清华大学2000年考博英语试题

白鹤

Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)



      Section A 注；请将70 至100字的概要用中文写在答题纸上。



      Section B 注；请将答案用英文写在答案纸上。

      Section C 注 请将答案用英文填写在答题纸的表格上。



      Part II Vocabulary and Structure　　(20%)

      Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each
      sentence there are four Choices marked A, B. C and D. Choose the one that
      best completes the sentence.

      1. The opinions of his peers are more important to her than her parents’
      idea.

      A) friends　　　　　　　　　　　　B) equals

      C) enemies　　　　　　　　　　 D) bosses

      2. After we join the WTO, the situation that our automobile industry,
      depends for its survival on government subsidies will be changed.

      A) financial aid　　　　　　　　　　 B) personnel support

      C) spiritual encouragement　　　　 D) partial taxation

      3. My salary has been raised to 100,000 yuan a year. but there is a
      proportionate increase in my income tax.　　　　　　　　

      A) dramatic　　　　　　　　　　　　B) undesirable

      C) perpetual　　　　　　　　　　　　D) proportional

      4. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote
      his most famous book Walden (1854).

      A) study　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) live

      C) read aloud　　　　　　　　　　 D) wander

      5. Despite the pressure from the president, the provincial government
      insisted on its autonomous jurisdiction.

      A) regional　　　　　　　　　　 B) obstinate

      C) willful　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) legal

      6. All programs celebrating the Spring Festival in the CCTV have been
      relayed to even’ part of the world through satellites.

      A) received　　　　　　　　　　 B) reserved

      C) rebroadcast　　　　　　　　　　D) enjoyed

      7. You must be drunk last night. Otherwise how did you manage to drive
      into a stationary vehicle?

      A) official　　　　　　　　　　 B) police

      C) parked　　　　　　　　　　 D) running

      8. To create a democratic atmosphere in the company, the manager should
      always be accessible to his staff.

      A)fair　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) equal

      C) acceptable　　　　　　　　　　 D) approachable

      9. The newly imported machine doesn’t work in ambient humidity of 50
      degrees.

      A) approximate　　　　　　　　 B) surrounding

      C) convenient　　　　　　　　　　 D) high



      10. Many students are signing the petition against building a steelworks
      near the school.

      A) names　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) agreement

      C) request　　　　　　　　　　 D) disapproval

      11. Your appraisal of the current situation is quite different from mine.

      A) optimistic　　　　　　　　　　 B) compliment

      C) agreement　　　　　　　　　　 D) estimate

      12. They are boycotting the store because the workers are on strike.

      A) looting　　　　　　　　　　　　B) banning

      C) protecting　　　　　　　　　　 D) destroying

      13. In the final contest, two athletes are contending for the
championship.

      A) satisfying　　　　　　　　　　 B) happy

      C) competing　　　　　　　　　　 D) quarreling

      14. The computer’s value will depreciate by half in the first year.

      A) decrease　　　　　　　　　　　　B) increase

      C) keep low　　　　　　　　　　　　D) fluctuate

      15. China Telecom is about to embark on a major program of
computerization.

      A) propaganda　　　　　　　　　　 B) finish

      C) purchase　　　　　　　　　　　　D) undertake

      l6. The candidate has given a pledge that he will improve the local
      environment and invest doubly in education.

      A) promise　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) declaration

      C) proposal　　　　　　　　　　 D) possibility

      17. There has always been an epldemic or bike stealing in
      schools.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

      A) a theft　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) a punishment

      C) a plague　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) a crime

      18. It is in Chongqing that the next international symposium on
      environmental protection will be held.

      A) debate　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) conference

      C) seminar　　　　　　　　　　　　D) negotiation

      19. Many people suspected the existence of extraterrestrial life.

      A) snowman　　　　　　　　　　 B) outside the earth

      C) spiritual　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) underworld

      20. In case your liabilities outrun your assets, you may go bankrupt.

      A) debt　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B) enterprise

      C) controversy　　　　　　　　　　 D) bondage

      21.After the fierce quarrel, they began to have a __________ loathing for
      each other.

