【历史】

nashhan

Each post maintained a census of all the males from the nearby villages to implement the tax which was initially set at 4 kg of dry rubber (8 kg of wet rubber) per man per fortnight.[11] Each post had a force of 65–100 "village sentries", often ex-slaves armed with muzzle loading rifles, which resided in the villages to enforce taxation.[6] The sentries were kept at the expense of the villagers and often used flogging, imprisonment or execution to keep production up.

每一个站点保存一份临近村庄所有男性的人口调查报告，以此来落实税收政策。最初的税额定为每人每两周上缴4公斤干橡胶（8公斤湿橡胶）。每一个站点都拥有一个由65-100名“民兵”组成的武装力量，这些曾经是奴隶的人装备有前装线膛炮（一种手持步枪）。民兵们驻扎在村子里，强行征税，吃喝全靠剥削村民，还经常对他们使用鞭刑、囚禁甚至是处决来保持橡胶产量的增长。

Sentries who failed to enforce the quota or made mistakes could be fined up to half their salary or fired, imprisoned or flogged.[6] In addition to the village sentries were "post sentries" who were 25–80 men armed with modern, breech-loading Albini rifles who lived on the post and were used to punish villages and suppress rebellions.[13] Sentries were paid similar wages to the post workmen and despite the strict working conditions it was a popular job as it offered a position of power over the other villagers.[6] The sentries had their choice of food, women and luxury items and many left after a one year term with five or six wives which they then sold.[6]

不能使橡胶产量达标或者有过失的民兵会被罚多达一半薪水或者解雇、囚禁甚至鞭笞。除民兵之外，还有“官兵”，他们大约由25-80人组成，装备有先进的阿尔比尼后膛装弹步枪，这些人由站点供养，职责是惩治村落和镇压叛乱。支付给这些官兵的薪水与站点工头的薪水差不多，尽管工作条件非常严酷，但由于其所提供的凌驾于其他村民的特权，这份工作非常抢手。这些卫兵可以自由挑选食物、女人还有奢侈品，很多人干满一年以后就离职，随后便把身边的5个或6个妻子卖掉。

In order to comply with Congo law the company had to pay the villagers for bringing them rubber, these payments were often made in goods. Roger Casement, the British Consul in the Free State, recorded payments of a nine inch knife of 1.25 fr value for a full basket of rubber, a five inch knife worth 0.75 fr for a less full basket and beads worth 0.25 fr for a smaller amount of rubber.[14] Yet the main incentive for villagers to bring rubber was not the small payments but the fear of punishment. If a man did not fulfil his quota his family may have been taken hostage by ABIR and released only when the quota was filled.

为了遵守刚果法律，公司必须向采胶的村民支付佣金，这些款项通常以物品的形式支付。根据英国驻刚果自由邦领事罗格·凯斯曼的记录，价值1.25法郎的九英寸小刀可以用来兑换满满一筐橡胶，一把价值0.75法郎的五英寸小刀可以兑换将近一筐橡胶，价值0.25法郎的珠子可以换取少量的橡胶。但村民提供橡胶并不是为了这小小的回馈，真正刺激他们的是对于惩罚的恐惧。如果一个男子达不到他的采胶量，他的家人将被盎格鲁--英国印度橡胶公司抓起来作为人质，直到他补足橡胶配额才会放人。

The man himself was not imprisoned as that would prevent him from collecting rubber.[14] Later agents would simply imprison the chief of any village which fell behind its quota, in July 1902 one post recorded that it held 44 chiefs in prison. These prisons were in a poor codition and the posts at Bongandanga and Mompono recorded death rates of three to ten prisoners per day each in 1899.[14] Those with records of resisting the company were deported to forced labour camps. There were at least three of these camps, one at Lireko, one on the Upper Maringa River and one on the Upper Lopori River.[14]

而他本人则不会被囚禁，因为这会影响到他采胶。随后，工头会直接囚禁没有达到配额的村子的村长。1902年7月，一个站点的记录就显示有44名村长被囚禁。这些囚犯收到的待遇及其恶劣，拜甘丹加和蒙波诺的地方机构1899年记录的数据显示两地的囚犯死亡率在3-10人/天。那些有过与公司对抗记录的人被驱逐到劳动营。当时至少有三个这样的集中营，一个在里瑞可(Lireko)、一个在上马林加(Maringa)河、另一个在上波洛里(Lopori)河。

In addition to imprisonment corporal punishment was also used against tax resisters with floggings of up to 200 lashes with a chicotte, a hippopotamus hide whip, being reported. Some agents would tie men to platforms facing the sun or burn them with gum from the copal tree as a means of punishment.[14]

据报道，除囚禁之外，体罚也被用于惩罚那些抗税者，其中包括鞭刑，这种肉刑使用河马皮做成的鞭子，最多可罚抽200下。一些工头会把人绑在台子上，面朝烈日或者用柯巴树的树胶灼烧他们，以此来作为惩罚。


按照CC-BY-SA 3.0和GFDL协议授权
译者：憨子一家
原文作者：维基百科