考研阅读真题详解

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考研阅读真题详解,本人认为非常不错,与大家分享!
沪江考研试题研究中心
INTRODUCTION

想了半天，还是写下了Introduction这个词，之前的黑暗版guangxian做的很成功，因此在这次的修订过程中有着很大的压力。几经易手，终于在今天暂时定稿，由于水平有限，在这个版本中难免还是有错误，希望大家指出。
●资料重新进行了排版，收集了1994-2005考研,英语阅读真题56篇,其中，1993-2003年的未做任何改动，新增了2004和2005年的内容。
●新增的2005年“难句解析”、“试题解析”、“全文翻译”选自新华出版社的《历年考研英语真题解析及复习思路》，其中2005年的26题答案没有选择此书所给答案，而是选择了C
●2005年阅读真题的第一篇和第二篇“重点词汇”由沪江荣誉版主henzhanzhao原创而成，2004年的四篇真题和2005年的第三篇和第四篇由沪江laoshenmo完成。

祝各位2006年考研顺利！



Impossible is nothing


Zhuhui0991







PREFACE



一本书最后写成却被安放在最前面的部分叫“前言”。
为使读者既不浪费宝贵时间，又能全面把握本资料以运用于考研复习，前言写成“凡例”形式。

●        本资料正文收全1994－2003考研英语阅读真题48篇，排列以年份为序，2003年Text 1为第1篇，1994年Passage 5为第48篇；附录收2004年阅读真题4篇。
●        正文所有文章自2003年7月起连载于 沪江论坛 考研版，历时三月完成，随后不断修订，总耗时逾300小时。
●        正文每篇文章由“真题原文”、“重点词汇”、“难句解析”、“试题解析”、“全文翻译”五部分组成，因个人能力所限，各部分内容基本选编自国内公开出版的考研与非考研类英语学习参考书。
●        “真题原文”1/2为网上原有电子版校对而成，另1/2为笔者照书录入，以人大版《2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语历年真题解析及复习思路》为底本，参其余多本真题书而成，可能是目前网上错误率最低的阅读真题文本。
●        “重点词汇”之单词解析选自笔者的英文单词记忆研究笔记，是本资料中唯一的原创作品，以词根词缀为主、其它各种方法为辅记忆中高级英文单词是笔者的一贯主张。
●        “重点词汇”之例句录自辽宁人民版《广征博引英汉词典》、河南人民版《点击智慧——新世纪魔鬼词典》等近20本书，涉及考研核心词汇1500个，例句翻译按笔者之粗浅理解略有修改，80%例句句型适合议论文写作。
●        “难句解析”选编自周雷的世图版《考研英语阅读：真题语言注释与难句突破》2004年版。
●        “试题解析”之2003年、2002年解析选编自高教版《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试分析（非英语专业）》2004年版，其余录自张锦芯的人大版《历年研究生入学考试英语统考真题详解》2003年版。
●        “全文翻译”除改正个别印刷错误外，完全按照前述之人大版《真题解析及复习思路》录入。
●        “附录1”选编自航空工业版“考试虫”《洞穿考研——硕士研究生英语入学考试历年实考试题解析》。
●        转载请保持本资料完整性，任何疑问、批评与建议请点击 此处 发表，谢谢！



　　




祝各位2005年考研顺利！

It is impossible to love and be wise.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　— Francis Bacon

      
GUANGXIAN
2003年国庆前夜于恶人谷
2004年10月12日第N次修订
----------------------------------------------
纵横江湖二十馀载 杀尽仇寇 败尽英雄
天下更无抗手 无可奈何 惟隐居深谷 以雕为友
呜呼 生平求一敌手而不可得 诚寂寥难堪也


2005 Passage 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
    In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.
   The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
　　[A]. posing a contrast.
　　[B]. justifying an assumption.
　　[C]. making a comparison.
　　[D]. explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that
　　[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
　　[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
　　[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
　　[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
　　[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get.
　　[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions.
　　[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament.
　　[D]. more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
　　[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.
　　[B]. can be taught to exchange things.
　　[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
　　[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
　　[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
　　[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
　　[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
　　[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