      A) boring　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) reciprocal

      C) friendly　　　　　　　　　　　　D) standing

      22. On the stage many pieces of blue silk were fluctuated to ________the
      sea waves.

      A) simplify　　　　　　　　　　　　B) simulate

      C) help　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) like

      23. The government lacked money because of biting oil________.

      A) prices　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) stations

      C) buildings　　　　　　　　　　　　D) revenues

      24. Though the policies of racial ________had been abolished, many whites
      in the South were still dubious about the safety of the communities.

      A) segregation　　　　　　　　　　　B) regulations

      C) communism　　　　　　　　　　　D3 extinction

      25. The proposal was accepted with ________ approval. Everybody believed
      it would help revive the national economy.

      A) unanimous　　　　　　　　　　　 B) doubtful

      C) pleasant　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) searching

      26. Many social services are provided by ________ societies and
      organizations that do not expect any material payment.

      A) wealthy　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B)voluntary

      C) helpful　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D)spiritual

      27. In the packed hall, the people sitting close to me _________ me into
      the corner little by little.

      A) dragged　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) drew

      C) frightened　　　　　　　　　　　 D) wedged

      28. The police, trying to ________exactly who was at the party are
      investigating every person concerned.

      A) ascertain　　　　　　　　　　　　B) arrest

      C) imagine　　　　　　　　　　　 D) count

      29. If everybody has arrived the meeting may________ now.

      A) commence　　　　　　　　　　 B) criticize

      C) comment　　　　　　　　　　　 D) conclude

      30. The prodigal son ________his large inheritance in a few years of heavy
      spending.

      A) inherited　　　　　　　　　　　　B) received

      C) accumulated　　　　　　　　　　D) dissipated

      3l. In ancient India, there used to be a very formidable ________ in
      religious and social life.

      A) hierarchy　　　　　　　　　　　 B) power

      C) despot　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) president

      32.　_________ delinquency refers to law-breaking by young people.

      A) Juvenile　　　　　　　　　　　　B) Green-hand

      C) Amateur　　　　　　　　　　　 D) Institute

      33. It’s necessary to make your handwritings ________ when you fill in an
      official form.

      A) reconcilable　　　　　　　　　　B) legitimate

      C) legible　　　　　　　　　　　　D) formal

      34. She has always been a conscientious secretary since the gal, she
      entered my company. Tine suggestion that I wanted her to resign is quite
      __________

      A) thoughtful　　　　　　　　　　 B) reasonable

      C) unfounded　　　　　　　　　　 D) early

      35. The ________ meaning of "yellow" is a color, but it can also mean
      "cowardly."

      A) positive　　　　　　　　　　　　B) negative

      C) underlying　　　　　　　　　　 D) literal

      36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night
      and to see ________ of stars.

      A) the circulation　　　　　　　　　 B) a cluster

      C) the falling　　　　　　　　　　　D) myriads


      36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night
      and to see ________ of stars.

      A) the circulation　　　　　　　　　 B) a cluster

      C) the falling　　　　　　　　　　　D) myriads

      37. Ringing church bells sets up ________ in the Alpine valleys.

      A) resonance　　　　　　　　　　　 B) forests

      C) church building　　　　　　　　　 D) priests

      38. The students are all from ________ countries, such as Singapore. India
      Korean, and Japan.

      A) developing　　　　　　　　　　　 B)oriental

      C) island　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D) Christian

      39. Wouldn’t it be easier to move about on the ________ of the mobbed
      crowd than to squeeze in tile middle?

      A) consent　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) heads

      C) fringe　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) recreation

      40. When the new immigration law came into effect, the old one was
      naturally

      A) validated　　　　　　　　　　　　B) put off

      C) repealed　　　　　　　　　　　　　D) put up

      Part III　Reading Comprehension　(50%)

      Section A

      Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is
      followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them
      there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You loeide on the best
choice.

      Passage I

      In the years following the Second World War, the youth hostel idea spread
      to other parts of the world and the same spirit was maintained. The
      International Youth Hostel Federation, IYHF, which was to co-ordinate
      activities in the various national associations, incorporated in its
      constitution the principle that in youth hostels "there shall be no
      distinctions of race, nationality color, religion, class or political
      opinions. This, it should be noted, was at a time when the principles of
      racial equality and brotherhood were by no means so widely acknowledged as
      they are now."

