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[推荐]日本研究入门 全部参考资料

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11#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 18:58:29 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">第四讲<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span></span>宗教与日本人信仰特点</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">2000</span>年日本文化厅编纂《宗教年鉴》统计,日本的宗教信徒总计<span lang="EN-US">2</span>亿<span lang="EN-US">3</span>千万人,远远超过日本人口总数。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">在日本,用宗教划分人群是没有意义的。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">日本主要的三大宗教:神道教、佛教、基督教。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">日本宗教的根干是本土宗教<span lang="EN-US">---</span>神道教,也是日本民族文化、民族心理的基础。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">传统婚礼<span lang="EN-US">(</span>神社<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">西式婚礼<span lang="EN-US">(</span>教堂<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">本讲主题</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">一、本土宗教与佛教?儒学</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">二、日本的宗教与武士道?天皇制</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">三、新兴宗教与日本社会</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">一、本土宗教与佛教?儒学</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">主要内容</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>神道教的起源</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">佛主神从</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">本地垂迹说</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>从</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">反本地垂迹说</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">到复古神道</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>神道教的起源</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">所谓</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神道教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: JA"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">神道教,一般称</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">神道</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">(しんとう)</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">,是日本本土宗教。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">一词最早见于中国典籍《周易》;《日本书纪》是最早出现该词的日本史籍。<span lang="EN-US">(</span>第<span lang="EN-US">31</span>代用明天皇即位前纪:</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">天皇信佛法、尊神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">神道教起源于巫术等原始宗教。无创始人、无人为创教动机,在相当长的历史时期中,也无系统的学理教义和规范化、制度化的宗教仪轨。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">神道教属于自发宗教的范畴。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">卑弥呼</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">(ひみこ)</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">万物有灵观与灵魂信仰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">古代日本人信仰特点:</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span>(1)</span>灵魂崇拜:</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">镇魂</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span>(2)</span>自然神信仰:对天地万物感谢报恩的信仰准则。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本人信仰特点:泛神论、泛灵论。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">梅原猛:《诸神流窜》<span lang="EN-US">(</span>经济日报出版社,<span lang="EN-US">1999</span>年版</font><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">)</span>。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">神道教是一种以祖灵<span lang="EN-US">(</span>天照大神<span lang="EN-US">)</span>崇拜为基础的泛神宗教。它是在受到佛教、儒学等影响以后才理论化、体系化的。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">稻荷神祝丰收舞</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">千代田稻荷神社</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">招福猫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">(</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">招き猫)</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">七福神</span>信仰<span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">大黑天与惠比寿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"> (</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">だいこくてん)と(えびす)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">弁财天与福禄寿神</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">(</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">べんざいてん)と(ふくろくじゅ)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">毗沙门天与寿老人</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">(びしゃもんてん)と(じゅろうじん)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><font size="3"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">布袋和尚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">(</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">ほてい)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">佛主神从</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">本地垂迹说</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本在没有完全形成和巩固自己的哲学思想体系时,即受到大陆文明主要是中国文明的强烈冲击,这给日本文明带来深远影响。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">5-6</span>世纪,儒学和佛教先后传入日本。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">儒学带给日本的是政治统治理念和社会道德观念。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">4-5</span>世纪,大和朝廷完成统一。其时,大王也是最高祭司,形成所谓</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">祭政一致</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">儒学对日本古代天皇制和古代国家的建立具有重要影响。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">大国主神与须势理比卖</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p>
12#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 18:58:52 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="JA" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><font size="3"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">圣德太子</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">(しょうとくたいし)<p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">推古朝改革</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">足利学校</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">习合思想</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">(しゅうごう)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">外部文物、思想与本土文物、思想的并存融合。</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">和</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">意识的理论化。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">佛教的宽容性与</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">祭政合一</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的体制是</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">习合思想</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的基础。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">儒学和佛教最初是以皇室和宫廷贵族为主体吸收的,神道教在民间有足够的生存空间。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">儒学与佛教对本土神道教的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">包容统摄</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">神道教与大陆文明</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">镰仓时代为分界线,分为前后两个阶段。