard people with multitudes of messages。
△本句的阅读重点在断句，一定不能把television，radio，electronic mails看成是介词via的三个并列宾语。如果这样理解，那么后面的题目是做不对的。另外，虽然bombard一词超纲，我们通过其基本词形与bomb类似也能猜出其意思。
⑦Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
▲本句由两个结构相仿的子句用and连接而成，它们的结构都是sth. can be done。后面的部分有一个介词without结构，比较复杂。
△注意看清句子结构，里面一些词汇如expertise（专家知识），teleconferencing（远程会议）等，我们都可以用构词法把其意思推出来。
⑧"Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
▲本句由两个结构相仿的子句用and连接而成，前面一个的主语是个从句Knowledge is power，后面的主语是access to information。
△注意看清句子结构，同时注意断句。
试题解析：
59. [B]
　　第二段指出，第二次世界大战以后，人口的流动性(mobility)变大，一个家庭离开了自己原来的居住区，离开了多年的朋友，不再住在大家庭里（extended family指：三世或四世同堂的家庭），这样，对这个家庭来说，日常的(informal)信息交流没有了(is cut off)。随着日常的信息交流渠道的消失(the breakdown of informal information channels)，人们的信心也没有了：他们过去相信需要时总能得到可信可靠的信息。
　　A意为：社会缺乏稳定。
　　C意为：家庭增加了流动性。
　　D意为：越来越多的人流动不定。
　　可见，[A]、[C]、[D]表达的内容近似，因此，都不对。而且，如果它们中任何一个正确，那么，原文句中the confidence就要从肯定方面理解，即：人口的流动性使人们更有信心……，这显然与原文第二段表达的内容是相矛盾的。
60. [C]
　　意为：他们对所需的信息不能唾手可得。
　　readily在此不是“有准备地”之意，而是“随时随地”之意。原文第二段指出，随着社会的流动性，人们间的日常的信息交流不存在了。过去一些生活的最基本方面(the simplest aspects)的信息交流几乎是不自觉（或无意识）地(unconscious)进行的，但是现在却不行了，过去下意识地(subconsciously)——随处随时地——可以通过大家庭内部的日常(casual)交流所了解到的(learn)信息现在必须有意识地去了解（或获得）。第二段指出，除了社会的变化以外，现代社会信息的积累量(stockpile)大增，这使得寻找相关信息的过程变得更繁琐，更花时间(time-consuming)，有时也很迫切。第三段的最后一句在总结全段时也指出：技术使更多的人可以利用更多的信息。这里强调的是信息量，并非信息随时随处可得。
　　A意为：他们不得不有意识地去了解新事物。这不是一个“问题”，甚至不是主要(main)问题，这仅是指他们了解信息的方式。
　　B意为：现在他们缺乏获得可靠信息的信心。原文只是说：随着日常交流的缺乏，过去唾手可得的可靠信息不得不经过其他途径（如：技术手段）去获得了。可见，[B]表达的内容与原文表达的内容并不相符。
　　D意为：他们几乎不能同大家庭进行日常交流了。如果这是一个问题的话，这也绝对不是主要问题。而且，这句话说得不够严谨，太绝对化。
　　考虑这个题时请考生参阅第59题题解。
61. [A]
　　第四段第三句指出，随着电信事业的发展，通过电视、无线电并将在不久的将来(very shortly)通过电子邮件的方式所传递的信息数以千计地送到人们手上。该句中，bombard一词原义为“轰炸”、“连珠炮式地落向”，这里用于比喻量大。multitudes of也指“大量的”。
　　A意为：电子邮件(electronic mail)不久将成为传递信息的主要(dominant)手段。
　　B意为：在信息时代(era)，保守秘密愈难。信息传递媒介的增加与保守秘密没有直接关系，而且，文中任何地方都未暗示这一点。
　　C意为：开会时间会减少（也可以理解为：开会次数会减少）。第四段第五句指出，（远距离）电话会议可以使人相互交流（专门）知识(expertise)，解决问题无需再采用将各地的人聚在一起的会议形式。可见，这里只是说会议开得更方便，并未说开短会或少开会。
　　D意为：事件报道将主要采用卫星直播形式。原文第四句指出，卫星的使用扩大了现场(at the instance of occurrence)直播事件的力度。
62. [D]
　　在最后一段作者指出，当今世界是一个多变、复杂的世界，信息对人至关重要(of greastest importance)。人们要学会利用准确、可靠、最新的(up-to-date)信息来解决的日常(day-to-day)问题以及他们工作和社会交往、家庭生活中的重大(critical)问题，只有这样的人才能生存、才能成功。“知识就是力量”这样的说法再正确不过了，学会掌握信息(access to information)是对所有人的一个最重要要求。D意为：有效地掌握所需信息至关重要。
　　A意为：应尽量多地获取信息。这里只强调了信息的量，却未强调信息的质（如：准确、可靠、最新）。实际上，正因为信息的量增大了，才需要人们学会找出所需的信息，这才是这一段所主要说明的。
　　B意为：人们应充分利用可得到的(accessible)信息。正如我们在分析本题时所一再指出的，本段所强调的是善于获得信息的重要性（如，在本段三句话中，作者使用了如下措词：the need for information〈第一句主句〉，who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information, access to information〈第三句后半句主语〉）。
　　C意为：我们应该意识到积累信息的重要性。这也不对，参阅本题对选择项[A]的分析。
全文翻译：
　　在这样一个不断变化的复杂社会里，以前简单地获取信息的方法变得复杂了。许多请教家人、朋友或同事便能解决的生活问题，现在却超出了大家庭的能力范围。去哪儿寻找专家信息，如何确定接受哪条专家建议成了当今许多人面临的问题。
　　除此之外，二战以来，人口流动性日益增大。随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友。大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。同时在需要时就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了。关于生活最基本的方方面面的信息的无意识交流也被切断。因此，曾经在大家庭内部通过日常交流就可下意识学到的东西，现在却要有意识地去学。
　　除了当今的社会变化之外，还有信息量巨大的问题。今天，个人可获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。
　　伴随着信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息，这在以前是不可能的。计算机技术使人们可以把大量的数据储存到机读文件里，还能通过计算机编程找到某一信息。电信技术的发展使人们可能通过电视、无线电传送信息，不久之后，通过电子邮件发送的大量信息，将对人们实施信息轰炸。人造卫星拓展了通讯能力，可以对事件进行现场报道。通过远程会议，专家知识能在全世界范围内被分享，有争议的问题也能被解决，同时人们也不必放下工作、别离家人，大老远去开会了。技术的发展促进了信息分享、信息存储和信息传递，这就使更多的人得到更多
的信息。
　　在这个多变而又复杂的世界里，对信息的要求最为重要。那些拥有准确、可信、最新信息并用来解决日常问题、工作中的重要问题以及社会和家庭问题的人就能生存下去并取得成功。“知识就是力量”是再正确不过了，获取信息也许是所有人最迫切的要求。


1995 Passage 4

　　Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
　　One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"
　　By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
　　Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
　　If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.
63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.
　　[A] impatient
　　[B] considerate
　　[C] aggressive
　　[D] agreeable
64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.
　　[A] the pressure is too great on the students
　　[B] some students are bound to fail
　　[C] failure rates are too high
　　[D] the results of examinations are doubtful
65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.
　　[A] candidates' sensitivity
　　[B] academic achievements
　　[C] competitive spirit
　　[D] surer values
66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.
　　[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
　　[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics
　　[C] the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors
　　[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society

重点词汇：
inherent  （固有的；天生的）即in+her(e)+ent，in-在里面，here词根“黏着”=stick，-ent形容词后缀，“黏着在里面的”→固有的。同根词：adhere（v.黏附；坚持）←ad(=to)+here；coherent（黏着的）←co(=together)+her(e)+ent。I am not in the least disturbed when people regard my legs intently. I know they are doing so in pursuance of their inherent artistic instinct.当人们目不转睛地盯着我的双腿时，我丝毫不觉得不安。我明白他们这样做是出于天生的艺术直觉。←这是一位舞蹈家MM说的。
profound  （深刻的；渊博的）即pro+found，pro-向前，found词根“基底”（如foundation→found+ation→基础），“向前直探到底的”→渊博的。The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement. But the opposite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth.一种正确说法的对立物是一种错误的说法。一种深刻的真理的对立物则很可能是另一种深刻的真理。
soak up 吸收。
marathon  （马拉松）用谐音记。这种全长421954米的长跑比赛，是对运动员体力与意志力的考验。
rejoice  （使欣喜）即re+joice，re-反复，joice=joy，“使反复高兴”→使欣喜。Why is it that we rejoice at a birth and grieve at a funeral? Is it because we are not the person concerned?为什么我们在有人出生时高兴，在有人入葬时悲伤？是否由于自己不是当事者？
disproportionate  （不成比例的）即dis+proportion+ate，dis-否定前缀，proportion比例，-ate此处为形容词后缀。Literature happens to be the only occupation in which wages are not given in proportion to the goodness of the work done.文学碰巧是唯一的这么一种职业，其报酬与所做工作的优异不成比例。
preoccupation  （全神贯注）即pre+occup(y)+ation，pre-在前，occupy占据，-ation名词后缀，“在别的事物前占据注意力”→全神贯注。
consideration  （考虑；体谅；需考虑的事）←consider考虑+ation；considerate  （考虑周到的；体谅的）←consider+ate。Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.劳动高于资本，理应得到多得多的报酬。A child that lives with sharing learns to be considerate.同意分享的孩子知道为人着想。
难句解析：
①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
▲本句的主干是... the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since引导一个原因状语从句，而这个从句又是一个if引导的条件主从复合句。
△注意profound的词义为“意义深远的”。另外要看到最后一个逗号后面的it所指代的是competition。
②One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.
▲本句的主干是One place... is school，这个简单句的主语和谓语都有一个定语从句修饰，前面的是限定性的，而后面的是非限定性的，并且在其里面还有一个插入成分by its very nature。
△可以先抓主干，然后再分析那两个定语从句，另外注意soak up的意思是“吸收，摄取”，其实即使我们不是很清楚这个词组的意思，只要我们抓住soak的基本意思“浸泡，浸湿，浸透”，词组的意思也能猜出来。
③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.
▲本句的主干是The current passion... produces a two-layer system，passion后面的介词for的宾语比较复杂，是一个make sb. do sth.的结构，而主句的宾语a two-layer system后面有一个非限定性的定语从句。
△可以先抓主干，然后再分析其它成分，另外在理解的时候也要有一定的想象力，比如compete against the clock不能从字面上理解为“和钟表竞争”，而应该理解成“与时间竞争/和时间赛跑”。
④The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
▲本句由两个子句构成，中间有一个but表示意思的转折。
△要正确理解本句，重点在于抓住单词的正确意思。questionable可疑的，值得疑问的；而后面的knowledge如果理解成“知识”那么这句话就怎么也看不懂了，在这里它的意思应该是“知道，知晓”，因此in the knowledge of应被理解为“在了解……的情况下”。
⑤Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.
▲本句的主干是... selection... could be made less by... and more by...。两个逗号隔开的是对于caring professions的进一步具体说明。
△注意在阅读的时候抓住less... and more...的结构，同时注意more后面的可能要更加重要一些。
试题解析：
63. [C]
　　意为：攻击性的，好斗的。
　　文章第一、二、三段都提到：A型性格的人在竞争的环境中成长，形成了他们的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用competitive（争强好胜的，爱竞争的）一词描述A型性格的人。
　　A意为：缺乏耐心的、不耐心的。这也许是他们有时候所表现出的性格特征，但不是他们的一般性性格特征。
　　B意为：体贴人的，为人着想的。这与事实形成鲜明的对比。
　　D意为：和蔼的，易相处的，使人愉快的。
64. [B] 意为：有些学生肯定不及格。
　　be bound to意为：肯定、注定。问题中be opposed意为“反对”。第三段指出，学校中最糟糕的竞争方式（by far用于强调最高级形式）是极力强调考试（disproportionate意为：不相称的，过分的），很少有学校让学生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通过考试来竞争有无益处(merits)是个值得探讨的问题(questionable)，但是，明知道自己会失败还去竞争的做法肯定（对人的心理，如：自信心、自我认识等）是有害的。
　　A意为：给学生造成的压力过大。
　　C意为：不及格率过高。
　　[A]、[C]文中都末提到。
　　D意为：考试成绩（或结果）值得怀疑。
　　这与原文表达的内容不一样，原文并非是说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作为—个教学环节是否合适值得进一步探讨。
65. [B]
　　原文最后一段指出，如果学校不过多地注重于(preoccupation... with)学习结果，就可以花更多的时间教些更有价值的东西。选择护理方面的人——尤其是医疗护理人员——也许应该看他们是否心细、是否有同情心，而不应看他们化学成绩如何。只从A型性格的人中选择医生的做法是不可取的，B型性格的人也是社会所需要的，应该受到相应的鼓励。在这段里．作者对现在人的培养及选择标准进行了批评。B意为：学习成绩（或学术成就）。问题中currently意为：目前，当前。
　　A意为：申请者的敏感程度。指：他是否对他人的行为敏感，即是否细心。
　　C意为：竞争精神。原文是说根据成绩，即：看重的是结果。
　　D意为：更可靠的价值。即：更可靠或可依赖或有价值（对社会有用）的东西。
66. [C]
　　文章第一段指出，个性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inherent)，但是，环境对它也有深刻影响，环境包括社会、学校与家庭。本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生的性格形成的影响。C意为：个性的发展受多种(multiple)因素的影响。
　　A意为：儿童的个性在出生时早已确立。
　　B意为：家庭对儿童性格特征的形成起主导作用。
　　[A]、[B]两个选择项都不正确，因为，这两种说法都是片面的、极端的。儿童的个性发展受多种因素的影响。
　　D意为：在高度竞争的社会中，B型性格的人是不需要的（或是找不到位置的）。这正是作者想要驳斥的观点。作者指出：世界需要各种性格的人。另请参阅第65题题解。
全文翻译：
　　性格在很大程度上是先天形成的——A型性格的父母会有A型性格的子女。但环境也一定对其有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。
　　让孩子吸收A型性格的一个地方是学校。学校，就其本质而言，是高度竞争的机构。很多学校采用“不惜一切代价获取成功”的道德标准并通过炫耀成绩来估量孩子们是否成功。目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制，在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。过分地热衷于获胜会产生危险的后果：记住，第一位跑马拉松的费迪皮迪兹在说完“欢呼吧，我们赢了”之后几秒便倒地而死。
　　学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当的强调考试。很少有学校允许学生集中精力做他们能做好的事。以考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，而明知有人考试会通不过的情况下还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的。
　　显然，要将所有A型孩子变成B型孩子既不现实也不可取。这个世界需要各种性格的人，一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。这才是最好的管理理念。
　　如果学校对学业的强调减少一些，也许就有更多的时间教孩子更重要的价值观念。也许对护理职业——特别是医疗护理人员——的选择应少注重化学成绩而多关注他们是否敏感、是否有同情心。只从A型性格的人员中挑选医生的确是个错误。B型性格的人非常重要，应该受到鼓励。