      There is normally no age bar at youth hostels. Exceptions are Switzerland
      and Bavaria. Where there is a maximum age of 25 and I7 years respectively.
      Generally, however, the hostels are intended to meet the needs of two main
      groups: senior secondary school children, university and schoolchildren
      travelling with a teacher on educational visits, and aged between about 11
      and I8.

      The principal contribution of the youth hostel movement to the attack on
      racism is the fact that in the 4,364 hostels throughout the world the
      brotherhood of man is taken for granted and practiced quietly and without
      any ostentation.

      If you walk into the common-room of a big youth hostel in Gracow or
      Munich, Lahore of Canberra, you will find young people of’ every race and
      nationality sitting down together to share their experiences and discuss
      the world’s problems. As a Malaysian boy recently remarked:" youth hostel
      is a place where you will never feel lost"

      In accordance with its constitution, the IYHF has never admitted to
      membership youth hostel associations in South Africa and Rhodesia, because
      legislation in those countries makes it impossible for people of different
      races to share youth hostel facilities.

      But an interesting new project is under way in Lesotho, with the financial
      and technical support of the Federation: the construction of a south
      hostel specifically designed to carry out an educational task in southern
      Africa by opening its doors to young people of all races from neighboring
      and more distant countries. Situated just outside the capital, Maseru, the
      youth hostel will also provide accommodation for young people of Lesotho
      attending study and training courses.

      The very, comprehensive statistics maintained by the IYHF show tile
      movement of young people form country, to country in some detail, it can
      be seen, for instance, that 10,828 "overnights" were recorded in 1972 by
      young Americans in tile hostels of Japan. and 3.643 by young visitors form
      India in the youth hostels of West Germany. Although these figures are
      small in absolute terms, they represent a network of individual human
      contacts among young people which can influence outlooks and opinions at
      the grass roots.

      41. It can be interred from this passage that IYHF is

      　　A) an organization where young people live

      　　B) an organization that advocates brotherhood of man

      　　C) an organization to protect the rights of teenagers

      　　D) an international company

      42. "Ostentation" in the last sentence of the third paragraph is closest
      in meaning with_______

      　　A) pretentiousness　　　　　　　　　 B) outstanding

      　　C) obstruction　　　　　　　　　　　D) declaration

      43. The maximum age of people staying at youth hostels in most countries
      is______

      　　A) 20　　　　　 B) 25　　　　　C) 17　　　　　 D) unlimited

      44. The tone of this article may be described is______

      　　A) formal　　　　 B) imaginative　 C) humorous　　 D) negative

      45. All the following statements are true EXCEPT ______

      　　A) Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are fined by
      IYHF.

      　　B) Only very, few countries are members of the IYHE.

      　　C) Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are denied
      membership in the IYHF.

      　　D) All countries are allowed normal memberships in the IYHF.


      Passage 2

      Before about 3500 BC, there were cultures, but not civilizations.
      Prehistoric men and women created societies, constructed houses, lived in
      villages, hunted and fished, farmed, made pottery, wove cloth, and created
      languages. But unlike more advanced peoples, they did not build cities,
      read, or write. Cities are the cornerstone of civilized life because with
      them came other civilizing elements, including differentiation of classes
      and employment, sophisticated religious and political systems, monumental
      architecture, and the formation of states and empires.

      Historians usually begin the story, of civilization with accounts of the
      world’s first great writers and city-builders, the Sumerians. Because the
      Sumerians recorded ideas and sagas and listed the names of their rulers,
      we know more about them than about prehistoric about prehistoric peoples
      who left their legacy in stones, bones, and pottery.

      With the ability to build cities and record thought came the ability to
      communicate ideas and innovations over vast reaches of time and space.
      Human beings—who had formerly taken hundreds of thousands of years to
      learn that a stone ax sharpened on both sides is more useful than an ax
      sharpened on one side—progressed rapidly from foot travel to horse drawn
      carts, and later, from railroads to airplanes. With these and thousands of
      other innovations, people came to live Longer, more comfortable lives.