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span>(1)</span>平安时代中期至镰仓时代<span lang="EN-US">(8</span>世纪末至<span lang="EN-US">14</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">30</span>年代<span lang="EN-US">)</span>:</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">佛主神从</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">阶段。佛教包容统摄神道教。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span>(2)</span>镰仓时代到室町时代<span lang="EN-US">(14</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">30</span>年代至<span lang="EN-US">16</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">70</span>年代<span lang="EN-US">)</span>:</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神儒佛一致</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,但否定</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">佛主神从</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,建立神道对佛教和儒学的优越地位。亦即宗教的本土化,即以神道教为主体,包容统摄佛教、儒学等。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神佛习合</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体">---</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">本地垂迹</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">佛主神从</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">时期两阶段:</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神佛调和</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神佛一体</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">:神道教被佛教统摄,吸取了佛教的养分,提升了神道教的层次。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">(2)</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">本地垂迹</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">(</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">ほんじすいじゃく)</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">:</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">佛是神的本体,神是佛的</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">‘</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">权现</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">’”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">。</span>神佛同一,神是佛在日本的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">垂迹</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,即将神道教的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">比附为</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">佛</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的化身。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">两部习合神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">:以佛教真言密宗两部教义为基础的理论化神道。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">山王神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">:以佛教天台宗为教义基础的神道。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">两部神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">和</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">山王神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">即成为神道教发展的基础。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">汤岛圣堂随神门</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">汤岛圣堂孔庙</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">汤岛神社</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">日本文明的本土化</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">平安时代出现了回归古典,对汉学的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">反拨</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,即对中国文明的吸收消化,亦即本土化的过程。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">民族思想体系和文化传统的形成过程<span lang="EN-US">---</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">和魂汉才</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">清少纳言《枕草子》;紫式部《源式物语》;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">源隆国《今昔物语》;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">《古事记》、《日本书纪》</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">在日本文明形成过程中,由于没有彻底建立自己完整的哲学思想体系,故文学艺术以及在文学艺术中表现的深层文化精神,实际上取代哲学起着推动日本本土思想形成的作用。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><font size="3">《古事记》<span lang="EN-US">(</span>真福寺本<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>从</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">反本地垂迹说</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">到复古神道</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">宗教的本土化</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">镰仓时期<span lang="EN-US">(1183-1333)</span>至江户时期<span lang="EN-US">(1603-1867)</span>,是日本宗教本土化发展时期。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">佛教的本土宗派:净土宗、净土真宗、时宗、日莲宗等。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">反</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">佛主神从</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、反</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">本地垂迹说</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的伊势神道<span lang="EN-US">(</span>度会神道<span lang="EN-US">)</span>形成。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">伊势神道力图守卫神道的本体性,力图改变神道教被佛教包容的局面;主张清净修为,强调在清心正直、追求自然神明的境地中简朴生活。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">伊势神道尊崇象征天皇无上地位的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">三种神器</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">神道与皇国一体、神明与天皇一体、神器与皇位一体的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神皇一体</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">思想。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p>
13#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 18:58:57 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">伊势神宫外宫<span lang="EN-US">(</span>正宫<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">伊势神宫内宫<span lang="EN-US">(</span>别宫<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">神道教的理论化</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">吉田兼俱<span lang="EN-US">(1453-1511)</span>的吉田神道;</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">吉川惟足<span lang="EN-US">(1616-1694)</span>的吉川神道;</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">山崎闇斋<span lang="EN-US">(1618-1682)</span>的垂加神道。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">18</span>世纪</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">复古神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的出现:</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">代表人物:本居宣长<span lang="EN-US">(1730-1801)</span>、平田笃胤<span lang="EN-US">(1776-1843)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">本居宣长</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="JA" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ansi-language: JA"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">もとおり のりなが<span lang="JA"> <p></p></span></font></font></span></b></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体" size="3">(1730-1801)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">江户中期的国学者。