1995 Passage 5

　　That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
　　Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
　　In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
　　Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.
　　[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
　　[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
　　[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability
　　[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
68. According to the passage, if a person never forgets, ________.
　　[A] he would survive best
　　[B] he would have a lot of trouble
　　[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced
　　[D] the evolution of memory would stop
69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.
　　[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
　　[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system
　　[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting
　　[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.
　　[A] remembering
　　[B] forgetting
　　[C] adapting
　　[D] experiencing

重点词汇：
subsequent  （随后的）←sub+sequ+ent，sub-在下，sequ(=follow)词根“跟随”，-ent形容词后缀。Be sure not to tell a first falsehood, and you needn't fear being detected in any subsequent ones.千万别说第一个谎话，这样就不用害怕在随后的谎话中被人发现。
duration  （持久；持续时间）即dur+ation，dur词根“持续”，-ation名词后缀。同根词：durable（持久的）←dur+able可……的；endurance（持久力；忍耐力）←en使……+dur+ance。It is not the strength but the duration of great sentiment that makes great men.造就伟人的不是力量，而是伟大情操的持久。
contemporary  （当代的；同时代的；同时代的人）←con+tempor+ary，con-一起，tempor看作temper（性情），-ary后缀，“性情相同的（人）就是同时代的（人）”。Most contemporary books give the impression of having been manufactured in a day, out of books read the day before.大部分当代书籍给人的印象，是花一天工夫用前一天读过的书加工而成的。I don't go along with all this talk of a generation gap. We're all contemporaries. There's only a difference in memories, that's all.我对代沟这种说法完全不能苟同。我们都是同时代的人，只是记忆有所不同，仅此而已。
难句解析：
①That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.
▲本句的主语是个从句That experiences influence subsequent behaviour，而后面是一个简单的系表结构is evidence，只不过evidence后面的修饰成分较多，里面的两个形容词obvious和remarkable之间还用了but nevertheless来表达一种转折关系。
△注意在阅读的时候先要抓住主干结构，特别是主语从句。在表语的部分要能够一眼认出其核心结构是evidence of activity。
②Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.
▲本句的主干很简单，就是Constant practice has... effect on memory，主要的结构是such as... as...，在后一个as的后面有一个不定式，而这个不定式有三个并列的宾语to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words，注意这里的三个to都是介词，和动词lead构成词组。
△注意先抓主干结构，另外要注意such as... as...是一种举例子的形式。
③Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.
▲本句可一分为二，在分号处分开，前面的分句中over a period of no practice是个时间状语，主语是个从句what has been learned，谓语是tends to be forgotten，后面的结构非常简单。
△理解本句以及下面几句的功夫不在文字上，而是要求同学们对于进化论的假设和其与记忆的关系有一个明确的认识。在这里我们要知道，作者认为遗忘是一种生物在进化中适应外界残酷现实的适应性行为，因为只有忘掉了过去的不愉快经历，一个生命才有可能活得更加生机勃勃。而这样的观点的一种必然推论就是迅速遗忘要优于慢速遗忘，因为忘得越快就越能适应外部世界。那么在这里作者就指出用进化论适应性的观点来解释遗忘有局限性。
④Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
▲本句的主语是an evolutionary interpretation，谓语might make，而宾语的部分比较复杂，有一个形式宾语it，在真正的作宾语的不定式中还有一个从句how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection。
△注意理清句子结构，意思的理解请参看上句△部分。
⑤In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.
▲本句的主干是it is helpful to do sth.，真正的主语是to consider这个不定式，当然它里面还包含了一个带条件从句的宾语从句。逗号前面的是一个状语。
△注意在阅读的时候先要抓住主干结构，同时看清主句中的it是一个形式主语，指代的是后面的不定式结构。而前面的一个its应该是指memory。
⑥Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.
▲本句的主干是Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system，在这里assume是一个及物动词。宾语a memory storage system后面有一个of引导的介词词组和定语从句来修饰它。
△注意一些词的意思，capacity在这里应被理解为“容量”，而非“能力”；flexibility是“灵活性”而非“弹性”。
试题解析：
67. [D]
　　意为：突然失去记忆力会导致生存适应问题。
　　文章第一段指出，人生许多问题的解决依赖于我们对过去经历过的事情的记忆。第二段第二、三句指出，如果我们不及时复习或练习已学过的东西的话，过一段时间，我们可能忘记它，这种情况所造成的适应性(adaptive)后果也许不太明显。然而，突然失去记忆力却会对适应带来明显后果。举个例子来说，假如你一觉醒来，发觉自己失去了一切记亿，那样会发生什么呢？
　　A意为：由于缺乏练习所造成的遗忘很明显不利于生存适应。这与第二段第二句的意思相反。
　　B意为：如果一个人突然(all of a sudden)变得健忘，他肯定是非常适应生活的。这与第二段第三句表达的内容相反。
　　C意为：逐渐的遗忘过程证明了人的（较强的）适应能力。第二段第四句指出，遗忘可以被看作动物中自然选择(natural selection)过程中遗留给人的一种能力。第三段最后一句指出，遗忘（指逐渐的遗忘）似乎对每个个体或整个物种来说有其生存价值。可见，逐渐的遗忘过程是人在物种间的生存竞争过程中形成的，它是人们适应外部世界的结果。C则将人的适应能力看作是逐渐遗忘过程的结果，这显然颠倒了逻辑关系。
68. [B]
　　第三段第三、四句指出，没有遗忘过程，人就无法适应。例如，十年前正确的做法现在未必合适，所以应忘记它。对遗忘很少的人的调查也表明：他们的日常活动缺乏头绪。
　　A意为：他适于生存。这与事实相反。
　　C意为：他学习的能力会得到加强。这也与事实相反，事实是：所学的东西在大脑中会无头绪可寻。
　　D意为：记忆力的进化就会停止。
69. [A]
　　意为：遗忘是对学习的一种反应。
　　文章最后一段指出，对记忆力也可以做另一种解释：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，遗忘使这一系统具有了灵活性。这种看法认为：在学习或存储（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间有一个不断调整过程。事实上，有证据表明：遗忘率与学习的东西的量直接相关，这对现代记忆模式——输入——输出保持平衡——提供了证据。
　　B意为：记忆储存系统是一个输入输出完全平衡的系统。根据原文，确有一种理论认为或推测(assume)记忆储存系统是一个输入输出平衡的系统，但也仅是假设而已，另外，exactly一字用得欠妥，太绝对化。
　　C意为：记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿。严格地来讲，forgetting与remembering都是memory的一个组成部分，是一个部分与整体间的关系，不能对照而言。
　　D意为：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，这是由遗忘造成的。原文只是说遗忘使记忆储存系统更具适应力，不是说它造成了记亿储存系统的有限性。
70. [B]
　　本文主要谈的是遗忘过程的作用(function)，它是人生存适应机制的一个很重要的过程，这是文章的第二、三、四段所旨在说明的，对照而言，第一段所谈的内容(remembering)只不过是这个讨论的引子。
　　A意为：记忆，记住。
　　C意为：适应。
　　D意为：体验。
全文翻译：
　　过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显但却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。如果没有大家称之为记忆的功能，学习便不能发生。反复练习对记忆有很大影响，可以使人们熟练地演奏钢琴、背诵诗歌、乃至总结和理解这些词句。用于解决问题或是辨别出有问题存在的所谓的智力行为需要记忆，记忆能力是推理的一个基本需求。解决任何问题，甚至是识别问题存在的能力都取决于记忆。最典型的是，决定过街也要凭借许多对以前经历的记忆。
　　实践（或称复习）就是建立并保持对某一任务或所学材料的记忆。有一段时间不实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记（渐进性地遗忘）；其适应性结果也就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子也可被看做具有适应性。从这个意义上说，遗忘能力可解释为动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力。的确，如果记住一段痛苦的情感经历会导致严重的焦虑，那么遗忘倒可以使人得到解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人难以理解普遍的渐进遗忘过程是如何在自然选择中幸存下来的。
　　在考虑记忆的进化及其所有可能的方面时，思考一下如果记忆不会消失会产生什么结果是很有用处的。显然，遗忘有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡忘，新的记忆往往就突出，从而为推算持续的时间提供线索。没有遗忘，适应会受影响，例如，已学会的行为十年前可能是正确的，现在则不然了。有记录表明，有些人（按一般标准）忘的太少，以致日常生活常混乱不堪。因此遗忘似乎有助于个体及物种的存活。
　　另一种思路则假定人的记忆存储系统储量有限，这个系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。根据这个观点，在学习或记忆储存（输入）和遗忘（输出）之间要不断进行调整。的确，表明个人的遗忘速度与学习东西的多少有直接的关系。这些数据为假定输入——输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了明确的证据。

qingqing

1994 Passage 1

　　The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
　　An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the products is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
　　The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
51. In line 8, paragraph 1, "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means ________.
　　[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
　　[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes
　　[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased
　　[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.
　　[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
　　[B] consumers can express their demands through producers
　　[C] producers decide the prices of products
　　[D] supply and demand regulate prices
53. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ________.
　　[A] private property and rights concerned
　　[B] manpower and natural resources control
　　[C] ownership of productive resources
　　[D] free contracts and prices
54. The passage is mainly about ________.
　　[A] how American goods are produced
　　[B] how American consumers buy their goods
　　[C] how American economic system works
　　[D] how American businessmen make their profits

重点词汇：
market-oriented（以市场为导向的）←market市场+orient定位+ed形容词后缀。
permit  （v.许可；许可证）即per+mit，per-(=through)，mit词根“传送”，故“允许传送过去”→许可。同根词：admit（v.让……进入；承认）←ad(=to)+mit；emit（v.散发，发射）←e(=ex)+mit；transmit（v.传播；传导）←trans(=through)+mit。Liberty is the right to do whatever the laws permit.自由就是做法律允许的任何事的权利。
embrace  （v.拥抱；包含）即em+brace，em-(=in)，brace词根“手臂”，故“使在手臂里”→拥抱→引申为“包含”。brace作单词意为“v.支撑n.支柱”←谐音“不累死”，因为累死就支撑不住了。Created by life, in definite circumstances, to act on definite things, how can it embrace life, of which it is merely an emanation or aspect?由生命创造，处于一定情况下，作用于一定事物，它（←指科学）只是生命的一种释放或一个方面，怎么能包括生命？
coupled with 与……相结合；bid up 哄抬物价；gain control over 获得对……的控制。
难句解析：
①The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
▲这是一个有定语从句和宾语从句的复杂句。首先要抓住的核心句为The American economic system is organized around a... economy，economy前面的定语在开始阅读时可以不看。在economy后面是一个以in which引导的定语从句in which consumers largely determine，而这个从句中又有一个宾语从句what shall be produced。在定语从句中又有一个by引导的分词结构spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语，说明消费者是如何决定应生产何种产品，而这个方式状语中又有一个定语从句that they want most。
△通过分析结构我们知道此句的所有意思都是围绕核心句的表语economy展开的，因此在阅读中应分层次，逐层理解对这一核心词的陈述，分清主次，全面理解。
②Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
▲首先要抓住句首的thus，看到这个词，就应想到此句是前面叙述引出的结论。再看句子结构，跳过状语in the American economic system，先抓住这是一个强调结构It is... that，因此所强调的部分是理解的重点，而它由三个平行成分组成，分别为the demand of individual consumers，the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，中间用coupled with和and连接。而在that后面的部分有两个并列宾语从句what shall be produced和how resources are used to produce it接在动词determine的后面。
△首先要抓住强调句型，并重点理解所强调的内容，其次要理解句中最后一个it所指代的对象是what shall be produced。
③An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.
▲此句的结构与第一句类似，只是表语的定语从句更加复杂。
△此句在理解中的难点是定语从句by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers，为了方便理解，我们可以将此句and后的部分由被动句改为主动句：by which consumer demands can be expressed and producers can respond to consumer demands，这样就可以避免对responded to by producers的不理解。
④If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
▲这是一个有条件状语从句的主从句，从句由if引导，主体结构为... producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost...，其中producing more of a commodity是一个分词短语作主语，而主句以this为主语，里面包含一个定语从句which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product。
△此句在理解中的难点是句中代词的指代关系，其中第一个its所指的是commodity，而主句的主语this所指的是整个条件状语从句。主句中的定语从句也并不是修饰某一个特定的词，而是指整个主句表达to increase the supply offered by seller-producers。
⑤In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
▲此句的主句结构为the concept embraces not only... but also...。主要的难点在其宾语部分，是一个not only... but also...连接的并列结构，而后面有一个长的补足语including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual。
△此句的难点为如何理解复杂宾语，注意在开始的时候先应抓主句，可以先不理会逗号后面的补足语部分，然后再分析including后面的成分，同时要记住这一部分是修饰certain rights的。
试题解析：
51. [D] 该选择项意为：美国人想增加其收入的购买力。
　　文章第1段最后一句是从生产者与消费者两方的愿望对照来说的，而且，该段第1句也首先陈述了该文所要谈的内容。
　　[A]、[C]的意思是：美国人想增加其收入。这与本文的主旨不相符合，因为，工资关系反映的是劳资双方的关系而不是生产者与消费者的关系。
　　[B]中“overstate”意为“夸大、夸张”，这个选择项的语义与文章的内容不相干。
　　在做这一题时，将“maximize”一词的意思置入文章的上下文中考查极其重要。
52. [D] 文章第2段第1、2句所表达的内容是该段的主题：价格（的波动）是供求关系（生产者与消费者的关系）的反映。该段的最后一句也重述总结了这一主题。
　　[A]中“mechanized”意为“机械化的”，而原文中“mechanism”意为“机制”。
　　[B]原文第2段第1句中“by which”意指“by means of this mechanism”，即：通过这一机制反映出来；该句中的“by producers”则只与“responded to”有关，即：生产者对消费者的需要作出反应。
　　[C]所表达的内容不正确，因为原句明确指出：价格为供求关系所调节。
53. [A] 该项意为：私人财产（的拥有）及相应的权利。
　　原文第3段的两句反复从这两方面总结了美国资本主义私有制经济制度的特征。
　　[B]意为：劳动力及自然资源的控制。与原文相差甚远。
　　[C]只表达了美国经济制度特征的一方面，因此，失之片面。
　　[D]只强调了权力这一方面，因此，也是片面的。
54. [C] 意为：美国经济的特征及其运行(work)。
　　这是该文所主要阐明的内容，这一主旨在文章的第1段第1、2句与第3段说得很明确。
　　[A]、[B]、[D]文章的主旨不是产品的生产过程，也不是消费者如何购物，更不是商人如何赚钱。
全文翻译：
　　从根本上说，美国经济体制是围绕私有企业、在以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这种体制下需要生产什么在很大程度上是消费者通过到市场花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务来决定的。为了获取利润，私有企业主在与他人竞争中生产这些产品，提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下追求利润的动机以及如何运作在很大程度上决定生产商品和提供服务的方式。因此，在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求，加上商人获取最大利润的追求及消费者想最大限度提高购买力的愿望三者共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。
　　市场型经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制体现的，价格随消费者的相对需求与生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。如果供不应求，价格就上升，有些消费者就会被排挤出市场。另一方面，某种产品大量生产导致成本下降，产销者提供的产品就会增加，这就会使价格下跌，那么，更多的消费者就购买该产品。因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。
　　私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，通过生产产品、提供服务来获取利润。在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括一定的权利，比如，产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。