      Civilization also brought new ills to humanity. In the 20th century, it
      brought nuclear carfare global warming, and ozone depletion. More subtly,
      civilization removed human beings from regular encounters with the wonders
      of the natural world. Unlike people of modem civilizations primitive
      people lived close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. They
      locked at fire and the stars with awe and reverence. Civilization involves
      the ability to create a new political and cultural world. In the 19th
      century, the American writer, philosopher, and naturalist Henry David
      Thoreau noted that this artificial sphere separates humanity from
      primitive virtue. "Most of the luxuries, he argued, "and many of the
      so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive
      hindrances to the elevations of mankind." Thoreau believed that men and
      women should simplify their lives.

      Even those ancient pioneers of civilization, the Greeks, mourned the lost
      innocence. They expressed this sense of regret in the story, of Prometheus
      and Pandora. Contrary, to the wishes of other Gods, Prometheus brought to
      humanity the gifts of fire, art, and science. The jealous gods were
      unwilling to allow men and women to enjoy, such blessings without cost,
      and so they sent Pandora to the world with a box containing disease,
      sorrow, and other evils.

      Thus, human beings have viewed civilization as a mixed blessing. Civilized
      people have waged brutal wars, destroyed majestic forests, and persecuted
      religious minorities. But civilizations have also achieved wonders.

      46. Which of the following represents civilization of people?

      A) They build houses.　　　　　　　　B) They have societies.

      C) They live in a group.　　　　　　　D) They can write.

      47. "Sumerians" in the second paragraph refers to ______.

      A) a person　　　　　　　　　　　　B) a group of people

      C) human beings　　　　　　　　　　D) prehistoric people

      48. In paragraph 4, there is a sentence given by Henry. Thoreau, "Most of
      the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not
      indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." This
      sentence means ______.

      A) Most luxuries and comforts are important and can improve the quality,
      of people’s life.

      B) Most luxuries rind comforts are not so important for they cannot
      improve the quality of people’s life.

      C) Most luxuries and comforts are not so necessary and also they prevent
      the progress of human beings

      D) Most luxuries and comforts are too important to improve the quality of
      people’s life

      49. All tile following represent the negative side of civilization EXCEPT
      ______

      A) chemical warfare　　　　　　　　　B) the decrease of fresh air

      C) greenhouse effect　　　　　　　　　D) the nuclear plant

      50. In the paragraph that follows this passage, the writer is going to
      discuss ______

      A) the importance of civilization

      B) the difference between civilization and culture

      C) the positive aspect of civilization

      D) the Greeks
      Passage 3

      One of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars,
      Hemingway in his early works depicted tile lives of two types of people.
      One type consisted of men and women deprived, by World War I, of faith in
      the moral values in which they had believed, and who lived with cynical
      disregard for anything but their own emotional needs. The other type were
      men of simple character and primitive emotions, such as prizefighters and
      bullfighters. Hemingway wrote of their courageous and usually futile
      battles against circumstances. His earliest works include the collections
      of short stories Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923), his first work; In
      Our time (1924),tales reflecting his experiences as a youth in the
      northern Michigan woods; Men without women(1927), a volume that included
      "The Killers," remarkable for its description of impending doom; and
      Winner Take Nothing (1933), stories characterizing people in unfortunate
      circumstances in Europe. The novel that established Hemingway’s
      reputation. The Sun Also Rises (1926), is the story, of a group of morally
      irresponsible Americans and Britons living in France and Spain, members of
      the so-called lost generation of the post-world War I period. Hemingway’s
      second important novel, A Farewell to Arms (1929), is the story, of a
      deeply moving love affair in wartime Italy between an American officer in
      the Italian ambulance service and a British nurse. The novel was followed
      by two nonfiction works, Death in the Afternoon (1932), prose pieces
      mainly about bullfighting; and Green, gills of Africa (1935), accounts of
      big-game hunting.

      Hemingway’s economical writing style often seems simple and almost
      childlike, but his method is calculated and used to complex effect. In his
      writing Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple
      nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided
      describing his characters’ emotions and thoughts directly. Instead, in
      providing the reader with the raw material of an experience and
      eliminating the authorial viewpoint. Hemingway made the reading of a text
      approximate the actual experience as closely as possible. Hemingway was
      also deeply concerned with authenticity, in writing. He believed that a
      writer could treat a subject honestly only if the writer had participated
      in or observed the subject closely. Without such knowledge the writer’s
      work would be flawed because the reader would sense the author’s lack of
      expertise: In addition, Hemingway believed that an author writing about a
      familiar subject is able to write sparingly and eliminate a great deal of
      superfluous detail from the piece without sacrifleing the voice of
      authority. Hemingway’s stylistic influence on American writers has been
      enormous. The success of his plain style in expressing basic. yet deeply
      felt, emotions contributed to the decline of the elaborate Victorian-era
      prose that characterized a great deal of American writing in the early
      20th century. Many American writers have cited Hemingway as an influence
      on their own work.