<span lang="EN-US">23</span>岁在京都学医,又学儒学。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1763</span>年开始研究《古事记》,宣扬复古思想。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">门下弟子近<span lang="EN-US">500</span>人,平田笃胤为其最重要弟子。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">著述<span lang="EN-US">90</span>余部,最重要者为《古事记传》。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">复古神道的特点</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>天照大神是日本列岛的最高神,即祖神<span lang="EN-US">(</span>皇祖神<span lang="EN-US">)</span>;</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">传于皇国之道,正是神代所传来</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体">(2)</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神道之安人心,就在于人死后不论善人恶人统统进入冥府</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。否定死后灵魂的幸福及极乐世界。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>世上一切事物均是众神所为,不良现象起于恶神,但恶人未必受惩罚,善人未必享福。批判因果报应、阴德阳报说,即将试图从神学中排除道学因素。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体">(4)</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">天照大御神这个名称即普照世界的太阳之意</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,日本乃</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">普照四方的天照大御神出生的本国,因而是万国之本源的国家</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">至于本朝的皇统,乃是普照世界的天照大御神的后嗣,……直到万世后代也不动摇,只要有天有地,就一直下去。”</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">复古神道与日本的近代化</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">复古神道不仅为明治维新时期倒幕运动和</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">王政复古</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">提供理论根据,且成为近代天皇制思想体系的重要基础。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">复古神道也是近代</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">国家神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的起点。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">复古神道的神道观中,是否有萌芽状态的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">国权主义</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">观念?</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">从儒学的理性主义返回古典,返回原始自然宗教的倾向,对日本近代道路的影响?</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">二日本的宗教与天皇制?武士道</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>关于神道教与天皇制</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">神道教宗教体系的形成</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">神道教定型为一个宗教体系,是在奈良时代到平安时代之间;在江户时代趋向成熟。前期主要受佛教教理影响,江户时代儒学思想影响上升到第一位。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">神道教教理的进化过程特点:</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>坚持本土文化的主体作用;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>多层面引进吸收外来宗教文化。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">神道教与天皇</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">天皇的精神权威来源于日本的建国神话;明治维新给天皇赋予了世俗权威,成为</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">万世一系、神圣不可侵犯</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的国家元首,从而神道教随之获得举足轻重的地位。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">《古事记》、《日本书纪》等史籍关于天皇开国传世的叙述,是由当时史家利用民间流传已久的天照大神信仰,结合中国大陆传来的宗教神话,比附天皇家族及其他贵族沿袭相传的历史谱系,人为编造出来的神话体系。</font></font></p>
14#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 18:59:07 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">天皇</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">与天皇制</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">古代天皇制建立过程中,曾受道家影响。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">天皇</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">称号最早见于推古朝建筑的法隆寺金堂内药师佛像背面:</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">池边大宫治天下天皇</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。此后大量见于文献。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">据日本历史学家津田左右吉考证,</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">天皇</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">称谓出自中国道教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">天皇大帝</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的说法;《日本书纪》中天武天皇谥号</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">天汀中原瀛真人</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,显然来自道教。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">象征天皇执掌天下的神器,与道家作法神器相同。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">圣德太子做</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">冠位十二阶</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,以</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">德</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">为尊,以紫为上,亦为道教影响。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">所谓</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">三种神器</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: JA"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">八咫镜</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">(やたのかがみ)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: JA"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">天丛云剑</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">(あめのむらくものつるぎ)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="JA" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><font size="3"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">八坂琼曲玉</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">(やさかにのまがたま)<p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">国家神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">明治维新后,天皇作为国民统合、国家认同的象征被极端化;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">家族国家观</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的树立:</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>教育:《教育敕语》</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>神道教:国教化</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">信奉神道教、参拜神社成为国民义务;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">利用国家行政手段对全国神社进行一元化组合;神社定位于</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">国家的宗祀</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">神道教成为凌驾于其他宗教之上的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">超宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,获得了</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">祭政一致</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">国家神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">地位。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">国家神道是宗教性的政治制度。二战后被废除。<span lang="EN-US"> </span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>靖国神社问题</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">靖国神社正门参道</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">靖国神社的建立</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1869</span>年<span lang="EN-US">(</span>明治<span lang="EN-US">2</span>年<span lang="EN-US">)</span>始建。