重点词汇：

assumption  （假定；承担；呈现）是assume的名词形式；见1997年Text 2。.参consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。underlying assumption 潜在的假定。
grievance  /n.委屈冤情不平。申诉人提出不满意见交付仲裁者。悲痛伤心事不幸忧伤。因为有冤情（）而满怀悲痛（）向申诉人申诉。

tardily  adv.缓慢。形容词形式拖拉的。（谐音记忆：他地，工作是他的，所以我可以拖拉）

counterpart （相似或对应的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前缀“对等”，part部分，“对等的部分”。见2000年 Passage 4 。
token   n. 表示, 向征, 记号, 代币 adj. 象征的, 表意的。Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼泪是快乐的一种奇怪的表示。
reluctant  （不愿的，勉强的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作“反复”，luct可看作词根lect“选择”，-ant形容词后缀，人们都不愿反反复复地作选择，所以“反复选择”→不愿的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们。见1994 Passage 5 。
indignation    n. 愤慨, 义愤。 记忆：in-dig挖（坑）-nation，挖坑藏在里面的民族，能不愤慨吗？比如老萨，呵呵。形容词形式 indignant   adj. 愤怒的, 愤慨的
   
难句分析：
①Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短语regard…as…的被动形式；with加名词作状语，即“带有潜在的假定”，其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。
翻译：这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。
②when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour  became markedly different.
该句子的主句是their behaviour became markedly different.前面是when引导的时间状语从句，其中包含了so that引导的目的状语从句。
翻译：当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
试题解析：
这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的公平意识，文章本身难度不是太大，一开始做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比，文章重点谈猴子们的公平意识。这篇对比性的文章两个方面要理解，第一，人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现，当受到不公正待遇的时候，都有义愤填膺的感觉，如果把握这个逻辑，就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。21题，我们应该选择C，考察第一段的写作手法，明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的比较关系。
22题答案是B，也是在把猴子和人做类比，指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平
23题答案选A，这个是事实细节题，答案是根据文章第三段第一句话得到的，雌性的猴子被选择做研究，是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。
24题答案选择C，他们最终的发现是什么，篇章最后两段反复重复，如果没有受到公平的话，
25题选择B.这篇文章第一段和最后一段都出现一个词，"假设"为什么猴和人都有这种心理反应，这个问题没有得以解决。
全文翻译：
人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
    研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。  


2005 Passage 2

    Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
  There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
  Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
  Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.
  To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
　　[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
　　[B]. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
　　[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
　　[D]. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
　　[A]. a protector.
　　[B]. a judge.
　　[C]. a critic.
　　[D]. a guide.
28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)
　　[A]. Endless studies kill action.
　　[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.
　　[C]. prudent planning hinders.
　　[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about
　　[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
　　[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.
　　[C]. Press for further scientific research.
　　[D]. Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
　　[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.
　　[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
　　[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
　　[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.

重点词汇：
prudent  adj. 谨慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天气下外出时带上件厚外套是谨慎的。名词形式prudence  n. 审慎。记忆：rude 粗鲁的，无礼的，p不-rude粗鲁的-ent形容词后缀
paralysis n.  瘫痪, 麻痹。 para-侧面。参见2003年Text 2。
paraphrase  （n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；用短语表达”，故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph（文章的段、节；短评）←para+graph写；parameter（参数）←para+meter计量；parasite（寄生虫）←para+site地点。
analysis  n.  分析, 分解。记忆：an-a-lysis，后缀同上，分析成一个an,a。联想：反义词synthesis n. 综合, 合成

take the legislative initiative   
take the initiative 带头,开始着手  took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.开始着手试图解决这个问题
initiative   n. 主动。 名词形式initiate  vt. 开始, 发动, 传授 v. 开始, 发起
legislative   adj.  立法的, 立法机关的 n. 立法机关。参见1999 Passage 4 。legislation  （立法；法规）看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg词根“法律”（参allegation宣称，2003年Text 2），is是，late迟的，-ion名词后缀，“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”。