1994 Passage 2

　　One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us, the "cashless society" is not on the horizon — it's already here.
　　While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
　　Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
55. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to ________.
　　[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes
　　[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do
　　[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper
　　[D] cash money wherever he wishes to
56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ________.
　　[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards
　　[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United State today
　　[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash
　　[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before
57. The phrase "ring up sales" (line 2, paragraph 2) most probably means "________".
　　[A] make an order of goods
　　[B] record sales on a cash register
　　[C] call the sales manager
　　[D] keep track of the goods in stock
58. What is this passage mainly about?
　　[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
　　[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.
　　[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
　　[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.

重点词汇：
deposit  （v.n.存放；储蓄；沉淀）即de+pos+it，de-向下，pos词根“放”，it后缀，“放下它”。The mark of the historic is the nonchalance with which it picks up an individual and deposits him in a trend, like a house playfully moved in a tornado.历史性事件的标志是冷漠，它拈起一个人置于某种趋势中，使之像龙卷风里的房子那样儿戏般地翻滚。
horizon  （地平线；眼界）。The horizon of life is broadened chiefly by the enlargement of the heart.生活的地平线主要由心胸的扩大而拓展。We all live under the same sky, but we don't all have the same horizon.我们都生活在同一个天空下，但我们并不都拥有同样的地平线。
convenience  （便利）即con+veni+ence，con-一起，veni词根“来”，-ence名词后缀，“需要的东西都一起提供”→便利；convenient  （便利的）←con+veni+ent形容词后缀。What a convenient and delightful world is this world of books.书籍的世界是多么便利而令人愉快啊！It is convenient that there be gods, and, as it is convenient, let us believe that there are.有上帝是方便的，既然如此，我们就相信有上帝吧。
processor  （制造者；处理器）←process处理+or；microprocessor（微处理器）←micro+processor。
难句解析：
①They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad and they make many banking services available as well.
▲此句是由and连接的两个并列句，其中第一个句子结构较复杂，有一个复杂的地点状语in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad，在阅读时在此处可以适当地加快速度。
△此句在理解中的难点是短语give somebody credit，此处credit应理解为“信用额度”，在英文中credit card意味着持卡人可以有一定的透支额度。
②Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.
▲这两个短句虽然简单，但是由于其中包含有几个短语，如do much more than...，ring up，electronic cash registers等，因此在阅读中也存在一定的障碍，在我们不知道一个短语的确切意思的情况下，通过上下文来定位其大致意思就显得非常重要。
△electronic cash registers意为“电子收银并记录”；do much more than的意思是“做的不只是”；ring up的意思可以从第一个短句的结构中推出，第一个短句的结构为A can do much more than simply B，我们知道A和B之间只存在程度上的差异，而本质相同，因此ring up应该与electronic cash registers意思相同或相近，应为“收款，记录”的意思。
③At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
▲在第一个句子中包含有两个并列宾语从句which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient，而在逗号后面的是一个分词结构，用来修饰主句。
△第一个句子中最后一个词accordingly和第二个句子中的preferred是理解的重点。accordingly意为“相应地”，而preferred是一个形容词，不是prefer的过去分词，意为“有优先权的，优先的”。
④Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
▲本句中的主语有一个非常长的修饰成分from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors，在阅读的时候，如果我们注意到它只是在逗号之间的补充说明成分，我们就可以先跳过去抓句子的主干成分。
试题解析：
55. [B] 文章的第1段利用一系列的实例说明了信用卡(credit card)给其使用者带来的诸多方便，第2段第1句前半句总结概括了第1段的主题。
　　[A]原文指出，信用卡的持有者可以不受地域和时间的限制存取钱，但这并不意味着愿取多少就取多少。
　　[C]意为：（与不持有信用卡的人相比）享受更多的信誉，这是不符合事实的，事实上，无论是持信用卡还是持现金，顾客在购物时都享有同等的信誉。
　　[D]意为：想在哪个地方兑换现金都可以。这也说得有些空泛，如：由一个银行发放的信用卡未必适用于另一个银行及其分行。
56. [C] 原文第1段第4句指出：对许多美国人来说，“无现金社会”已经来到，而不是将要来到(on the horizon)。
　　[A]原句未指出是否所有美国人将都会使用信用卡。
　　[B]这一选择显然是不正确的，信用卡的使用并非主要限于美国。
　　[D]本文并未指出以前信用卡的使用不方便，因此，我们也无法作出任何比较。原句也没这方面的含意。
57. [B] “register”意为：记数器，记录器。原句中ring up意为：将……记录在记数器内，sales意为：销售额。同一段后文指出：除了记录销售额以外，计算机在商业上还有更广泛的用途，而记录销售额是电子收款机最基本的功能。
　　[A]、[C]都不正确。
　　[D]意为：跟踪记录现存货物。
58. [B] 本文的主旨陈述在最后一段，电子收款机与信用卡使用都是计算机在商业上应用的实例，本文旨在指出计算机的应用给使用者带来的诸多方便。
　　[A]本文不再去说明计算机如何在商业上使用而主要谈论计算机在商业上的应用所带来的结果。
　　[C]意为：商业自动化的意义。本文的着眼点不在“意义”上，而更重在说明计算机的应用给生产者与消费者带来的诸多方便。
　　[D]文章的第1段列举了信用卡的使用给消费者带来的好处，但这并不是文章的主旨，作者仅仅是想通过信用卡这一例子来说明计算机的应用给消费者带来的诸多方便这一主旨。
全文翻译：
　　1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆，在当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物，同时信用卡还可以使他们得到银行提供的许多服务。越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否营业。对于我们很多人来说，“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已经到来。
　　计算机为消费者提供诸多方便的同时，也给商家带来很多优势。电子收银机能做的远不止记录销售额，它们可进行各种各样的记录，包括谁卖了什么，何时卖的，卖给谁了。这些信息通过显示销售商品的种类和销售速度，使商家能够跟踪和记录它们的商品清单，然后做出决定是再定货还是把商品退给供应商。同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是高峰，哪些员工最有效率，进而就能对人员分配进行相应的调整。此外，他们还确定理想的顾客群进行促销活动。基于同样的原因，生产商们也依赖计算机。计算机分析的营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品，将来开发哪些产品，哪些应停止生产。计算机跟踪库存商品，现有原材料甚至生产过程本身。
　　许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社，从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、效率更高的服务。


1994 Passage 3

　　Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
　　Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
　　Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
　　"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
59. In paragrah 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________.
　　[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
　　[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
　　[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
　　[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.
　　[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
　　[B] they might become a burden of the society
　　[C] they should fully develop their potentials
　　[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
61. This passage mainly deals with ________.
　　[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
　　[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
　　[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
　　[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.
　　[A] is now enjoying legal support
　　[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
　　[C] was clearly stated by the country's founders
　　[D] will exert great influence over court decisions

重点词汇：
denote  （v.表示）即de+note，de-向下，note记录，“记录下来”→表示。Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best and by the best means.“明智”指的是以最好的方法追求最好的结果。
难句解析：
①Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
▲第一个短句结构很简单，第二句中For these children to develop to their full adult potential是一个表示目的的状语，也可以看成是一个从主句their education must be adapted to those differences后面提前了的介词结构。
△第一个短句中exceptional一词我们从文章后面的叙述中可以知道它不是我们一般理解的“杰出的，出类拔萃的”，而应指“反常的，有缺陷的”，其实此处的exceptional是一种“身有残疾”的委婉表达法；significant应理解为“重要的，关键的”，而第二句的develop to their full adult potential的develop是一个不及物动词，意为“发展，养成”，而potential是一个名词，意为“潜能”；be adapted to的意思是“被调整，适应”。
②While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.
▲此句由一个while引导的让步状语从句the leading actor on the stage captures our attention和一个主句构成。
△要理解本句，重点是看到它是一个类比，把残疾儿童比喻为舞台上的主要角色，而他们的家庭和社会环境被比喻为配角和戏剧的布景。在考研的阅读理解中，当我们碰到作者使用各种比喻和类比时，最重要的一点就是要弄清其用比喻来说明的对象。
③And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
▲这是一个强调结构，强调的是in the public schools，后面find的宾语expression of society's understanding又有一个补语，而其中又包含一个定语从句。
△本句理解的重点是短语the full expression of society's understanding。注意此处understanding不单纯是“理解”的意思，应该是指“理智，知性”，如果在开始阅读时对understanding一词的理解不够深刻，也可以从破折号后面的补充成分入手理解其深刻含义。
④The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
▲此句结构比较复杂，上来先应该抓住其主干结构The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...。而主语the great interest后面有一个修饰成分in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades，在宾语the strong feeling后面有一个同位语从句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities。
△要理解本句，重点在理清句子结构，并注意whatever their special conditions是用来修饰all citizens的。
⑤That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.
▲此句的主句是That concept implies educational opportunity for all children，而破折号后面的是对educational opportunity for all children这一事物的进一步说明，其中包含有一个whether引导的从句，其中省略了should，可以被视为一种虚拟语气。
△此句的阅读重点在于抓住围绕educational opportunity所展开的几层意思，从the right再到更进一层的capacity。
⑥In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
▲此句的主句是schools are modifying their programs，后面是一个分词短语作状语，而在这个状语中又有两个定语从句who are exceptional和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs来修饰children。
△注意词组adapting instruction to children（使授课能够适应儿童），另外substantially是“真正地”的意思。
试题解析：
59. [A] 该选择项中“have much to do with”意为：与……有很大的关系，与……紧密相关。
　　文章中第2段第2句所举的这个例子旨在说明其他演员及场景对主演的重要作用，这个例子又用来说明本段第1句与第3句阐明的道理。
　　[B]的意思文章未提及。
　　[C]与作者所呼吁的应该去做的事相反。
　　[D]该选择项中“weigh much heavier than”意为：比……分量重得多，比……重要得多。由此可见该选择项的内容与文章的内容丝毫不相关。
60. [C] 该项意为：其潜能应得到充分的发展。
　　参阅文章第3段第3句，社会对特殊儿童接受普通教育的关注表明他们的主张：任何公民都应该得到使其潜能充分发展的机会。这也是整篇文章的主旨：教育应该有利于特殊儿童的成长（参阅第1段第2句以及第4段第3、5句）。
　　[A]与本文所主张的让特殊儿童平等受普通教育的思想格格不入，另外，从上下文来看，该文中所说的exceptional children是指残疾儿童（disabled/retarded children）。
　　[B]这与原文所传达的思想相违背。
　　[D]原文强调的是特殊儿童应得到平等受教育的机会以利于其能力的充分发展，而这个选择项强调对残疾儿童应区别对待，这与原文是不吻合的。
61. [D] 由对第60题的分析可以看出，本文主要在于说明改革目前的教育方式使之更有利于特殊儿童的成长的重要性（或必要性）。
　　[A]本文未列举儿童在学习能力方面存在哪些差别。
　　[B]本文也未对什么样的儿童称为特殊儿童进行界定。
　　[C]本文主要谈的是使目前的教育更适合特殊儿童的发展的重要性，但并没主张为他们设立一套特殊的教学计划，更没谈具体设立什么教学计划或项目。
62. [A] 参阅原文第4段第4句。句中confirm意为：认可，批准，使……有效。
　　[B]该选择项中disagree with意为：与……不一致。
　　从文章第4段第1、23句来看，该项表达的内容与事实相反。
　　[C]文章第4段第3句指出，国家的创始者们的人人平等这一思想也包含了儿童平等受教育的权利，但这并不意味着他们业已明确地表达了(clearly stated)对特殊儿童的教育的关怀。
　　[D]儿童平等受教育的权利已获得法律上的认可，法庭裁决也必须依法行事，因此，该项所表达的内容（将会对法庭的裁决起很大影响）是不正确的。
全文翻译：
　　特殊儿童与其他同龄的正常孩子相比有一些重要的不同之处。对于这些孩子来说，要使他们到成年时全部的潜力能得到开发，那么他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。
　　尽管我们关注的焦点是特殊儿童的需要，但我们发现自己也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也能意识到配角及剧目本身场景的重要性。特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。
　　任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到力量、弱点及文化本身。过去30年间公共教育所表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈的感受，即所有公民，不论情况特殊与否，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。
　　“人人生来平等”这句话我们已听过无数次，但它对民主社会的教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家缔造者们用来预示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。这一概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受相适应的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。