最初为</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">东京招魂社</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。<span lang="EN-US">(</span>东京九段坂上</font><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体">)</font></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">创建主持人为日本陆军创始人<span lang="EN-US">(</span>兵部大辅<span lang="EN-US">)</span>大村益次郎。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1869</span>年<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月,举行第一次合祀。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1872</span>年<span lang="EN-US">5</span>月,神社本殿竣工。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1874</span>年<span lang="EN-US">1</span>月,明治天皇首次行幸</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">东京招魂社</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1879</span>年西南战争后,明治天皇为</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">东京招魂社</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">命名为</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">靖国神社</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">靖国神社是国家神社,是为国家战争中战死的军人而建立的。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">明治天皇</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">靖国神社正门参道上的大村益次郎雕像</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">二战结束后,美国占领军发布</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神道指令</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,废除国家神道;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">战后日本国宪法宣布政教分离;</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1952</span>年<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月,靖国神社正式成为普通宗教法人。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1978</span>年,东条英机等<span lang="EN-US">14</span>名<span lang="EN-US">A</span>级战犯被放入靖国神社合祀<span lang="EN-US">(</span>名薄<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1985</span>年,中曾根康弘首次以公职身份参拜靖国神社,从而引起</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">靖国神社问题</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">靖国神社 文化问题?</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">靖国神社游就馆</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">八九式加农炮<span lang="EN-US">(</span>游就馆<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">零式舰上机<span lang="EN-US">(</span>游就馆<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">九六式榴弹炮<span lang="EN-US">(</span>游就馆<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>神道教的现状与日本人信仰特点</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">神社神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">以神社或神宫作为存在根基,以祭祀维系人们精神信仰的神道派系。现存神道教主要派系。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">神社是祭祀的场所;祭祀是人们向神灵表达崇敬之情的外在宗教行为。神道教称</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">祭祀宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">祭祀:民间信仰型仪式神道</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5"><font face="宋体" size="3">神社的祭祀活动</font></p>
15#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 18:59:16 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">神社祭祀</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">一般程序:</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">修祓洁斋</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">供献币物</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">诵读祝词</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">参拜祈祷</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">共食祭品</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">神兴仪式</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">神道教是</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">仪式的宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">一般没有偶像</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">没有创立者、正式教义和经书</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">神道教不是基于教义基础上的宗教,而是以精心编排的礼节性仪式为基础的大众化宗教。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><font size="3">出云大社位置<span lang="EN-US">(</span>岛根县<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">教团神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">亦称</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">教派神道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">以信仰共同体形态立足的神道派系。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">有自己的教祖、教义和组织,但脱离或远离神社。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">派生宗派,历史短。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">教团神道的出现,推动神道教的多元化。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">二战后发展快,与</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">新兴宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">联系密切,</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">国际化</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">日本人信仰特点</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">行动主义。不善于抽象思维,较少倾向体系化的思想。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">现实主义或实用主义的倾向。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span>(1)</span>追求现世幸福,不憧憬死后的世界,故神道教无葬礼。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span>(2)</span>本土化的日本佛教的来世思想也不完整。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">神社神棚</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">普通家庭中的神龛<span lang="EN-US">(</span>盂兰盆节<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">现代家庭中的神龛<span lang="EN-US">(</span>盂兰盆节<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>禅宗与武士道</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">关于禅宗</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">禅</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,亦称</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">禅那</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(Dhyana)</span>,原为古印度婆罗门教修行梵境的两种方法<span lang="EN-US">(</span>瑜珈<span lang="EN-US">Yoga)</span>之一,目的是通过苦修达到</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">梵我合一</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的理想境界。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">在佛教中,禅定被看作认知佛教般若智慧的方法,即用冥想和感悟来体验佛性。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">传说西土二十八祖菩提达摩运用禅法开宗立教,创立了不立文字、以心传心的禅宗。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">就其精神实质而言,禅宗蔑视权威,屏弃烦琐的逻辑思辨和深奥难懂的复杂教义,主张自我修炼达到解脱境界。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">禅宗的日本化</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">禅宗精神与日本文化精神颇为相通,故传入日本后,不仅对日本人的心理结构、人生态度,而且对日本文化的方方面面均产生了深刻的影响。有西方学者认为,日本文化的性格就是</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">禅</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">禅宗自奈良时代传入日本,至平安时代晚期武士阶级崛起,伴随南宋理学在日本的传播,禅宗逐渐兴盛。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">荣西<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA">えいさい</span><span lang="EN-US">(1141-1215)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">荣西为天台宗学问僧,<span lang="EN-US">1168</span>年后两度赴宋朝求法,被认为是禅宗流布日本的开端。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">开创日本禅宗临济宗,镰仓幕府时期,临济宗正式与幕府结合,成为新的政治佛教。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">荣西著作:《兴禅护国论》、《出家大纲》等,成为武家与进行抗衡的理论根据。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">道元<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA">どうげん</span><span lang="EN-US">(1200-1254)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">荣西的弟子。曾赴宋朝学习曹洞宗禅法,创立日本曹洞宗。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">道元有弟子近<span lang="EN-US">300</span>人,教势强大。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">临济宗在幕府和武士阶级中流行;曹洞宗则在民间流行。<span lang="EN-US">----</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">临济将军,曹洞土民</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">17</span>世纪后,形成临济宗、曹洞宗、黄檗宗三派格局。</font></font></p>