难句解析：
①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
主干部分是The latest was a panel，表语panel后接有两个定语成分：from的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词，即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”，其中第二个定语成分中又包含一个不定式结构，表目的，即“为了告诉我们……而召集的（专家团）”。
翻译：最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。
②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
该句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列从句，前一分句的主干是science…provide us with…guide；后一分句的主干是it is critical，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句的主干是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments，judgments后接有两个定语结构，一是that引导的定语从句，一是concerning分词结构。
翻译：但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
③Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。
该句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters；句首Just as结构做比较状语，意为“正如…一样”；insisting 引导的分词结构做定语修饰主语voice，分词结构中含有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的真实主语是不定式结构to keep…
翻译：就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。
试题解析：
第二篇文章是一篇一般的时事性文章，这也是一篇类比，考完了以后很多考生说这篇文章讲抽烟，其实不是的，作者讲抽烟是想说明现在的温室效应，也是一种类比，许多人抽烟没有人去管，因为缺乏足够的证据,咱们各国政府也不管温室效应, 也是同样的原因。中心讲的是世界各个政府对温室效应的解决的态度，篇章的关键词围绕这样三个问题展开，第一个就是证据不充足。第二是科学的意义。第三是制定法律，尤其最后三段大量出现立法和法规的现象，
26题选C，
27应该选D，科学应该作为一个指导性，是答案是根据文章第２段的最后两句话。
28题是猜单词题，单词所在的句子的意思是有些人总要科学证据，结果抹杀了行动。所以选A。29答案选择D，采取某种法律措施，法律在最后的段落重复的最多。
30题作者谈的抽烟的教训对我们温室处理也是一样的，选B。
全文翻译：
还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据，科学也不确定的时候吗？还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外的时候吗？许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，在三十多年中，差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。
    现在出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继，试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长Bruce Alberts在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点：“科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
    就象吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏；到了有百分之百的证据的时候，可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显，并且不断增加，一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。
幸运的是，白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究――这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹案例”。
    为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须积极推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不够的。如果政府不争取立法上的主动权，国会就应该帮助政府开始采取保护措施。弗吉尼亚的民主党议员Robert Byrd提出一项议案，从经济上激励私企，就是一个良好的开端。许多人看到这个国家正准备修建许多新的发电厂，以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们准备保护大气，关键要让这些新发电厂对环境无害。


2005 Passage 3

  Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it , change it.”
  Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.
   The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.  
  And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
   At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
　　[A]. can be modified in their courses.
　　[B]. are susceptible to emotional changes.
　　[C]. reflect our innermost desires and fears.
　　[D]. are a random outcome of neural repairs.
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
　　[A]. its function in our dreams.
　　[B]. the mechanism of REM sleep.
　　[C]. the relation of dreams to emotions.
　　[D]. its difference from the prefrontal cortex.
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
　　[A]. aggravate in our unconscious mind.
　　[B]. develop into happy dreams.
　　[C]. persist till the time we fall asleep.
　　[D]. show up in dreams early at night.
34.Cartwright seems to suggest that
　　[A]. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.
　　[B]. visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con troll.
　　[C]. dreams should be left to their natural progression.
　　[D]. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?
　　[A]. lead your life as usual.
　　[B]. Seek professional help.
　　[C]. Exercise conscious control.
　　[D]. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
重点词汇：

formulate [] vt.构想；规划；明确地表达。[例]The idea of setting up this corporation was formulated over coffee. 创办这家公司的想法是在喝咖啡时形成的。
Neurologist []  n.神经学者, 神经科专门医师 neuro-神经
Byproduct n.副产品 [记]bypass n，旁路，小道  bywork n 副业  byname n.绰号
thermostat [] n.自动调温器, thermo- 热、热电
unconscious [] adj.无意识的：缺乏意识和感知能力的；无意识的
limbic [] adj.边缘的、与之相关的或有之特征的；脑边缘系统的或与之相关的
Significance [] n.重要性：重要的状态或性质
persistent [] adj.坚持不懈的，执意的：拒绝放弃或听任的；顽固坚持的，持续的，存留的：不断地重复或持续的
Therapist [] n.治疗学家：专门提供某一治疗的人
at the end of the day 讲到底，说穿了，到最后。You may attack me all you want, at the end of the day, I can't care less. （随便你怎么攻击我，说穿了，我才不在乎呢。） (I don't really wish to earn a whole lot of money, I just wanna be healthy. At the end of the day, that's what really matters. （我并不希望赚大钱，我只希望身体健康。说到底，这才是真正重要的。）