      51. The novel that brought Hemingway greatest fame________.

      A) Three Stories and Ten Poems　　　　　　　B) In Far Time

      C) Men Without Women　　　　　　　　　　D) The Sun Also Rises

      52 Which of the following can best describe Hemingway’s writing style?

      A) simple and precise　　　　　　　　　　 B) bullfighting

      C) superfluous　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) complicated

      53. According to this passage which of the following is the great
      contribution of Hemingway?

      A) He introduced a new subject into literature.

      B) His writing style influenced a group of American
      writers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

      C) He proved that one should write about details.

      D) He said that writers should know what they are writing.

      54. This passage is mainly, about Hemingway’s ___________

      A) life　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B) background　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

      C) novels and writing style　　　　　　　　D) influence

      55. The sentence. "Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity
      in writing".　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

      "authenticity" is closest in meaning with

      A) author’s right　　　　　　　　　　　　B) credibility

      C) authorization　　　　　　　　　　　　D) authorship


      Section B

      Directions: After you have read the following passage write out a summary
      in English with about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary, on the Answer
      Sheet.



      It is said that the public and Congressional concern. about deceptive
      packaging uproar started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of
      cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming
      higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10.5 ounces,
      without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they
      had been reduced in size. Lze. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a
      store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a
      single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.

      The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing
      his package size to lower the quantity, delivered can, without undue
      hardship, put his product into boxes, bags. and tins that will contain
      even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound quantities of break fast foods, cake
      mixes, etc. A study of drugstore and supermarket shelves will convince any
      observer that all possible size and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles and
      tins are in use more same time and as the package journals show, week by
      week, there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of
      box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation. The producers of
      packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to
      contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments
      unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package
      sizes, materials, shape, art work. and net weights hat are used for
      improving a product’s market position.

      When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply tile price
      of hard sweets by 2.5,from I dollar to 2.50 dollars by changing to a fancy
      jar, or that he had made a 5-ounce bottle look as though it held 8 ounces,
      he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensive
      luxury. It evidently does come high. when an average family pays about 200
      dollars a year for bottles, cans, boxes, jars and other containers, most
      of which can’t be used for anything but stuffing the garbage can.



      注：请将概要用英文写在答题纸上。



      Section C

      Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After
      you have read the passage, answer these questions in English and then put
      them on the Answer Sheet.



      If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills,
      American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not
      traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival or the firm in
      the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual
      responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be
      hired-reined at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or
      equipment.

      The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen
      in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial
      officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of
      human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of
      the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on
      major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive
      Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource
      management is central - usually the second most important executive, after
      the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.

      While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training
      their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their
      employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do
      invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial
      employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers
      are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do
      the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it
      possible to absorb new technologies.

      As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If
      American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate
      new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do),
      the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the
      United States. More time is required before equipment is tip and running
      at capacity and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and
      creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with he equipment can be
      employed. Tine result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the
      end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the
      bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be
      operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these
      processes will disappear.



      注：请将答案用英文写在答题纸上。

      56. What does the management of human resources in American companies
      think about employees skill training?



      57. What is the position of the head of human-resource. management in an
      American firm?

      58.　　　money most American firms put in training mainly goes to ______.

      59. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm’s
      competitive advantage is ______.

      60. What is the main idea of the passage?



      Part IV　　　Writing　(15%)　(请将作文用英文写在答题纸上)

      Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition on the
      title of "Two Important Possible Changes. Which May Occur In Higher
      Education in China in the 2lst Century" with no less than 150 English
      words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in
      Chinese.



      1.21世纪高等教育在社会发展中将起到更为重要的作用。

      2.在21世纪高等教育将会发生许多变化（举两例说明）

      3.你对这些变化的认识及看法。