16#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 19:00:10 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">关于</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">武士道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: JA"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">武士道</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">(</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">ぶしどう</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">)</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">一词是江户时代才出现的,但是</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">武士道</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">的思想是从镰仓和室町时代发展起来的,其时称为</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">武者之习</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">、</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">兵之道</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">或</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">弓矢之道</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">武士道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">即武士的道德规范和行为规范。其思想来源有神道教、佛教的影响,但儒学和禅宗的影响越来越强。江户时代</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">武士道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">主要以儒学和禅宗为基础。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">武士道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">尊崇忠诚、牺牲、信义、廉耻、礼仪、洁白、质素、俭约、尚武、名誉及情爱等精神。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">儒学与武士道</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">武士群体是一个相对封闭的集团,内部人际关系最重要,<span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>主从关系;<span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>家族关系。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">对主君的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">忠</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">和对亲长的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">孝</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,即是规范上述两种关系的道德观念。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">儒学观念中的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">忠</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">孝</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">与日本武士</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">忠</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”“</span><font face="宋体">孝</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">观念的区别:</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">中国儒学的原始观点认为,君臣关系不只是臣下单方的绝对忠诚义务,</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">忠</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">是有条件的。</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">臣事君以忠</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的前提是</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">以道事君</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">君使臣以礼</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>孔子</font><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">)</span>;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">君之视臣如手足,则臣视君如腹心;君之视臣如犬马,则臣视君如国人;君之视臣如土芥,则臣视君如寇仇</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>孟子</font><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">)</span>。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本武士阶级的主从关系中,最初也并非对主君单方面绝对的忠诚义务,但其前提条件不是</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">礼</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">或</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,而是主君的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">恩</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">随着主从关系世代相袭,又形成</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">情</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的关系。<span lang="EN-US">----</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">情胜过领地,愿为高名而粉身碎骨</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">为主君之名而献身的精神,是从有条件的忠向无条件的绝对忠诚演变的桥梁。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">战国时代以后,儒学道德观理论化,成为武士道德规范的重要内容。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">禅宗与武士道</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">禅宗适合武士阶层的生活状态和心理状态。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">生死观:</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">死生一如</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。只要否定作为执迷根源的自我,进入无我境地,即可完全断绝生死羁绊,</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">见性成佛</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">镰仓、室町时代,武士提倡</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">忘我</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">忘亲</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">忘家</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">; </font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">本来无一物,生死皆妄念</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">;欣赏</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">生为梦幻,死为常驻</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">生死一如</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">物我两忘</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">生不可喜,死不可悲</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的境界。<span lang="EN-US">----</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">死的觉悟</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">禅宗不主张苦修,认为只要直指本心,做到心地</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">无非</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">无乱</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">无痴</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,就是</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">戒、定、慧</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,外在的行迹是次要的。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">武家禅的形成<span lang="EN-US">----</span>武士心中</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">不是宗教的宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">江户时代的武士道</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">幕藩体制建立后,武士的社会机能和生活方式发生了重大变化。