外交学专业课复习提纲

fengweiling

Economic Reward and Coercion


1.Tariffs


The tariff structure can be used effectively as a foreign policy inducement or punishment when a target country stands to gain or lose important markets for its products by its upward or downward manipulation..

preferential tariff treatment

most-favored-nation treatment

2.Quotas

3. Boycott

4.Embargo

5.Loans,Credits, and Currency Manipulations

6.Blacklists

7. Licensing

8. Freezing Assets

9. Granting or Suspending Aid, Including Military Sales or grants

10. Expropriation

11. Withholding Dues to an International Organization.


Economic coercion is most likely to be effective when the following conditions are met:


1.       The economic relationship between the coercer and the target is highly asymmetrical in terms of vulnerabilities.


2.       Alternative sources of supply or markets are readily available to the target.


3.       The target does not have the technology or resources to fashion substitutes for those items it can no longer import from the coercer.


4.       The costs of applying the sanctions to the coercer are significantly less than those suffered by the target.


5.       There is little international sympathy for the government of the target.


6.       The attempts at economic coercion are coupled with other techniques of statecraft.


7.       The economy of the target is already weak, characterized by high unemployment, low investment, severe inflation, and the like.






世界武器贸易


武器贸易增强了国家安全还是损害了国家安全？