1994 Passage 4

　　"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
　　This year, 50 percent of the 910000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging — 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
　　With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
　　The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
　　The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
　　"First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."
63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.
　　[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
　　[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
　　[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
　　[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
64. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.
　　[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
　　[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
　　[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
　　[D] there won't be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.
　　[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
　　[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
　　[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
　　[D] which normal cell can't turn off
66. The word "dormant' in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
　　[A] dead
　　[B] ever-present
　　[C] inactive
　　[D] potential

重点词汇：
infection  （传染；感染）即in+fect+ion，in-在内，fect词根“做”，-ion名词后缀，“在里面起作用”→感染；动词形式为infect←in+fect。参effective（有效的），2002年Text 1。Grief, like pleasure, infects the atmosphere. A first glance into any home is enough to tell you whether love or despair reigns there.忧伤与快乐一样，感染着气氛。无论哪一家，只要看上一眼，就足以得知主宰那里的是爱还是绝望。
pancreas （胰腺）看作pan+cr+eas，pan盘，cr看作crack，eas看作复数形式(es)，“许多盘破裂的胰腺”。
oncogene  （致癌基因）←onco+gene，onco词根“肿瘤”，gene基因。
dormant  （静止的；休眠的）即dorm+ant，dorm词根“睡觉”，-ant形容词后缀，“像睡觉那样的”→休眠的。同根词：dormitory→dorm+itory后缀表“地方”→睡觉的地方→（集体）宿舍。
oncologist  （肿瘤学家）←onco+logist，onco词根“肿瘤”，-logist后缀“……学家”。
counteract  （v.抵抗；消除）即counter+act，counter-前缀“反”（如counter-clockwise逆时针方向），act行动，故“反着行动”→抵抗。The doctor gave him some medicine to counteract the effect of the poison.医生给他一些药解毒。
ever-present 经常存在的。
难句解析：
①"But", he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
▲此句是一个直接引语，注意引语中有两个句子，前面的句子有一个复杂的同位语从句that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow修饰the idea，而后面提到了一个例子，句中有一个but，它后面的it指代前面整句话。
△注意引语中两个句子之间的关系，后者是用来驳斥前面一句中那些人的错误想法的，作者在这里举的是一个反例。
②The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.
▲此句主句是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，后面有一个when引导的定语从句修饰the early 1970s，而在这个定语从句中还有一个宾语从句，在宾语从句中又有一个非限定性定语从句which are cancer-causing genes修饰oncogenes。
△注意此句中有超纲词oncogenes，但是我们可以从后面修饰它的定语从句推出其确切含义，这也是常用到的阅读方法之一，即可以用定语从句来反推所修饰词的意思。
③The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.
▲此句是用but连接的复合句，注意前面的involved表示“相关的”，而后面的半句的主干是the likelihood suggests that...，里面又包含有一个同位语从句和宾语从句。
△注意看清句子结构，而后面的likelihood表示“可能性”。
④Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
▲此句用分号隔开，前面是一个简单的被动语态，而后面是一个直接引语。
△如果我们了解分号的用法，就知道它经常用来连接两个意思相仿或相对的句子。而在这里，分号后面的部分就是进一步说明前面的意思，那么我们也就知道cosmic rays是environmental factors的一个个例。
试题解析：
63. [D] 该项意为：提醒人们彻底战胜癌症的道路还很长。
　　本文第1段中所举的巴斯特的例子在于否定本段第2句提到的某些人的观点：一旦找到病因，治疗方法会立刻找到(rapidly follow)，而在于说明第4句中所阐明的道理。
　　[A]原文第1段第1句引用了Weinberg的话，他认为人们在近十年内会对癌症的病因有很大的了解，但这并不意味着会彻底揭开(disclose)癌症的秘密。另外，这也不是举巴斯特的例子所要说明的问题。
　　[B]意为：指出治愈癌症的前景是非常乐观的。本文作者相信这一点，但这并不是举巴斯特这个例子所要说明的观点。
　　[C]在巴斯特找到传染病病因五六十年之后，才找到治疗方法，但这并不意味着五六十年以后也肯定会找到治愈癌症的方法。
64. [D] 意为：各种癌症患者的平均存活率不会有大幅度的增加。
　　文章第二段用数据说明了能够继续生活五年以上的病人的数量的比例，这一比例增加是可喜的，但能完全从病魔中生存下来的人仍然不会有大幅度的增加。
　　[A]文章只提到了目前可以存活五年的皮肤癌病人的比例是90％（注意文章原句用的是一般现在时），但未提到2000年将会怎样。
　　[B]由对[A]项的分析可以看出，考生无法了解2000年有多大比例的癌症病人还健在。
　　[C]本题中“fairly even”意为“基本不变”。对这项所表达的内容也无法证实。在解释[D]项时，我们曾指出各种癌症患者的平均存活率不会有大幅度的增加，但这并不意味着根本没有增加。
65. [B] “activate”在此意为“激活，使活动起来”。
　　文章第3段第4句指出：如果几个致癌基因(oncogene)被激活，细胞又无法抵御它们的侵害的话，细胞就会发生癌变。
　　[A]参阅文章第3段第2句。该项表达的内容与事实相反。
　　[C]文章第3段指出，致癌基因存在于健康细胞(normal cells)中。
　　[D]原文第3段第4句“unable to turn them off”只表达了一个假设，相比之下，[D]表达的是一个事实。
66. [C] “dormant”意为“潜伏的”，与第3段第2句中“inactive”一词是同义。
　　[A]“dead”的意思不对。
　　[B]“ever-present”意为“无时无处不在”也不对。
　　[D]“potential”意为“潜在的”，与同一句中“activate”(make... active)的意思不搭配。
全文翻译：
　　“我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因，”微生物学家罗伯特•温伯格，一位癌症专家如此说道，“但是，”他又告诫说，“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因，治疗方法很快就会跟上。其实不然，想想FaGuo细菌学家巴斯德，他发现了许多传染病的成因，但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”
　　今年，91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年存活率将升至75％。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说，5年期存活率高达90％，但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。
　　癌症现有种类多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究人员在70年代早期取得了很大进展，他们发现导致癌症的癌基因在正常细胞里是不活跃的。从宇宙射线、辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都可能激活一个处于静止状态下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不为人知。如果若干癌基因被激活，细胞无力排除也就演变成了癌细胞。
　　导致癌变的确切机制仍是个谜，但许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉•海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样：“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”
　　治癌前景尽管遥远，但已越来越明朗。
　　“首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制自己。其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因对至少部分麻烦总是负有责任。如果我们能弄清癌症的活动规律，我们就能采取相应的措施。”


1994 Passage 5

　　Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
　　The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
　　"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"
　　The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
　　Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?
　　[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
　　[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
　　[C] A person who has had no education.
　　[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
　　[A] The variety of ideas they have.
　　[B] The intelligence they possess.
　　[C] The way they deal with problems.
　　[D] The way they present their findings.
69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________.
　　[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity
　　[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things
　　[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch's point of view
　　[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented
70. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________.
　　[A] diligent in pursuing their goals
　　[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
　　[C] devoted to the progress of science
　　[D] concerned about the advance of society

重点词汇：
mold  霉菌。
penicillin  （青霉素）音译：盘尼西林。
antibacterial  （抗菌的；抗菌药）即anti+bacteria+(a)l，anti-前缀“抗”，bacteria细菌，-al后缀。
innovator  （创新者）即in+nov+at(e)+or，in-加强前缀，nov词根=new（元音字母替换，形近字母替换），-ate动词后缀，-or后缀表“人”，故“使事物更新的人”→创新者。同根词：novel（小说；新奇的）←nov+el后缀。
diligent  （勤奋的）即di+lig+ent，di-前缀“分离”，lig词根“选择”，-ent形容词后缀，联想：许多黑白两色的芝麻混杂在一起，能把它们“选择”“分离”出来的人，是非常“勤奋的”。同根词：intelligently（聪明地，明智地），见1996年Passage 1。
reluctant  （不愿的，勉强的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作“反复”，luct可看作词根lect“选择”，-ant形容词后缀，人们都不愿反反复复地作选择，所以“反复选择”→不愿的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们。
devote  （v.奉献，致力于）即de+vote，de拼音“得”，vote单词“选票”，那些希望“得选票”的人都声称自己将“献身于”某项事业。Only to devote oneself to the society can find the significance of the actually short and risky life.人生实际上是短暂而有风险的，只有献身于社会，才能找到其意义。
难句解析：
①Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.
▲本句的主干是Discoveries are thought by... to do sth. or as sth.。在句中by "untaught minds"后面有两个并列的用or连接起来的结构作为被认为的对象。
△要理解本句，就首先要知道"untaught minds"的是指那些“对科学实验的艰辛过程不了解的人”；而blinding flashes指“眩目的一瞬”，其实意思相当于汉语中的“灵光一闪”。
②Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.
▲本句的主干是Sir Alexander Fleming did not... look at and get the idea...。中间两个逗号隔开的部分是一个插入成分，并不影响阅读。
△要理解本句，就要对科学史有一定的了解，弗莱明爵士发明了青霉素penicillin；而there and then表示“当时当地”，用来强调人们传说的活灵活现。
③Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
▲本句的主干是由分号隔开的两个分句，后半句比较复杂，主语是the best players有两个并列的谓语miss和have their shot blocked，后面有一个比较结构。
△复习分号的用法，就知道后半句是补充说明前半句的。
④The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.
▲本句由两个并列句构成，前面的一个的表语比较复杂，里面还有两个定语从句，分别修饰表语从句的主语和表语。破折号后面的结构较简单。
△理解so it goes的意思是理解本句的重点，它表示“同样的道理，同理，……也一样”。注意在本句和上一句中作者都把发明创造比喻为踢足球，而把发明家比喻为足球运动员。
⑤"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there is no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.
▲本句是一个直接引语，在引语中主干是Creative thinking may mean simply the realization...，后面是一个同位语从句修饰the realization，而在从句从又有一个定语从句修饰状语the way。
△注意virtue表示“美德，道理”的意思，而the way前面可以被视为少了一个介词in。
⑥This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"
▲本句的主干非常简单，就是This accounts for our reaction。最后的引语是our reaction的同位语，而reaction后面介词to的宾语比较繁杂，核心词是simple innovations，后面有两个例子，还有一个定语从句来修饰核心词。
△在阅读中，一定要抓住本句的主干，其实看不懂plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels都不会对把握文章的整体意思产生什么影响，另外知道account for的意思也很重要。
试题解析：
67. [A] 根据原文第1段，“untaught minds”本文应该指那些不了解发明与革新的艰辛的人。
　　[B]、[D]则明显不对。
　　[C]“untaught”一词有“未受过教育的”这个意思，但从本文第1段来看，这里并非指未受过教育的人，不了解发明创造的艰辛的人未必没有受过教育。
68. [C] 这是文章主要要说明的问题。
　　文章第2段第2句指出：有创造力的人与他人的最大区别在于他们对待事物的方法不同，此句中“one”指“difference”。文章最后一段以结论的形式再次说明了这一主旨。
　　[A]意为：有创造力的人所拥有的各种各样的思想。如上文解释[C]项时所指出的，本文重点要说明的是：在对待事物的方法上，有创造力的人与常人不同，这与他们所持有的思想的多少没有关系。
　　[B]如上所分析，二者的主要区别不在于智力上的不同。
　　[D]意为：善于发明创造的人表述自己的发现的方式与人不同。这也是不对的。
69. [B] 作者引用Flesch的话当然是为了支持自己的观点：有创造力的人经常探索做事的新方法。
　　文章第3段Flesch指出：创造性思维往往只起源于一种认识：做事情的传统的方法未必是最好的。
　　[A]、[C]所表达的内容也许是正确的，但并不是文章引用Flesch的目的。
　　[D]Flesch的话所表达的思想与作者的看法是相吻合的，并没有添加新的思想。
　　像举例一样，引用其他人的观点（正面引述也好反面引述也好）都是为了说明文章的主旨或主题，否则，引述便显得没必要了，引用其他人的发现或数据也是如此。从这一点也可以看出把握文章的主旨、主题与思路对正确选择答案的重要性。
70. [B] 文章中“march to different drummer”是一个比喻。“drummer”意为“鼓手”，“to”意为“伴着”，整个词组的意思为：伴着一个不同的鼓手所敲出的节奏行进，即：不随波逐流，与其他人走的道路或所持的思路不同。这是对文章主旨的一个形象总结。
　　[A]强调的是毅力，而不是方法方面。
　　[C]、[D]强调的是责任心，而不是方法方面。
全文翻译：
　　科学技术上的发明创造被“不知内情者”看做灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性事件的结果。亚历山大•弗莱明爵士可不是像传说中的那样，看了一眼奶酪上的霉就立刻想到了青霉素的发明。他是对抗菌物质进行了长达9年的实验才有了这项发明的。发明及创新几乎都是艰苦的试验和失败的产物。创新就像踢足球，即使是最出色的球员也会痛失进球机会，其射门被挡出的机会大大多于进球的机会。
　　问题在于得分最多者正是那些射门次数最多的球员，而任何领域的创新活动都是如此。创新者与普通人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法不同。每一个人都有想法，但创新者会自觉地钻研他的想法，并不懈努力直到证明想法切实可行或不可行。普通人视为凭空想像的抽象概念在职业创新者眼里却具有坚实的可能性。
　　“创造性思维也许只不过意味着能够意识到按老办法办事没什么特别可取之处。”语言权威人士鲁道夫•弗莱契写到。这解释了我们看到像塑料垃圾袋和带轮箱包之类令生活更便利但看似简单的发明时的反应：“怎么过去就没有人想到这办法呢？”
　　创造性方法始于“一切不可貌相”的主张。创新者不会接受办事只有一种方法的论调。面对从A到B的挑战，普通人会自动踏上一条最为人熟悉、显然最简单的路径。创新者则会探寻另外不同的道路，而这样的道路将（guangxian注：may宜译为“可能”）会最终被证实更简单、也一定更有趣、更富挑战性，即使它们通向绝境。
　　极富创造性的人的确是伴着不同鼓手打出的鼓点前进的。（←原书此句漏译）