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">兵农分离</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">和严格的士、农、工、商四民等级制,武士的主要职能转化为行政官僚。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">死的觉悟</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体">+</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">道的自觉</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,<span lang="EN-US">----</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">士道论</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,儒学思想成为江户时代武士的主要生活指导原理。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">所谓</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">道的自觉</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,即</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">职分论</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">近代以后,</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">武士道的恶用</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">山鹿素行<span lang="EN-US">(1622-1685</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="JA" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: JA"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA">やまが</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA">そこう<span lang="JA"><p></p></span></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA">江户</span>时代古学派儒学者。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">用儒学改造原有的武士道理论,提出</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">士道论</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">日本禅宗在封建晚期达到相当成熟的高度,某些教义和做法甚至超过作为母体的中国禅宗。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">禅宗亦可泛化为日本的禅文化,在日本民族文明的铸造上,有相当重要的影响。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">艺道</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">:茶道;花道;能乐、墨绘、枯山水等。<span lang="EN-US">----</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">空寂</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">闲寂</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的精神。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">京都建仁寺枯山水</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"></font></p><p></p>
17#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 19:00:14 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">三、新兴宗教与</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">创价学会</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">关于</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">新兴宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">所谓</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">新兴宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">,指相对佛教、神道教、基督教等传统既成宗教的称谓。传统既成宗教以外的教派,均为</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">新兴宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">新兴宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">出现于江户时代末期,迄今为止有</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">新宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">及</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">新新宗教</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">之分。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">新兴宗教诞生于民间,不同程度上脱离传统宗教常轨,有创新的教义和礼仪,一般均简单易懂。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">新兴宗教教团规模不一,甚至有极小的教团。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">一般而言,新兴宗教多取</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">在家</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">形式,即所谓</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">在家主义</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">、</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">信者主体主义</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">幕府末期至明治时期,新兴宗教以神道教系统居多;<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪后,佛教系统新兴教团比例上升;二战后是新兴宗教大发展时期。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">战后的新兴宗教以佛教系统居多,基督教系统较弱。基督教系统的新兴宗教大多外来,源头均在国外,以美国居多。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">在日本的新兴宗教群体中,较少信仰单一、教义纯粹的教团,几乎均表现为主体信仰与多种宗教要素的融合。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">据统计,新兴宗教信徒约<span lang="EN-US">5000</span>万,主要新兴宗教教团有创价学会、立正佼成会、灵友会、天理教、真如苑、<span lang="EN-US">PL</span>教团、不动宗、出云大社教、佛所护念会<span lang="EN-US">8</span>个教团。</font></p>
18#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 19:00:20 | 只看该作者
<p>“创价学会”(そうかがっかい)</p><p></p><p>l日莲宗:1253年天台宗和尚日莲创立。</p><p>l供“御本尊”;诵读《妙法莲华经》经题“南无妙法莲华经”----唱题。</p><p>l“创价学会”原为日莲宗教团,战前创立(“创价教育学会”)。初代会长:牧口常三郎;第二代会长:户田城圣。</p><p>l1946年正式成立“创价学会”,1951年户田城圣担任会长,创办教团报纸《圣教新闻》。</p><p>l1952年在东京都登记正式成为宗教法人。</p><p>l1960年,池田大作继任会长。其时创价学会有信徒70-80万户,由此开始大发展时期。至1970年,拥有信徒755万户。</p><p>l目前,创价学会在日本国内号称拥有信徒超过1000万人,占日本人口1∕10;同时在海外有?°国际创价学会?±(SGI),分会遍及世界115个国家,拥有2000万国际会员。</p><p>l池田大作目前担任国际创价学会会长、日本创价学会名誉会长。</p><p>l创价学会有严密组织系统;子弟有幼、小、中、高、大一贯制教育体系。</p><p></p><p></p><p>创价学会的发展</p><p>l创价学会大发展时期是20世纪60-80年代,即经济高速增长时期。</p><p>l日本经济、社会结构巨大变动时期,农村流入城市人口成为城市边缘群体和弱势群体。</p><p>l日本传统制造业工人是社会党的基础,但60年代第三产业兴盛,大部分农村流入城市的人口均进入第三产业,成为“无组织工人”,创价学会成为这一群体的“受皿”。</p><p>l60-80年代创价学会的“折伏运动”,伴随人文关怀,大量吸引城市下层。</p><p></p><p></p><p>创价学会对政治的参与</p><p>l1964年,池田大作创建公明党,提出“进军众议院”。</p><p>l公明党最初纲领:建立“国立戒坛”,“王佛冥合”;与政教分离原则抵触,1967年宣布脱离创价学会,放弃“国立戒坛”主张,宣布实行“中道政治”。</p><p>l1967年公明党当选众议员25名;1983年59名。</p><p>l80年代以后公明党放弃反自民党政策,1999年与自民党、自由党结成“自、自、公”联合政权。目前为“自、公”联合政权。</p><p>l公明党在历次大选中均保持600万张左右的选票数,其支持主体仍是创价学会。</p><p></p><p></p><p>日本的基督宗教</p><p>l有天主教、基督教、东正教三大派系。</p><p>l日本天主教开教最早,但基督教的教势后来居上;东正教较弱。</p><p>l根据日本《宗教年鉴》,基督宗教系统信众不足150万。其中天主教43万,97%集中在“天主教中央协议会”组织中。基督教教团较多,最大的是日本基督教团,教徒有14万人;其次是英国教会系统的日本圣公会、日本福音路德教会、日本浸礼联盟、日本耶稣基督教团等。</p><p>l日本东正教仅有1万多教徒,有“日本耶稣正教会”。</p><p></p><p></p><p>日本天主教会圣玛丽亚大教堂</p><p>上野天主堂(内部)</p><p>横浜基督教团</p><p>东京尼科拉伊教堂(东正教):日本最早的拜占庭建筑</p><p>住宅街上的教会布告</p><p></p><p></p><p>参看森达也导演拍摄的影片《A》(《我在真理教的日子》)<br /></p>