难句解析：
①And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better,
该句子的主干是间接引语，其宾语是that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句的主干是these events can be not only harnessed but actually brought……，其中not only…but(also) 并列连词结构连接两个过去分词，表示“不仅被驾驭…而且被有意识的加以控制”。不定式在宾语从句中做结果状语。
翻译：一名主要的权威人士说，梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地加以控制，以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。
②The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.
该句子是一个倒装句，句首是间接引语的宾语从句，其主谓结构后置，即says Dr, Eric.宾语从句的主干是个比较结构The brain is as active during REM as it is when fully awake。两个破折号之间是插入语，做定语从句，修饰REM sleep，即“出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠”。
翻译：匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说，在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。
③Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
该句子的主句后跟有两个现在分词结构，第一个分词结构表伴随，其动作和主句中的动作几乎同时发生。第二个分词结构表结果，即“因此表明……”
翻译：大多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦，而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦力渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。
试题解析：
第三篇文章中心主干是这样的，第一段开始就确立了话题，确立了作者的态度，观点和论点以后，整篇文章都是围绕第一段展开的，第三篇文章讲的是一个心理学方面的梦的问题，文章开篇就说梦的原理以及梦是可以控制的，然后讲梦与情感的关系，结尾再次强调梦是可以控制的。文章有三个关键词，第一个关键词是梦，第二个是睡眠，第三个词是控制，还有一个是情感意识。
第31题研究者们他们好象认为梦，这完全从篇章的开头和结尾都强调重复说明梦是可以控制的，选Ａ。
32题作者提到梦和情感之间是有关系的，情感是段落的重点，选Ｃ，
33题这里有一个在白天有消极的情感出现的时候，在梦里是有的，所以我们选D。
34题他询问的作者的观点，整篇文章透露的就是我们的梦是可以控制的，这是文章的核心意思，而且该题有may这样的委婉情态动词，以前就强调一定正确，选项是原文的替换，意思是梦是不完全是潜意识的范围，选Ｄ
35题答案是选A，问如果有噩梦出现怎么办，像以前一样过，是在最后一段谈到的。
全文翻译：
在高质量睡眠的所有因素中，梦似乎是最无法控制的一个。在梦中，窗户通向的世界里，逻辑暂时失去了效用，死人开口说话。一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了革命性的理论，即梦是人们潜意识中欲望和恐惧经伪装后的预示；到了20世纪70年代末期，神经病学家们转而认为梦是“精神噪音”，即睡眠时进行的神经修复活动的一种杂乱的副产品。目前，研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分，当大脑处于“掉线”状态时对情绪进行规整。一名主要的权威人士说，梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地加以控制，以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。芝加哥医疗中心心里学系主任 Rosalind Cartwright说“梦是你自己的，如果你不喜欢，就改变它。”
大脑造影的证据支持了以上观点。匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说，在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。但并非大脑的所有部分都一样，脑边缘系统（“情绪大脑”）异常活跃，而前额皮层（思维和推理的中心地带）则相对平静大。斯坦福睡眠研究员William Dement博士说：“我们从梦中醒来，或者高兴或者沮丧，这些情绪会伴随我们一整天。”
梦和情绪之间的联系在Cartwright的诊所的病人身上显露出来了。多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦，而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。因为清醒时我们的头脑被日常琐事占据着，所以并不总是想到白天发生的事情对我们情绪的影响，直到我们开始做梦，这种影响才出现。
这一过程不一定是无意识的。Cartwright认为人们可以练习有意识地控制噩梦的重演。你一醒来就立刻确定梦中有什么在困扰你，设想一下你所希望的梦的结局，下次再做同样的梦时，试图醒来以控制它的进程。通过多次练习，人们完全可以学会在梦中这样做。
Cartwright说，说到底，只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或“从梦中惊醒”，就没有理由太在意所做的梦。恐怖主义、经济不确定及通常的不安全感都增加了人们的焦虑。那些长期受到噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助，而对其他人来说，大脑有自动消除不良情绪的方法。安心睡觉甚至做梦，早上醒来时你会感觉好多了。


2005 Passage 4

  American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
   Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English
  But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
  Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
    Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English
　　[A]. is inevitable in radical education reforms.
　　[B]. is but all too natural in language development.
　　[C]. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.
　　[D]. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.
37. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotes
　　[A]. modesty.
　　[B]. personality.
　　[C]. liveliness.
　　[D]. informality.
38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?
　　[A]. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
　　[B]. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
　　[C]. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
　　[D]. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.
39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's
　　[A]. interest in their language.
　　[B]. appreciation of their efforts.
　　[C]. admiration for their memory.
　　[D]. contempt for their old-fashionedness.
40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as
　　[A]. “temporary” is to “permanent”.
　　[B]. “radical” is to “conservative”.
　　[C]. “functional” is to “artistic”.
　　[D]. “humble” is to “noble”.
重点词汇：