qingqing

1997 Passage 1

　　It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."
　　The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
　　Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.
51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.
　　[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
　　[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
　　[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
　　[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage
52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.
　　[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
　　[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
　　[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
　　[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.
　　[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
　　[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
　　[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering
　　[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days
54. The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.
　　[A] opposition
　　[B] suspicion
　　[C] approval
　　[D] indifference

重点词汇：
parliamentary （议会的，国会的）←parliament+ary。A parliament is nothing less than a big meeting of more or less idle people.议会无非是多少有些懒散的人们的一个大聚会。parliament — the longest running farce in the West End 议会——伦敦西区连续演出时间最长的闹剧。
incurably  （不可治地）即in+cur+ably，in-否定前缀，cur词根“治疗”，-ably可……地；形容词形式为incurable←in+cur+able。a incurably disease 不治之症。

bulletin （布告）可看作bullet+in，“留有弹痕的布告”，如图（偶用PS做的  ）：


turn back 逆转，往回走。I know. It's all wrong. By rights, we shouldn't even be here. But we are. It's like in the great stories, Mr. Frodo. The ones that really mattered. Full of darkness and danger they were. And sometimes you didn't want to know the end because how could the end be happy? How could the world go back to the way it was when so much bad had happened? But in the end, it's only a passing thing this shadow. Even darkness must pass. A new day will come. And when the sun shines, it will shine out the clearer. Those were the stories that stayed with you that meant something. Even if you were too small to understand why. But I think, Mr. Frodo, I do understand. I know now. Folk in those stories had lots of chances of turning back, only they didn't. They kept going because they were holding on to something....我知道。这不公平。我们根本就不该来。但是我们来了。这就像我们听过的精彩故事，佛罗多。描述伟大的事迹。充满了黑暗和危险。有时候你不想知道结局。因为怎么可能有快乐的结局？发生了这么多可怕的事。这世界怎么可能回到从前？但是最后，阴影终究会过去。就连黑暗也会消失。崭新的一天将会来临。太阳也会散发更明亮的光芒。这才是让人永生难忘的有意义的感人故事。就算你太年轻不明白为什么，但是我想我明白了，佛罗多。我现在明白了。故事的主角有很多机会放弃，但是他们并没有。他们决定勇往直前，因为他们抱着一种信念。……←guangxian：看电影时对这段话印象特别深刻，于是就抄下来了。
euthanasia  （安乐死）看作eu+than+asia，eu谐音“已有”，than比，asia亚洲，“安乐死在亚洲之外的地方已有了”。euthanasia — ①a way of putting old people out of their family's misery ②never having to tell your parents you're sorry 安乐死——①将老人从家庭的痛苦中解脱出来 ②绝对不必向父母道歉。
domino （多米诺骨牌）用谐音记。
diagnose  （v.诊断）←diag+nose，diag看作dog（元音替换），nose鼻子，“狗鼻子”→闻（联想中医之“望闻问切”）→诊断。
certificate （证书）即certif(y)+ic+ate，certify证明，-ic形容词后缀，-ate作名词后缀表“物”，于是“具证明性质的东西”→证书。I must discard riches, the certificate of slavery.我必须抛弃财富这张奴隶证书。
objection  （反对）即ob+ject+ion，ob-前缀“朝向”，ject词根“投掷”，-ion名词后缀，“向别人扔东西”→反对。同根词：reject→re(=back)+ject→扔回去→拒绝；inject→in+ject→向里扔→注入。All poets pretend to write for immortality, but he whole tribe have no objection to present pay and present praise.所有诗人都自称是为不巧的名声而写作，可这些家伙对眼前的稿酬与眼前的赞扬却全无异议。
sink in 被了解；cool off 使冷静。
难句解析：
①After six months of arguing and final 16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
▲句子的主体结构是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority...，其中，句首是表示时间的介词词组作状语：after six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates，后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die相当于定语从句which allows doctors to...，修饰legal authority，who引导定语从句who wish to die修饰前面的patients。
△理解句子的关键在于剔除庞杂的修饰成分，抓住句子的主干。
②Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.
▲第一句话中，有用逗号松散地连接的两个表示对比的句子：Some have breathed... others... bitterly attacked...，其中others之后是介词词组：including churches，right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association对others进行进一步的解释。its passage中的its指代前面提到的the bill。第二句使用了被动语态，与第一句是转折关系。
△tide本意是“潮水，潮汐”的意思，这里的引申含义是“趋势，趋向”；turn the tide使形式转变，改变局面。bill这里是“法案”的意思。另外要理解some和others的对比关系。
③In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.
▲这个句子的主体结构是... other states are going to consider...。句首的In Australia是介词词组表示地点状语，后面where引导定语从句where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part，进一步解释Australia的具体情况。
△注意破折号中说各种因素都发挥了作用，是指对其它州考虑制定关于安乐死的法律这件事而言的。另外注意consider的用法，consider后面一般接v.-ing的形式或that引导的宾语从句。
④After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met.
▲两个句子都是简单句。第一句中前面是介词词组作时间状语：After a "cooling off" period of seven days。第二句使用了被动语态。
△"cooling off"这里是指“给病人充足的考虑时间以做出冷静的决定”。meet这里是“满足”的意思，可以和demand，need，requirement等和wish类似的词连用。
试题解析：
51. [D] 意为：理解该法获批准的意义尚需要时间。
　　第二段第一句是该段的主题句，该句意为：其（即这一立法的）整体含义(import)可能需要一段时间才为人彻底理解(sink in)。其实，该段的第二句是对第一句更具体的阐释，该句可译为：北部地方州（此处NT是Northern Territory的缩略形式，指澳大利亚中北部地区）晚期病人权利法的批准使医生和普通人都在思索其道义与实践方面的含义。本段下文提到了支持和反对该法的两种观点。
　　A意为：在（除澳大利亚以外的）其他国家，对安乐死的反对意见缓慢而至。这一点该段没有提到。实际上，听到该法批准后，远在美国和加拿大的人也很快作出了反应。
　　B意为：在安乐死这一问题上，医生和普通人观点相同。正像该段第三句所指出的，对于该法的批准，意见分歧很大。有些人松了口气，而有些人——包括教堂、保卫生命权益组织与澳大利亚医学会——对该法进行激烈的抨击，认为它的批准过于仓促。
　　C意为：技术（条件）的变化应对该法的仓促批准负主要责任。该段第五句意为：在澳大利亚，其他州也将考虑通过制定同样的一项法律来解决安乐死问题，而促成这一形势的是澳大利亚老化的人口、生命延续技术、正在变化的社会态度等因素。可见，这与C所表达的内容不一样。
52. [B] 意为：美国、加拿大及其他国家也可能批准类似法律。
　　第二段最后一句指出，在美国和加拿大“死之权利”运动正在集结力量，观望者正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倾倒。多米诺骨牌是一种西洋骨牌游戏；游戏中将许多长方形的骨牌竖立排列成行，碰倒第一张时，其余骨牌将依次纷纷倒下。用于比喻时，这种游戏指一系列的连锁反应，即：牵一发而动全身。这里喻指：澳大利亚的形势会波及北美等国家，引起类似的做法。
　　A意为：观察者对安乐死的未来持观望态度。根据对B的分析，观察者等待的是是否美、加等国会在对安乐死的态度方面步澳之后尘，通过类似立法，而并非是指他们对安乐死态度暖昧、莫衷一是。
　　C意为：观察者正等待看多米诺游戏的结果。这种解释未免太拘泥于字面的意思。
　　D意为：所批准的法案的影响也许会最终停止。与原文不符。
53. [A] 意为：死时表现出安乐死的平静特征。
　　这实际上是说他将采用安乐死的方式离开人世。第三段提到，住在达尔文市（位于北部地方州）的尼克森患肺癌，对他来说，允许安乐死的法案的批准意味着他可以心情平静地生活，而无需惧怕将要遭受的死亡的折磨：由死时所产生的呼吸困难所带来的痛苦折磨。他说：从思想认识上讲，我并不怕死，但是，我怕的是如何死去，因为我曾亲眼目睹过医院的病人死时由缺氧而挣扎并抓挠氧气罩的情景。从以上的分析可以看出，尼克森先生知道自己已患绝症并依法为自己选择安乐死的方式告别人世。
　　B意为：经历肺癌病人所要遭受的痛苦。不对，相反，尼克森将会平静死去。
　　C意为：对痛苦的折磨极度恐惧。
　　D意为：将经历7天的平静阶段。第三段指出，根据北部地区新通过的法律，要求安乐死的病人必须具备以下条件：1)该病人必须由两名医生诊断为晚期病人；2)平静考虑7天后，病人签署一个申请证书；3)48小时后再给病人实行安乐死。可见，这里所说的“平静”7天是让病人（及其家庭）平静、认真地考虑一下是否选择采用安乐死这一形式。
54. [C] 意为；赞同。
　　这是一篇新闻体文章，在新闻体文章中，写作者往往通过引用相关者的观点来结束讨论，并将自己的态度通过引用间接地表述出来。本文以尼克森的话结束了对安乐死的讨论，而尼克森是安乐死的支持者。另外，文章的大部分文字陈述了对安乐死法案的褒扬态度，而反对态度却一带而过。从这两方面来看，作者对安乐死持赞同态度。
　　A意为：反对。
　　B意为：怀疑。
　　D意为：不关心。
全文翻译：
　　凌晨3:45进行了最终表决。经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区（澳北州）成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。这一法案是以令人信服的15票对10票通过。几乎同时，该消息就出现在互联网上。身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰•霍夫塞斯在收到该消息后便通过协会的在线服务“死亡之网”发了公告。他说：“我们整天都在发布公告，因为这件事的意义不在于它是在澳大利亚发生的事情，而是因为这是世界历史的一件大事。”
　　要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题。一些人如释重负，另一些人，包括教会，生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。但这一潮流已无法逆转。在澳大利亚，人口老龄化，延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生的效应。
　　根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案，成年病人可以要求安乐死——可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片——来结束痛苦。但此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓，然后再经过7天的冷静思考期，方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后，才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德•尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。“从思想上说，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎样死，因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎，用手抓他们的面罩时的情景。”他说。


1997 Passage 2

　　A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
　　For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
　　The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
　　Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
　　As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.
　　[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
　　[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
　　[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
　　[D] most Americans are ready to offer help
56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
　　[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
　　[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
　　[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
　　[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.
　　[A] to improve their hard life
　　[B] in view of their long-distance travel
　　[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life
　　[D] out of a charitable impulse
58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.
　　[A] tends to be superficial and artificial
　　[B] is generally well kept up in the United States
　　[C] is always understood properly
　　[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails

重点词汇：
courteous （有礼貌的）即court+eous，court看作单词“宫廷”，-eous形容词后缀，“宫廷的”→有礼貌的。
observation  （观察；pl.观察后的言论）←observe观察+ation。God creates by intuition; man creates by inspiration, strengthened by observation.上帝凭着直觉创造，人类凭着由观察加强的灵感创造。
deserve  （v.应受，值得）与desert一起记，“沙漠是应该受到重视的”。It is better to deserve honors and not to have them than to have them and not deserve them.理应拥有荣誉而不拥有它们胜过拥有荣誉而不应拥有它们。None is of freedom or of life deserving unless he daily conquers it anew.只有每天再度战胜生活并夺取自由的人，才配享受生活或自由。
charitable  （仁慈的）即charit(y)+able，charity仁慈，-able形容词后缀。A bone to the dog is not charity. Charity is the bone shared with the dog, when you are just as hungry as the dog.给狗一根骨头算不上仁慈，仁慈是在你跟狗一样饥饿时与狗分享的骨头。charity — ①giving someone the washing machine it wasn't worth having mended ②the only thing that can persuade us to get rid of old clothes and shoes 慈善——①将已经不值得修理的洗衣机送给别人 ②唯一能够说服我们清除破旧衣鞋的理由。
assumption  （假定；承担；呈现）是assume的名词形式；参consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。
interrelationship （相互关系）即inter+relation+ship，inter-相互，relation关系，-ship抽象名词后缀。
encounter  （v.n.遭遇）即en+counter，en-使，counter对面，“使面对面”→遭遇。If we encountered a man of rare intellect, we should ask him what books he read.若遇到才智非凡的人，就应该问他读的是哪些书。
individual  （个别的；个体）即in+divid+ual，in-否定前缀，divid词根“分”，-ual后缀，“不可再分的”→个别的。同根词：divide（v.分配；除）；subdivide→sub在下+divide→“在下面分”→再分。The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.归根结底，国家的价值就是组成它的个人的价值。In science, the total absorption of the individual event in the generalization is the goal; on the other hand, the humanities are concerned rather with providing for the special meaning of the individual event within an appropriate general system.自然科学以在归纳中全部吸收个别情况为目标，人文科学则更关心在适当的一般性体系之内提供个别情况的特殊意义。individual — a multitude of one million divided by one million 个人——一百万除一百万所得的人数。
exclusively  （专有地；排外地）是exclude（v.除外）的副词形式。Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently.对于独立思考的人，自由永远是也只能是自由。
entertain  （v.招待；使快乐）即enter+tain，enter-(=inter)，tain词根“容纳”，于是“使容纳进来”→招待→使快乐；名词形式为entertainment←entertain+ment。同根词：contain→con+tain→“一起容纳”→容纳。Some women seem to be able to entertain everybody but their husband.有些女人似乎能够使任何人愉快，自己的丈夫除外。There are days when any electrical appliance in the house, including the vacuum cleaner, seems to offer more entertainment than the TV set.有时候房间里的任何电器，包括吸尘器，似乎都能比电视机提供更多的娱乐。
难句解析：
①There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
▲第一个句子使用了there be句型，其中of course是插入语。第二句是主语+系动词+表语结构。第三句话中使用了so... that结构：其中made so frequently是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的observation。
△第一句中的of course作插入语，用逗号与句子的其它部分分开，在开始阅读的时候可以不看。注意第二句话中使用了双重否定表示肯定：hardly unknown等于pretty well-known。另外注意so... that结构的用法：太……以至于。另外observation这里的意思是“因观察而得出的意见”。另外it deserves comment中的it指代前面的observation。
②Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
▲句子的主干结构是Strangers and travelers were... and brought...。
△注意diversion在这里的含义是“解闷，取乐的事情，消遣，娱乐”，而不是“转移，转向”的意思。
③Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
▲这是一个简单句。traveling alone是现在分词作定语修饰前面的someone，if hungry, injured, or ill...实际上是简略的if引导的状语从句，相当于if (he is) hungry, injured, or ill，这里作插入成分。另外have sth.+动词不定式，这一结构中的动词不定式通常是相当于定语部分，修饰前面的sth.，这里就是：没有可以投靠（to turn to/动词不定式）的地方（nowhere/sth.）。
△注意turn to这里的引申含义是“投靠，求助于，求教于”的意思。
④It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.
▲句子的主干结构是It was not a matter of choice... or merely a charitable impulse...，是主语+系动词+表语的结构。表语由并列的两部分组成，由or来连接。
△on the part of相当于前面的for，意思是“在……方面，对……而言”。
⑤The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
▲这个句子的主干结构是The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B, but as C，使用了被动语态。其中neither... nor...结构后用的是同样词性的成分：形容词superficial和artificial。
△注意neither... nor... but结构的使用：既不是……也不是……而是……，重点在but之后。as the/a result of：作为……的结果，由于……而……。
⑥As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
▲句子的主干结构是... cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies... interrelationships。
△注意as在这里是一个代词，表示“这一情况，这一事实”。可以参考以下的例句来理解as的用法：The night had turned cold, as is usual around here.夜晚变得很冷，在这一带经常如此。
试题解析：
55. [D] 意为：大部分美国人乐于助人。
　　文章第一句指出，去过美国的人所带回的印象总是(consistently)：大多数美国人表现为友好、礼貌、乐于助人。本文从历史及文化的角度探讨了产生这一现象的原因。
　　A意为：粗鲁的出租车司机在美国罕见。
　　B意为：心胸狭窄的官员值得严肃的一提（或：应受严肃的批评）。
　　C意为：加拿大人不如其邻国（当主要指美国）人民友好。
　　注意：[A]、[B]、[C]表达的观点都不是第一段中所提到的访美者的观点，第一段的第二、三、四句表达的是本文作者的观点。在作者看来，公平地讲，许多到过加拿大的人对加拿大人也有同感，因此可以说：这是一种北美现象——北美人大都友好、礼貌、乐于助人。同时，在他看来，这种情况也有例外：心胸狭隘的官员、粗鲁的侍者、无礼的出租车司机也不乏其人，但总的来看这并不构成主流。
56. [A] 意为：文化影响社会关系。
　　最后一段的第一句是全段的主题，该句可译为：像其他发达国家一样，在美国，人际关系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。换言之，美国的文化决定了美国人的行为。
　　B意为：礼貌的习惯与个人兴趣互相影响。最后一段第五句可译为：仅靠在公共汽车上瞬时相遇来区别礼貌是出自于文化习惯还是个人的兴趣是不够的。根据本段的主旨和全文的主旨，这句话应该理解为：判断一个人表现出的礼貌行为究竟仅产生于其个人素质还是产生于文化的熏陶，仅看其个别的、偶然的行为是不行的。换言之，如果他随时随地表现为礼让，或者，如果生活在某一区域或国家的人都表现为礼让，那末，你才能判定礼貌行为不是一种个人现象，而是一种社会文化现象。
　　C意为：各种美德仅表现在朋友关系中。这一点文章最后一段没提到。最后一段所举的“朋友”一词的例子旨在说明：在不同文化中，“相同”的概念未必有同一内涵或外延。
　　D意为：社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗。根据该段第一句，二者是决定与被决定关系，并非等同关系。见上文分析。
57. [C] 意为；为自己的日常生活增添情趣。
　　第二段指出，在美国历史的很长一段时期（即所谓“拓荒”时代），对许多地区来说，一个旅行者的到来是很受欢迎的，因为它可以对平时单调的生活起一个调节(break)作用。离群索居的家庭共同的问题是日常生活的单调与寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到来可以使他们暂时摆脱这种生活状况，另外．他们也可以因此获得外界信息。
　　A意为：改善艰苦的生活。根据上文分析可见，陌生人受欢迎的原因主要是因为他们所带来的精神效应，而非物质生活效应。第三段提到，拓荒地区(frontier)的残酷现实也是形成美国人礼貌传统的原因。一个孤独的旅游者有问题自然求助于路边最近的居住点，这对旅游者来说不是一个选择问题（即：他别无选择），对就近的定居者来说，提供必要的帮助也不仅仅是出于怜悯(charitable impulse)。这反映的是日常生活的严酷现实：如果定居者不接收并帮助他，就没有别人了，另外，有一天定居者本人也可能处于同一境地。
　　B意为：考虑到他们所做的长途跋涉。
　　D意为：出于怜悯。见上文分析。
58. [B] 意为：在美国得以广泛的保持。
　　第二、三段探索了形成美国人友善好客传统的原因之后，第四段指出，虽然现在有许多专门的机构帮助旅行者，但是，友善好客的旧传统在美国仍根探蒂固，这突出表现在远离旅游热线的一些小城市中。本段最后一句指出，许多美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看作是一种历史文化现象。另外，文章最后一段指出，友善好客是倍受美国人珍视的美德，他们同样希望邻国人和其他外国人也表现出这一美德。
　　A意为：经常是表面上的、虚假的。见上文分析。
　　C意为：总是能被正确理解。相反，第四段指出，许多外国人对美国人的一些友好表示感到不可思议(amazing)，这反映了他们对美国历史文化传统的不理解。参阅第四段第三、四、五句。
　　D意为：与一些旅游热线有关。不对，见上文分析。
全文翻译：
　　去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说，人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论，因而，应当认为这是北美普遍的现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如意的地方，但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。
　　过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎。无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，他们带来了娱乐消遣，还带来了外面世界的消息。
　　开拓者的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。
　　如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。”来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍，但并非总能得到正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。
　　同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的“朋友”一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如此。


1997 Passage 3

　　Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
　　We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
　　Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifestation") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
59. "Substances abuse" (line 4, paragraph 1) is preferable to "drug abuse" in that ________.
　　[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
　　[B] "drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drugtakers
　　[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
　　[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
60. The word "pervasive" (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean ________.
　　[A] widespread
　　[B] overwhelming
　　[C] piercing
　　[D] fashionable
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
　　[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
　　[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
　　[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
　　[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.
　　[A] stimulants function positively on the mind
　　[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
　　[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
　　[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups

重点词汇：
substance  （物质；实质；财产）←sub在下面+st(=stand)+ance名词后缀；参substantial，2003年Text 3。Man can survive only when he has the substance; man can live only when he has ideal.人有了物质才能生存，有了理想才能生活。
addict  （使成瘾；成瘾者）即ad+dict，ad-加强前缀，dict词根“说”（参contradictory，2001年Passage 3），“欲罢不能地说某事”→成瘾。名词形式为addiction  （成瘾）←ad+dict+ion。Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism.任何形式的瘾都是不好的，无论上瘾的是酒精、吗啡还是唯心主义。
psychologist  （心理学家）←psycholog(y)+ist，psychology心理学（见2001年Passage 1），-ist后缀表“人”。psychologist — a man who, when a beautiful girl walks into room, watches other men's reactions 心理学家——当一个漂亮女孩走进房间时，那个观察其他人反应的人。
cocaine  （可卡因）即coca+ine，coca古柯（一种药用植物），-ine医药化学名词后缀“生物碱”，故cocaine也译作“古柯碱”。另一种植物cocoa（可可）与coca音形近似，勿混。cocaine — God's way of saying you're making too much money 可卡因——上帝的一种说法，意思是“你赚的钱太多了”。
pervasive  （普遍的）是pervade（v.遍及）的形容词形式，pervade即per+vade，per-(=through)，vade词根“走”（约等于wade，因v与w形近可替换），“到处都走遍的”→遍及的。同根词：invade→in+vade→“未经允许走进来”→入侵；形容词形式为invasive（侵略的）。
sociable  （社交的）←soci社会+able形容词后缀。
negative  （否定的，消极的）←neg否定前缀+ative形容词后缀；参neglect（忽略），1999年Passage 5。Eternity is a negative idea clothed with a positive name.永恒是一个冠以肯定名称的否定概念。
poisoning  （n.中毒；毒害）←poison+ing，poison（v.n.毒害n.毒药），-ing后缀；poisonous  （有毒的）←poison+ous形容词后缀。Suspicion is the poison of friendship.怀疑是毒害友谊的毒药。When your soul experiences thirst, it needs water to quench it, no matter the water is poisonous or not.心灵感到干渴时需要水来止渴，无论这水是否有毒。What's your poison?想喝点什么酒？←此为固定用法。
distortion  （扭曲；曲解）即dis+tort+ion，dis-“分离”，tort词根“扭曲”，-ion名词后缀，“使扭曲以离开原来状态”→曲解；动词为distort←dis+tort。同根词：torture（v.n.拷问；折磨）←tort+ure后缀，“使身体扭曲的一种行为”。Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as you please.首先要掌握事实，然后你可以随意歪曲它们。
tolerance  （宽容）←toler+ance；参tolerant（宽容的），2000年Passage 4。The only tolerance in the world, the only tolerance that earns the name, is that toward intolerance.世间唯一的宽容，唯一名副其实的宽容，是对不宽容的宽容。tolerance — ①something wonderful that enables the rich to declare that there is no disgrace in being poor ②the ability to love people when they don't deserve it ③the positive and cordial effort to understand another's beliefs, practices, and habits without sharing or accepting them ④another name of indifference 宽容——①使富人可以宣称贫穷并不是耻辱的一种很奇妙的东西 ②爱那些不值得爱的人的本领 ③积极、真诚地理解别人的信仰、行为和习惯，虽然并不同意或接受它们 ④冷漠的另一个名称。
symptom  （症状）可看作sym+ptom，sym-共同，ptom谐音“怕疼”，共同(sym)的症状(symptom)是怕疼(ptom)。The first symptom of true love in a man is timidity, in a girl it is boldness.真正的爱情的首要征候，在男子是胆怯，在女子是大胆。
psychoactive  （药物等对心理起作用的）即psycho+active，psycho词根“心理”（参psychology，2001年Passage 1），active“起作用的”。
stimulant  （刺激物；兴奋剂）←stimul刺激+ant物；源自stimulate（刺激；激励）←stimul+ate动词后缀。I lived in solitude in the country and noticed how the monotony of a quiet life stimulates the creative mind.我独居乡间，注意到平静生活的单调是如何地激发着创造力。
depressant （抑制剂；镇静剂）←depress+ant物。参depression，2003年Text 4。Some actors think they are elevating the stage when they're merely depressing the audience.当一些演员不过是在败坏观众情绪的时候，他们还以为自己在提高着戏剧艺术。
hallucinogen  （致幻剂）看作hallucin+o+gen，hallucin谐音“喝露性”，-o-连接字母，-gen后缀“致……之物”（参hydroelectric，1998年Passage 1），“喝下去会使人露出本性的东西”；hallucination  （幻觉）←hallucin+ation。
psychedelic  （致幻的；致幻剂）看作psyche+del+ic，psyche=psycho精神（e与o都可视为连接字母），del即DOC命令“删除”，-ic后缀，“能把精神删除的”→致幻的→致幻剂。
难句解析：
①The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
▲句子的主干是句子的前半部分The phrase "substance abuse" is often used... to make clear...，to make clear that...是动词不定式作状语，表示目的。that后面接的是宾语从句作动词make clear的宾语。
△注意make+sht.+adj.：make sth. clear，这里因为sth.是一个that引导的从句，所以放在了形容词clear的后面。另外注意as... as的用法。
②We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
▲句子的主干就是We live in a society...，后面which引导定语从句in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive，修饰society。冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组，用来举例说明前面提出的观点，开始可以略去不看。
△注意冒号后面列举的前三个名词词组中的动词不定式都相当于定语成分，修饰前面的中心名词，表示其功效。
③Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
▲句子的主干结构是Dependence is marked first by..., and then by...，其逗号隔开的成分是with+n.+过去分词：with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect作状语，用来进一步解释药物依赖的第一种表现。when the substance is discontinued是表示时间的状语从句。
△注意and连接两个by开始的介词词组是并列关系，这样就能抓住句子的主干了。另外注意名词在这里的特殊意义：dependence指“对药物的依赖”，withdrawal的意思是“停止用药”。
④Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.
▲这是一个简单句。句子的主干部分是Psychoactive substances are... grouped according to...，使用了被动语态。其中whether引导宾语从句whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens作介词according to的宾语。
△group这里用作动词，是“分类”的意思。
试题解析：
59. [D] 意为：除海洛因或可卡因外，许多其他物质也是有害的。
　　第一段最后一句指出，许多医生(physician)和心理学家常使用“物质滥用”而不是“药物滥用“这一概念，他们想以此说明：滥用像烟酒这样的物质与滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。
　　A意为：如果非法使用，物质可能改变我们身体或大脑的功能。第一段第一句对“药物”这一概念下了一个定义：从专业角度来讲，除食品以外，任何改变我们的身体或大脑功能的物质都是“药物”。但是，正如第二句所指出的，许多人错误地认为“药物”这一概念仅指某种医药或嗜毒者用的非法化学药品。
　　B意为：“药物滥用”仅限指一少部分人的吸毒行为。
　　C意为：烟酒同海洛因和可卡因一样致命。这里，fatal（致命的）一词太夸张了，与原文中所说的“有害”(harmfully)相去甚远。
60. [A] 该词意为：普通的，广泛的。
　　事实上，由第二段第一句的冒号后部分所表达的内容，我们可以推断出该词的意思。该句可译为：在我们生活的社会里，医用或社交用物质（药物）广泛存在，如：用阿斯匹林制止头痛，用酒交际，早晨用咖啡振作一下精神，抽支烟定定神（或：松弛一下）。
　　B意为：压倒一切的，占主流的。
　　C意为：尖锐的，尖的。
　　D意为：时髦的，流行的。
61. [A] 意为：长时间无节制地嗜用它们。
　　根据第二段第四、五句，频繁使用(repeated use)某种物质（药物）会使身体对之上瘾或形成依赖。依赖起先表现为耐药量(tolerance)的增加：要达到满足，需要的剂量越来越多；停止服用后，一些不舒服的反应就会出现。可见，用药量和用药时间是造成药物依赖的两个重要因素。
　　B意为：仅将它们用于社交目的。文章第二段第一句确实提到了像酒这样的“物质”可以用于社交目的，但这不等于说只有用于社交目的的“物质”才可以使人上瘾。
　　C意为：将它们大量地用来治病。量大仅是可能产生药物依赖的原因之一，而频繁使用也是形成药物依赖的重要条件。
　　D意为：粗心使用它们而产生不良症状。
62. [B] 意为：幻觉剂本身就危害健康。
　　根据第三段第四、五句，幻觉剂主要影响人的感知觉，以各种方式（包括产生幻觉）将它扭曲、改变。它们被称作“引起幻觉的药物”，因为它们似乎从根本上改变了人的意识状态。
　　A意为：兴奋剂对心智有积极影响。第三段前三句指出，影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物属于对神经起显著作用的(psychoactive)物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、抑制剂或幻觉剂。兴奋剂具有开始加快或激活中枢神经的作用，而抑制剂则具有减缓作用。但是，无论是哪种作用，其影响都是有害的。参阅第一段最后一句。
　　C意为：抑制剂是对神经起显著作用的物质中最坏的一种。第三段提到了三钟影响人的意识与行为的物质（见上文），但并未指出哪种效果最坏。
　　D意为：三种对神经起显著作用的物质经常被一起使用。这一点第三段也未提到。
全文翻译：
　　从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。很多人错误地认为“药物”这个词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。这也是现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词的原因。他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。
　　我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用都很广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢？首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的感知错乱。反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。
　　影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物（物质）属于对神经起显著作用的物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”（psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”），因为它们似乎能改变人的意识状态。