19#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 19:00:48 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">第五讲<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span></span>日本的政治结构<span lang="EN-US">(1)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">日本近现代史上三次转型</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">日本近现代以来的发展过程中,经历了三次转折时期,也是日本国家发展道路的三次重大转型。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span>(1)</span>明治维新;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span>(2)</span>战后民主改革;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span>(3)20</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">90</span>年代后。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">战后日本政治发展</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">第一时期:<span lang="EN-US">1945</span></font><font face="宋体">年<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">—</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1955</span>年<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月。占领和全面改革时期;战后恢复期。战后政治体制的形成期<span lang="EN-US">----</span>多党化。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">第二时期:<span lang="EN-US">1955</span>年<span lang="EN-US">11</span></font><font face="宋体">月</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">—</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1993</span>年<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月。</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">五五年体制</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">时期。竞争性两大政党主导体制。但政权从未实现过政党间交替。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span>(1)1955</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">—</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1976</span>年:战后政治体制的稳定发展期<span lang="EN-US">----</span>战后政治的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">黄金时期</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span>(2)1976</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">—</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1993</span>年:</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">五五年体制</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">的衰落和崩溃期。自民党长期单独执政的终结。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">第三时期:<span lang="EN-US">1993</span>年<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月至今。近现代以来第三次结构转型期。日本政治处在分化组合中。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">日本政治的特点</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">在日本政治的特性中,特别是在政策制定机制、政治运行过程以及政治行为模式方面,常常含有深刻的文化意义,形成日本独特的政治文化。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA"><font face="宋体">     </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"> </span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">黑幕</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">ーー(くろまく)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">     </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"> </span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">根回</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">ーー(ねまわし)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">     </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"> </span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">建前</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">ーー(たてまえ)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">     </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"> </span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">本音</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">ーー(ほんね)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA"><font face="宋体">     </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">“</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"> </span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">付合</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: JA">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-ansi-language: JA; mso-fareast-language: JA">ーー(つきあい)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?</span><p></p></font></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">关于日本政治</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>“一流经济、三流政治”?</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>自民党<span lang="EN-US">)</span>一党执政;</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">金权政治?</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">林尚立:《政党政治与现代化:日本的历史与现实》,上海人民出版社,<span lang="EN-US">1998</span>年版。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">王新生:《政治体制与经济现代化:“日本模式”再探讨》,社会科学文献出版社,<span lang="EN-US">2002</span>年版。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">本讲主题</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">一、战后日本的政治体制及运行特点</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">二、日本政治体制的结构?功能</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">三、“五五年体制”后的体制变革</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">一、战后日本政治体制及运行特点</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><font size="3">《日本国宪法》<span lang="EN-US">(1946</span>年<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月颁布<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">《日本国宪法》的特色,即三大原理:国民主权;和平主义;保障基本人权。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>国民主权:对天皇主权的否定。战后天皇在宪法地位上是国家的象征、国民统合的象征,但这种象征的依据是国民的意志。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>和平主义:宪法第<span lang="EN-US">9</span>条;三权分立的原则。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(3)</span>保障基本人权:基本人权是不可侵犯的永久权利。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">刚性宪法</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">如何评价战后日本宪法的和平主义?如何评价战后日本的民主主义发展?</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">战后日本政治体制</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">麦克阿瑟理想主义的产物<span lang="EN-US">----</span>议会民主制。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">国会是国家最高权力机关和唯一立法机关;分为参、众两院。两院议员均由国民直接选举产生;国会对选民负责;众议院的权力大于参议院。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">实行</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">中选举区制</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">:</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">众议院<span lang="EN-US">511</span>议席,从全国<span lang="EN-US">130</span>个选区选举产生;每个选区选出<span lang="EN-US">3-5</span>名议员。四年改选<span lang="EN-US">1</span>次。被选举资格为年满<span lang="EN-US">25</span>岁。<span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: JA">代議士 だいぎし)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">参议院<span lang="EN-US">252</span>议席,通过两种办法选出:<span lang="EN-US">100</span>名按照</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">全国选区</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">选举;<span lang="EN-US">152</span>名从<span lang="EN-US">47</span>个都道府县选举。每个都道府县的行政区划为一选区,按人口多少分别选出<span lang="EN-US">2-8</span>名参议员。任期<span lang="EN-US">6</span>年,每<span lang="EN-US">3</span>年改选半数。被选举资格为年满<span lang="EN-US">30</span>岁。<span style="mso-ansi-language: JA">(議員 ぎいん)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">内阁依存于国会,对国会负责。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">通常国会</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">:每年<span lang="EN-US">1</span>月召开,会期<span lang="EN-US">150</span>天,主要任务为审议预算。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">临时国会</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">:根据需要召开。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">特别国会</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">:在众议院解散的情况下,重新大选之后确定新首相人选之时。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">国会全体会议称为</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">本会议</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p>