Degradation [] n.降级，降等：降低或下降的过程
Conservative [] adj.保守的, 守旧的n.保守派[记]conservative 保守的/moderate 温和的 /radical激进的 英国两大执政党之一的保守党为Conservative Party
Regrettable [] adj.令人后悔的：引发或值得后悔的： a regrettable lack of funds; 令人遗憾的资金缺乏regrettable remarks.令人遗憾的评论
Elevate [] vt.提升、提高  字根lev指“升、举 to raise”如：lever轻易举起的东西→杠杆；leverage 杠杆作用→方法，手段；elevate举起来→提升；elevator [美]电梯；lift [英]电梯
Illustrated [] adj.有插图的 an illustrated book有插画的书籍 [记]illustration n 插图；图解 字根lust/luc指“明亮的”。 il(on)＋lustr(bright)＋ate(v.)使明亮，使清晰→图解说明；lucent a.光亮的，透明的
Formative [] adj.能成形的：造型的或可塑造的 the formative stages of a plot.
情节的发展阶段
Spontaneity [] n. 【复数】 spontaneities 自发性：自发的状态或属性
Elaborate [] adj. 精心制作的：对众多部分或细节给予精心注意的计划或制作的
Linguist [] n. 通晓数国语言的人：一个能流利地讲好几种语言的人 [记]linguistic a.语言的；语言学的 字根lingu指“舌头，tongue”。所以linguist就是玩舌头的人→语言学家；linguistic语言学的；bilingual 两条舌头→双语者；multilingual 好多舌头→通多国语言者



难句解析：
①In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
该句子的主干是John McWhorte sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline。主语前的介词短语in his latest book做状语，book后有一个较长的书名充当其同位语。主语和谓语之间为主语的同位语，对主语补充说明。
翻译：在他最近的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意？》中，这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
②As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas
该句子的主干是he acknowledges that all varieties can be expressive，谓语acknowledges后面是that引导的宾语从句。从句中主谓之间插入了介词短语including non-standard ones like Black English。破折号后面分句对前面话语进行补充说明。
翻译：麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力――世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。
试题解析：
第四篇文章的专业性比较强，讲的美国人由于随意性，所以英语的语言也变得相当随意的主旨，对很多对语言学不敏感的同学是很难的，因为专业性太强。这篇文章总体同样属于一个对比性的文章，关键词围绕正式用语非正式用语这里面的变化。开篇是在说什么导致英语的衰败，不是那么正式了。 中间的部分是在讲语言的变化是不可阻挡的。结尾继续讲俄国人对本国语言的最终是值得我们赞赏的。
36题答案是Ｂ。作者认为是不可避免的在语言的发展中，而A是讲教育改革不可避免。
　　37题，原文反复出现的是语音的正式性和非正式性，所以这个题选Ｄ。
　　38题问的是人物的观点，所以要区分作者的观点，美国人语言是衰败指的并不是逻辑思维也是衰败的，所以选择A。
　　39题作者提到俄国人喜欢背诗，作者在文章是赞赏的语气，称赞他们努力维护本国的语言。
　　40题，这个题也是一个类比题，他说咱们经常纸碟和瓷器之间的关联，纸盒子不漂亮可以盛饭，瓷器在大餐聚会时被使用，讲究美食性。所以答案选C，是一种功能性和美食性的关联性和关系性。
全文翻译：
美国人已不再期待公众人物在演讲或写作中能运用技巧和文采来驾驭英语，而公众人物自己也不渴望这样。语言学家麦荷特喜好争论，他的观点混杂着自由派与保守派的看法。在他最近的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意？》中，这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
责备放纵的六十年代不是什么新鲜事，但这次算不上是对教育衰落的又一场批判。麦荷特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言演变。举例来说，他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比古英语中词格尾缀的消失更让人惋惜。
然而，“做自己的事”这一对事务真实性和个人性的崇高信条，已经导致了正式演讲、写作、诗歌及音乐的消亡。在20世纪60年代以前，仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都会寻求一种更高雅的强调；而那之后，即使是最受关注的文章也开始逮住口语就写在纸面上。同样的，对于诗歌来说，非常个性化和富有表现力的创作风格成为了能够表达真实生动含义的唯一形式。无论作为口语还是书面语的英语，随意言谈胜过雅致的言辞，自我发挥也压过了精心准备。
麦荷特显示先生从上层和下层文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子，从而说明他记录的这种趋势是确凿无误的。但就书中副标题中的疑问：为什么我们应该、喜欢或在意，答案却不够明确。作为语言学家，麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力――世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。不像其他大多数人，麦荷特先生并不认为我们说话方式不再规范就会使我们不能够准确的思考。
俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言，并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌；而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲，即使这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。麦荷特先生认为正式语言并非不可或缺，也没有提出要进行彻底的教育改革――他其实只是为那些美好事务而不是实用品的消逝而哀叹。我们现在用“纸盘子”而非“瓷盘子”装着我们的英语大餐。真是惭愧啊，但很可能已无法避免。