1997 Passage 4

　　No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?" At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
　　At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.
　　The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. "The test of any democratic society," he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats."
　　Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting. Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the "balanced struggle" between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
　　The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. "Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited," says Luce. "I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this."
63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.
　　[A] its raising of the corporate stock price
　　[B] its self-examination of soul
　　[C] its neglect of social responsibility
　　[D] its emphasis on creative freedom
64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
　　[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.
　　[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.
　　[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.
　　[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.
65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.
　　[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression
　　[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy
　　[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection
　　[D] received more support from the 15-member board
66. The best title for this passage could be ________.
　　[A] A Company under Fire
　　[B] A Debate on Moral Decline
　　[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture
　　[D] A Form of Creative Freedom

重点词汇：
corrupt  （腐败的v.贿赂）即cor+rupt，cor-一起，rupt词根“打破”，“全部被糖衣炮弹打破了”。同根词：bankrupt→bank银行+rupt→破产的；interrupt→inter+rupt→打断。Heaven is above all yet: there sits a judge that no king can corrupt.苍天高于所有的人：那里坐着一位法官，任何国王都无法贿赂。
responsibility （责任；职责）是responsible（见2001年Passage 2）的名词形式。A democracy in which everybody had an equal responsibility in everything would be oppressive for the conscientious and licentious for the rest.所有的人对所有的事都负有同等义务的民主，对勤恳负责的人是重负，对其余的人是放纵。responsibility — the price every man must pay for freedom 责任——每个人都必须为自由而付出的代价。
property  （财产；性质）←proper固有的+ty名词后缀；参proper，1998年Passage 1。Property has its duties as well as its rights.财产既有权力也有义务。Regrets are the natural property of grey hairs.懊悔是老年人的天性。
impatiently  （不耐烦地）即im+patient+ly，im-否定前缀，patient耐心的，-ly副词后缀；去ly即为形容词impatient。The ear tends to be lazy, craves the familiar and is shocked by the unexpected; the eye, on the other hand, tends to be impatient, craves the novel and is bored by repetition.耳朵往往偷懒，渴望熟悉的东西，为意料之外的事情而震惊；眼睛则偏于急躁，渴望新奇的东西，由于重复而生厌。
latitude  （纬度；言行的自由度）即lati+tude，lati-(=lateral)，-tude名词后缀。Nothing makes the earth seem so spacious as to have friends at a distance; they make latitudes and longitudes.没有什么比得上有朋在远方更使地球显得如此巨大，他们构成了纬度和经度。
irritate （v.激怒），名词形式为irritation，与irrigation（1998年Passage 1）一字母之差。An epigram is a half-truth so stated as to irritate the person who believes the other half.警句是一半的真理，只讲一半以便激怒相信另一半的人。
compromise （v.n.妥协；折中）即com+promise，com-一起，promise答应，“对别人的要求全部答应”→妥协；“对各方的要求一起答应”→折中。There is no place for compromise in war.战争中没有妥协的余地。All life is essentially the contributions that come form compromise.整个人生基本上是妥协的结果。compromise — ①the art of dividing a cake so that everybody believes he or she got the biggest piece ②simply changing the question to fit the answer ③the most honest way to dissatisfy both parties 折中——①一种分蛋糕的艺术，使每个人都相信自己得到了最大的一块 ②简单地改变一下问题，使之适合于答案 ③使双方都不满意的最可靠办法。
难句解析：
①"Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?"
▲这是一个有直接引语的复杂句。首先抓住核心句Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week，其前后是直接引语。这个直接引语的前半部分是一个一般疑问句，后面由两个转折关系的句子构成，由连词but连接。第一个分句是一个简单句，but后面的句子是一个一般疑问句。由情态动词must引导，包括由and这个连词连接的两个并列部分，corrupt our nation和threaten our children as well。在后面threaten out children as well这部分的主语you被省略了。
△关键要理解but后面的一般疑问句，这里并不是表示疑问，而是反问、诘问的意思。当并列复合句的第二个子句的主语与第一个子句的主语相同时，第二个子句的主语可以省略。as well这里是“in addition，also，too，也”的意思，经常用于句尾。
②It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
▲这是一个有定语从句的复杂句。阅读时首先注意主干为It is a self-examination...，that后面引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰self-examination，定语从句的宾语是一个of词组，其核心是issues，在介词of后面是三个并列的短语，都是用来修饰和限定issues的。这三个短语因为是并列的关系，所以只在最后一个短语前面使用并列连词and。at various times是插入语，将动词的两部分分开了。
△这句话的核心在于self-examination，后面的部分都是用于修饰这个词，要正确理解其意思是“自我反省，自我检讨”。而corporate bottom line所指的是一个公司所能做出的事情或者所能容忍的新闻工作者自由发挥的最大限度。
③The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression.
▲第一个句子是一个简单句。flap over rap是句子的主语，is making是谓语，使用了结构：make+n.+adj.。第二个句子也是一个简单句。
△第一句中的重点是掌握to make life easier这个表述方法，其它部分都是辅助这个短语的。另外，对于flap一词的理解也至关重要，在这里它的意思是“焦虑，兴奋状态”的意思。第二句中的主干是defend somebody on the grounds of something（为某种理由或手段为某人辩护）。expression这里的意思是the quality of singing or playing a musical instrument with feeling，即“表达方式、腔调”，尤指“雄辩的语调，富有表情的唱腔”。注意consistently是“一贯地，一向地”的意思，不要与constantly混淆。
④"The test of any democratic society," he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..."
▲这里直接引语被分成两部分，一部分在主句前，另一部分放在主句之后。在这个例子里面，直接引语是主句的宾语。直接引语的主干是The test... lies not in... but in..., however...，这是一个用副词however连接的并列复合句。
△阅读时可以先不看直接引语，可以在分别搞清楚主句和作为宾语从句的直接引语的意思后再把主句和直接引语放在一起理解，这样就比较容易了。另一方面，要理解however引导的句子的意思，在这里可以把其理解为“不管，不论”，在这种用法中，however一般后面接形容词。
⑤During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.
▲句子的主干是Levin asserted that... that even cited...。During... stockholder's meeting这一部分是表示时间的状语从句。music is not the cause of society's ills是直接引语，作为动词asserted的宾语。his son是动词cited的宾语，后面的a teacher in the Bronx, New York是宾语his son的同位语，最后面的who uses rap to communicate with students是修饰his son的定语从句。
△这个句子比较长，但是只要抓住... Levin asserted that... and even cited...这样的句子主干，就能明晰Levin的主要观点，其它部分的理解也就水到渠成了。
⑥"I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this."
▲I think...是这句话的主干，后面的部分是这句话的宾语从句。在宾语从句当中that引导一个同位语从句，说明case的具体情况是some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this。associated with相当于简略的定语从句，修饰前面的people。
△重点是要理解that引导的是同位语从句，后面的部分说明case的具体情况。名词fact，dream，idea，notion，proposal和news等等都常常被同位语从句所修饰。
试题解析：
63. [C] 意为：它对社会责任的忽视。
　　第一段指出，没有哪个公司喜欢别人说它导致了全国道德败坏，多尔参议员所指责时代华纳公司的正是这一点。他说：难道这就是你们的经营目标吗，你们出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们也想毁了国家、危及我们的孩子吗？另从第三、四段来看，这里多尔所指责的正是该公司用它的音乐作品带来的社会影响，多尔认为这些音乐作品对社会和青少年有不良影响。
　　A意为：它将公司股价提高。从多尔所说的话来看，他关心的不是该公司的经济状况。
　　B意为：它对灵魂的自我检验。第一段第三句指出，对时代沃纳公司来说，多尔所质疑的问题只不过是公司自创立以来一直所进行的自我反省的最新表述，在公司发展的不同阶段，这一自我反省涉及（社会）责任、创作自由、公司利润(bottom line)。换言之，在公司的发展过程中，社会责任、创作自由、公司能否赚钱这三者之间的矛盾一直困扰着公司。根据公司董事长列文的话（见第三段），公司把创作自由放在了发展的首位。这造成了它对作品的社会影响的忽视，所以，后来列文改变态度以后，承认应该在创作自由和社会责任上寻找一个平衡点（见第四段）。可见，多尔参议员所指责的正是公司的所作所为带来的不良社会影响，这样他就击中了要害。
　　D意为：它对创作自由的强调。见上文分析。
64. [D] 回答这一问题主要涉及对第二段第一句中late的理解。
　　除其他意思外，该词有“前”，“已故的”等意思。一般来讲，该词加在人名或称呼前时译作“已故的”、如：the late Mr. Green已故格林先生，her late husband她的前夫（已故），若加在头衔前，则要据情况而译，如：the late president前总统（也可能已故，也可能仅指刚刚卸职）。第二段第一句可译为：处于争议中心的是董事长杰拉德•列文，他在1992年前董事长史蒂夫•罗斯去世后继任，今年56岁。
　　A意为：路斯是时代沃纳公司的发言人。在最后一段第二句，路斯仅被称作insider（内部人士，知情人士），他说：我们有些人多年来一直知道（宪法）第一修正案中所规定的自由并非是无限制的自由，我想可能公司的某些人最近才意识到这一点。他的话说明了公司领导内部对处理创作自由和社会影响这一对矛盾上的不同看法、也暗含着对公司一贯政策（过于强调创作自由）的批评。可见，他并非公司指派的发言人，而仅代表自己。
　　B意为：列文倾向于妥协。根据第三段中列文所说的话，他是一个持强硬立场的人。他说：检验任何民主社会的标准不是看它如何严厉地控制（思想的）表达，而是看它是否给人以最大限度的思想和表达思想的自由。我们不会屈服于任何威胁。但是，在这次的争议中，虽然列文也在为公司发行的音乐作品争辩，但他也做出了某些程度的让步（参阅第四段第一句）。由此可见，列文并非是个易于妥协的人。
　　C意为：在这场争议中．时代沃纳公司团结一致。不对，例如上文所提到的路斯的观点。
65. [B] 意为：态度有所缓和，采取了某种新政策。
　　第四段指出，列文对上周的争议拒绝评价，但有迹象表明他正在放弃自己的强硬立场——至少在某种程度上可以这样说。在上月讨论摇滚乐歌词的董事会上，列文强调音乐并不引起社会丑恶现象，他甚至举了他儿子的例子。但是，他同时也谈到了创作自由与社会责任保持平衡的问题，他表示，公司将为音乐的发行和标识（labeling指：标识作品或产品的应用对象，如：是否适应于青少年使用等）制定标准。可见，列文在做出妥协姿态的同时，也采取了实际的行动。
　　A意为：坚持强硬立场保护思想表达自由。
　　C意为：改变其态度并向反对派屈服。与B表达的内容相比，C表达的内容语气太强。因为，正如第四段第一句所说的，列文仅做出了某种程度的让步(to some extent)。
　　D意为：获得了董事会15位成员更多的支持。虽然董事会一直支持列文及其公司经营战略，但在这次的争议中，意见出现了分歧。参阅第64题题解。
66. [A] 意为：遭到责难的公司。
　　从以上的分析可以看出，本文主要是评述了时代华纳公司因发行新音乐专辑而受到的责难及其反应。
　　B意为：一场关于道德败坏的争论。这个题目太宽泛。更何况，时代华纳公司所被指责的主要是它对社会责任的忽视，而并非它所发行的作品所带来的实际社会影响。
　　C意为：街头文化的合法表达（途径）。
　　D意为：一种表现创作自由的形式。
全文翻译：
　　没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏。参议员罗伯特•多尔上星期质问时代华纳公司高级人员时说：“难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子不成？”不过，对于成立于1990年的时代华纳公司而言，这样的质问仅仅只是公司自我反思的最新表白，是在不同时期涉及责任、创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省。
　　于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫•罗斯的56岁的现任董事长杰拉德•莱文是争论的焦点人物。财政方面，他承受着抬高股价，减少公司巨额债务的压力。在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后，债务将达到173亿美元。他也答应出售部分财产并重组公司，但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着。
　　人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子变得好过。莱文一向以它是一种富于表现力的演唱方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐。1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队狂暴的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后备受谴责时，莱文说这是街头文化的合法表达方式，它应该有自己的宣泄途径。他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道：“任何一个民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效地控制各种情感的表达，而在于是否给予了人们思考和表达的最广泛的自由，尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”
　　莱文不愿对上周的辩论做出评论，但有迹象表明这位董事长的强硬立场起码在一定程度上有所缓和。在上个月的股东会议上，大家就摇滚乐的歌词进行了讨论。莱文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，用说唱乐的表达方式与学生进行交流。但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要“保持平衡”的问题。他还宣布公司将致力于为一些人们可能会反感的音乐制定发行和标识的标准。
　　总的来说，时代华纳公司的15位董事是支持莱文和公司的经营策略的。但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。“我们中的一些人多年来就知道宪法第一修正案所说的自由并非毫无限制，”鲁斯说，“我想与公司有关系的一些人可能是最近才意识到这一点。”