20#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-8-13 19:00:56 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">二、日本政治体制的结构?功能</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">主要内容</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>官僚主导的传统</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>日本政策过程和政府的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">行政指导</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>派阀政治与政党结构</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>官僚主导的传统</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">按照日本的传统,政治家分为两类:</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">党人政治家</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">与</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">官僚政治家</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">政治家与官僚的区别。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span>(1)</span>国会议员:职业政治家。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span>(2)</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">金归火来</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span>(3)</span>国会议员岁费<span lang="EN-US">(</span>工资<span lang="EN-US">)</span>:平均<span lang="EN-US">1</span>年的岁费为<span lang="EN-US">2400</span>万日元∕人。加上文书、通讯、交通、出差、立法事务费等,月均工资补贴近<span lang="EN-US">300</span>万日元∕人。此外,每位议员最多可有<span lang="EN-US">3</span>名公设秘书。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">五五年体制</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">时期的行政机构</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">一府<span lang="EN-US">22</span>省厅。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">总理府;<span lang="EN-US">(</span>宫内厅<span lang="EN-US">)</span>;</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">冲绳开发厅、经济企画厅、国家公安委员会、防卫厅、总务厅、自治省、邮政省、法务省、外务省、大藏省、农林水产省、运输省、国土厅、北海道开发厅、建设省、通商产业省、环境厅、厚生省、劳动省、文部省、科学技术厅。内阁由总理大臣与国务大臣组成。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">总理府:总理大臣、内阁官房长官、副大臣和政务官;</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">各省厅:大臣、副大臣、政务官<span lang="EN-US">(</span>委员长、厅长官<span lang="EN-US">)</span>;</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">上述职务均由国会议员担任,即政治家,与内阁共进退。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">各省厅政务官以下,最高职位为事务次官。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">事务次官以下为职业官僚,不与内阁共进退。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">政治家的责任不在于处理具体行政事务,但在日本的政治结构下,政治家在战略决策上也不能充分发挥才能,故历来有</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">官高政低</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">之说,即官僚主导的传统。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体">霞关官厅街<span lang="EN-US">(</span>大藏</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">—</span><font face="宋体">财务省<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">皇宫警察</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">官僚主导的传统</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本官僚主导的传统是近代以后形成的,主持建立明治官僚制度的是大久保利通。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">近代官僚制度的两个基本思想:</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">????? </span>(1)</span>精英意识;<span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>愚民思想。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">来自德国模式的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">官僚主导型启蒙主义</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1885</span>年官制改革<span lang="EN-US">----</span>内务省的设立。战前的内务省相当于战后的通产省、农水省、厚生省、建设省、劳动省、自治省、警察厅以及各县知事管辖事务。权限范围极大。除教育、财政及国营事业外,所有内政几乎均由内务省管辖,其核心即警察。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: JA"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA">大久保利通おおくぼ としみち</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"> (1830-1878)<p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">典型的后发型近代化国家的制度模式。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体">战前的内务省官僚有强烈的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">牧民意识</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">牧民官</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">一词一直存在至<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">70</span>年代。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">在官僚制度中,帝国大学的地位和作用。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">战后官僚主导型体制的传统与战前一脉相承。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span>(1)</span>战后美国的占领方式<span lang="EN-US">----</span>间接统治。战后对军国主义的整肃中,官僚遭到清洗者,只占总人数的<span lang="EN-US">0.9%</span>。依据战后宪法建立起新的公务员制度、地方自治制度,形成战后行政体制。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span>(2)</span>战后对军国主义分子整肃中,老</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">党人派政治家</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">被大批赶出政府,职业官僚出身者大量进入政界,在自民党中形成官僚派占据主流的态势,使日本的决策过程甚至政治过程朝行政机构倾斜,形成官僚主导体制的基础。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span>(3)</span>战后国会成为最高权力机关,国会议员的地位大幅度提高,政治家的地位对官僚具有了吸引力。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span>(4)</span>战后日本的任务仍然是超越世界先进水平,完成现代化的任务;同时行政体制民主化;建立和加强了经济职能相关部门;这些部门专业化。这是官僚主导的客观条件。另外,由于国家发展的主要精力放在经济上,因此不仅政府部门,政界的活动也更多围绕经济活动展开,故政治家与官僚及经济界的联系也越来越密切,由此,一方面在政治家中形成</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">政策通</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">;另一方面出现政界与官僚、政界与财界、经济界之间的结合。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体" size="3">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">(</span>二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>日本的决策过程和政府的</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">行政指导</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">官僚主导的决策过程</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">查默斯?约翰逊:《通产省与日本奇迹》<span lang="EN-US">(</span>中央党校出版社<span lang="EN-US">1992</span>年版<span lang="EN-US">)</span>:</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">??? </span></span>“日本奇迹”的出现是日本推行“国家导向型市场经济制度”的结果,尤其强调以通产省为代表的日本“经济官僚制”在推进经济成长方面所取得的巨大成功,从而形成其“经济官僚主导论”。该主张为研究日本行政机关的政治功能,提供了一个重要的理论框架。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">卡尔德:《战略性资本主义:日本产业金融中的民间企业和公共目的》,主张“民主导说”。大多数日本学者亦不赞同约翰逊的“官主导说”。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">日本政治过程、决策过程反映出官僚主导和政府“行政指导”的特点。<span lang="EN-US">(1)</span>后发型赶超型现代化国家的特点;<span lang="EN-US">(2)</span>战后发达国家普遍重视行政部门共同潮流的一部分。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">80</span>年代以前日本的市场观念,是主张为了推进经济社会的发展,国家有必要介入市场,主要目的是诱导经济向着国家希望的方向前进。</font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">这种国家干预是一种诱导,即通过产业政策、金融政策加以引导,并非行政命令,即市场经济基础上的干预。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体" size="3">经济企画厅是制订经济计划的部门,通产省则是推行产业政策的部门,以此两部门为代表,战后日本<span lang="EN-US">(</span>经济<span lang="EN-US">)</span>官僚主导的体制得到强化。</font></p>
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