1997 Passage 5

　　Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
　　Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
　　It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
　　Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
　　Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
67. From the passage we learn that ________.
　　[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates
　　[B] economy will always follow certain models
　　[C] the economic situation is better than expected
　　[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation
68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
　　[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.
　　[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.
　　[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.
　　[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
69. The sentence "This is no flash in the pan" (line 4, paragraph 3) means that ________.
　　[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time
　　[B] the inflation rate will soon rise
　　[C] the inflation will disappear quickly
　　[D] there is no inflation at present
70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.
　　[A] critical of
　　[B] puzzled by
　　[C] disappointed at
　　[D] amazed at

重点词汇：
monetary  （金融的，货币的）←monet+ary，monet=money，-ary形容词后缀。
precise （精确的）即pre+cise，pre-在前，cise(=cide)词根“切”，于是“在前面切”→知道切多少的→精确的。参suicide（自杀），2002年Text 4。He knew the precise psychological moment when to say nothing.他知道那个心理上的精确瞬间，那时什么都不该说。
liken  （把……比作）←like+(e)n动词后缀。
windscreen  （挡风玻璃）←wind+screen。windscreen wipers — the eyelashes of rain 汽车风档上的刮水器——雨的睫毛。
poll  （v.n.投票；民意测验）原指“人头”(head)，“根据人头统计选票”。poll表“人头”可这样记：p=b（因为对称字母可替换），o=a（因为元音字母可替换），故poll=ball，人的头像“球”。Do you ever get the feeling that the only reason we have elections is to find out if the polls were right?你有没有过这种感觉，即我们举行选举的唯一理由就是弄清民意测验是否准确？
slack  （v.n.a.松散；萧条）。In marriage, a man becomes slack and selfish, and undergoes a fatty degeneration of his moral being.婚后男人变得懒散自私，经历着道德生命的脂肪变性。
thrilling  （激动的；颤抖的）←thrill+ing，thrill（使激动；令人激动的事），-ing形容词后缀。Everybody who plays an instrument, even a little, understands music in a difficult way from somebody who has never felt the thrill of making music himself.每个演奏乐器的人，哪怕只会一点点，理解音乐的方式都与从未感受过自己奏出音乐的激动的人不同。
unfortunately  （不幸地）即un+fortun(e)+ate+ly，un-否定前缀，fortune（幸运）见2003年Text 3，-ate后缀，-ly后缀。反义词为fortunately（幸运地）←fortun(e)+ate+ly。去ly即为二者的形容词形式：unfortunate（不幸的）←un+fortun(e)+ate；fortunate（幸运的）←fortun(e)+ate。Time is a great teacher, but unfortunately it kills all its pupils.时间是了不起的教师，但不幸的是，它杀死所有的学生。Fortunately psychoanalysis is not the only way to resolve inner conflict. Life still remains a very effective therapist.幸运的是，心理分析并非消除内心冲突的唯一方法，生活依然是十分有效的治疗专家。Do not speak of your happiness to one less fortunate than yourself.不要向不如你幸运的人讲述你的幸福。If you are too fortunate, you will not know yourself. If you are too unfortunate, nobody will know you.若过于幸运，就不会认识自己；若过于不幸，就没人会认识你。
upend （v.颠倒；DADAO）←up+end。
难句解析：
①Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.
▲在第一个句子中，其主干为Much of the language..., makes it sound like...。used to describe monetary policy是用于修饰language的定语，后面的such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes"是对前面的language进行进一步说明。第二个句子是一个简单句。
△如上所述的句子主干被确定之后，句子就不难理解了。为了简化这个句子以便于理解，可以先把such as引导的部分忽略不看，那样整个句子就比较好掌握了。注意make it sound like a precise science当中it指代前面提到的monetary policy。
②Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
▲这句话承接前面陈述的原因。hence后面只是一个名词词组，中心词是the analogy，后面that引导定语从句修饰前面的analogy。with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview and a faulty steering wheel是介词词组修饰前面的名词car。注意此句没有谓语动词，只是一个名词性的短语。
△理解这句话的关键在于hence的用法。hence的意思是“for this reason，因此，所以”，主要用于书面语，是副词，可以连接一个完整的句子，也可以只跟一个名词。例如：Baby found a pot of paint, hence all the marks on the wall。另外liken A to B意思是“把A与B相比，把A比作B”。
③This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
▲这是一个并列句，前后用分号隔开两个子句，是递进关系。第一句话中，no可以用not a代替。后面一个句子中inflation是主语，使用了被动语态的现在完成时态。lower是表语，than expected和in Britain and America，以及前面的over the past couple of years都是介词短语作状语。
△首先应该注意到那个分号，可以把分号前后分别作为一个简单句单独对待。另外在后面一个句子中，应该抓住inflation has been... lower...这个基本结构（被动语态，现在完成时态）。flash in the pan是习语，意思是a sudden success that will not be repeated，接近汉语中的“昙花一现”。
④Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
▲这是一个主从复合句，连词since连接了两个句子。主句的主干是Economists have been... surprised by...。原因状语从句的主干是conventional measures suggest that...，代词that引导了宾语从句作为suggest的宾语。在这个宾语从句中，and especially America's相当于especially America's economy，是前面主语both economies的同位语，用于强调美国经济。
△这里应该首先注意到since这个连词，然后分别理解两个句子，再把它们放在一起，这个句子的意思就迎刃而解了。另外注意suggest不是“建议”的意思，而应该是“显示，指示”。
⑤The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
▲在第一个句子里面，主干是... explanation is... a little defective。这是一个主语+系动词+表语结构。副词unfortunately是插入语，作状语。第二个句子的主干并不复杂：... economists argue that...，代词that后面是宾语从句。这个宾语从句的基本结构为structural changes... have upended... models...，其中structural changes是主语，have upended是现在完成时态的谓语，models是宾语。这个宾语models后面是一个that引导的限定性定语从句，修饰models。
△第一个句子相对比较简单。第二个句子看着很长，但是只要明确了句子的主干，就很容易把整个句子看明白。可以先甩掉宾语从句中的那个定语从句(that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation)，这样这个句子结构就显得简单多了。然后再接这个定语从句，整句的意思就浮出水面了。另外注意upend一词由动词短语end up衍生而来，意为“结束，推翻”。
试题解析：
67. [C] 意为：经济形势比预想的好。
　　第三段指出，它（指：平均通货膨胀率）也比多数预测者预测的低。《经济学家》杂志每月调查的经济学家小组称：1995年美国平均通货膨胀率会达3.5％左右，但是，8月份它实际降至2.6％，全年也不过3％左右；在英国和日本，平均通货膨胀率比上年底预测的低0.5个百分点（或：半个百分点）。而且，在过去几年里一直是如此(this is no flash in the pan)：在英美两国，平均通货膨胀率一直比预测的要低。
　　A意为：通货膨胀与利率有直接关系。第一段第二句明确指出：利率与通货膨胀间的关系是不确定的。
　　B意为：经济（的运行）总是遵循某些模式（或：规律）。第一段指出，“使经济软着陆”“使经济刹车”，人们经常使用这样的词来形容货币政策的作用，听起来它似乎是一门严谨的学问。事实远非如此（Nothing could be further from the truth.它根本就不是一门严谨精确的学问）。下文从持续低的通货膨胀率的意外的形势来说明了经济运行难以预测。
　　D意为：经济学家们预测到了目前的经济形势。相反，正如第四段第一句所指出的，经济学家对目前有利的通货膨胀率始料未及。另请参阅上文分析。
68. [B] 意为：极低的失业率会导向通货膨胀。
　　第四段指出，从传统的（衡量）标准来看，英美两国（特别是美国）的经济生产并没有滑坡(productive slack)，例如：美国的设备（能力）利用率(capacity utilisation)今年初达到历史最高水平，其失业率已低于多数正常失业率所允许的数字——过去认为：失业率低于正常失业率时通货膨胀率就开始上升(take off)。
　　A意为：制定货币政策如同开车。根据第一段第四、五句，在政策的变化对经济起实际作用之前，会有很长而难以确定的(variable)时间差（lag意为：滞后性）。所以，许多人把货币政策实施过程比作驾驶一辆遮住挡风玻璃、后视镜已断裂、方向盘有毛病的汽车。换言之，他们认为，货币政策的制定和实施有很大程度的不可预测性或盲目性。可见，A表达的意思不确切。
　　C意为：通货膨胀导致高失业率。注意，在这里，inflation一词前没有修饰词，际上，过低的失业率会导致通货膨胀率的上升。参阅上文分析。
　　D意为：利率对经济有直接而迅速的影响。参阅上文分析。
69. [A] a flash in the pan意为：昙花一现，偶然出现的情况。
　　参阅第67题题解。
　　[B]、[C]、[D]均不对。
70. [D] 意为：对……感到惊奇，认为……不可思议。
　　本文主要评述了目前良好的经济形势，它是由持续低的通货膨胀率造成的，是始料未及的。作者强调了目前形势的始料不及的一面（尤其是第二、三、四段的描述）。
　　A意为：批评。
　　B意为：因……感到困惑（不解）。
　　C意为：对……感到失望。
全文翻译：
　　很多用来描述货币政策的词，如“引导经济软着陆”，“触动经济刹车”，听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。在政策改变对经济产生影响前会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。因此，才会有人将货币政策的指导比做是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、后视镜破碎及方向盘失灵的汽车。
　　尽管有这么多不利因素，中央银行家们似乎对近来的形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀率降至仅2.3％，接近30年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5％。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。
　　这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。1994年底，每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出，美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5％。实际上，8月份就降到了2.6％。而且有望达到全年平均仅为3％。去年年底，英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。这不是昙花一现。在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。
　　经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率感到特别诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有生产萧条的时候。比如，美国的生产力利用率在今年前段时间达到了历史最高水平，失业率（8月份为5.6％）已降到低于对自然失业率的大多数估测——过去，当比率低于自然失业率时，通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。
　　为何通货膨胀如此的和缓？可惜的是，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史上相互关联为基础的旧的经济模式。

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