[ 本帖最后由 qingqing 于 2006-6-11 10:49 PM 编辑 ]

qingqing

没办法,附件我上传不过去啊!

stone8065

好象是黑魔方版的真题解析,不错,大家不妨看看!!

stone8065

很不错的资料,就是太乱了，看起来不是很方便!!!!

qingqing

1997 Passage 1

　　It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."
　　The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
　　Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.
51. From the second paragraph we learn that ________.
　　[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
　　[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
　　[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
　　[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage
52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.
　　[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
　　[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
　　[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
　　[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.
　　[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
　　[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
　　[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering
　　[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days
54. The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.
　　[A] opposition
　　[B] suspicion
　　[C] approval
　　[D] indifference

重点词汇：
parliamentary （议会的，国会的）←parliament+ary。A parliament is nothing less than a big meeting of more or less idle people.议会无非是多少有些懒散的人们的一个大聚会。parliament — the longest running farce in the West End 议会——伦敦西区连续演出时间最长的闹剧。
incurably  （不可治地）即in+cur+ably，in-否定前缀，cur词根“治疗”，-ably可……地；形容词形式为incurable←in+cur+able。a incurably disease 不治之症。

bulletin （布告）可看作bullet+in，“留有弹痕的布告”，如图（偶用PS做的  ）：


turn back 逆转，往回走。I know. It's all wrong. By rights, we shouldn't even be here. But we are. It's like in the great stories, Mr. Frodo. The ones that really mattered. Full of darkness and danger they were. And sometimes you didn't want to know the end because how could the end be happy? How could the world go back to the way it was when so much bad had happened? But in the end, it's only a passing thing this shadow. Even darkness must pass. A new day will come. And when the sun shines, it will shine out the clearer. Those were the stories that stayed with you that meant something. Even if you were too small to understand why. But I think, Mr. Frodo, I do understand. I know now. Folk in those stories had lots of chances of turning back, only they didn't. They kept going because they were holding on to something....我知道。这不公平。我们根本就不该来。但是我们来了。这就像我们听过的精彩故事，佛罗多。描述伟大的事迹。充满了黑暗和危险。有时候你不想知道结局。因为怎么可能有快乐的结局？发生了这么多可怕的事。这世界怎么可能回到从前？但是最后，阴影终究会过去。就连黑暗也会消失。崭新的一天将会来临。太阳也会散发更明亮的光芒。这才是让人永生难忘的有意义的感人故事。就算你太年轻不明白为什么，但是我想我明白了，佛罗多。我现在明白了。故事的主角有很多机会放弃，但是他们并没有。他们决定勇往直前，因为他们抱着一种信念。……←guangxian：看电影时对这段话印象特别深刻，于是就抄下来了。
euthanasia  （安乐死）看作eu+than+asia，eu谐音“已有”，than比，asia亚洲，“安乐死在亚洲之外的地方已有了”。euthanasia — ①a way of putting old people out of their family's misery ②never having to tell your parents you're sorry 安乐死——①将老人从家庭的痛苦中解脱出来 ②绝对不必向父母道歉。
domino （多米诺骨牌）用谐音记。
diagnose  （v.诊断）←diag+nose，diag看作dog（元音替换），nose鼻子，“狗鼻子”→闻（联想中医之“望闻问切”）→诊断。
certificate （证书）即certif(y)+ic+ate，certify证明，-ic形容词后缀，-ate作名词后缀表“物”，于是“具证明性质的东西”→证书。I must discard riches, the certificate of slavery.我必须抛弃财富这张奴隶证书。
objection  （反对）即ob+ject+ion，ob-前缀“朝向”，ject词根“投掷”，-ion名词后缀，“向别人扔东西”→反对。同根词：reject→re(=back)+ject→扔回去→拒绝；inject→in+ject→向里扔→注入。All poets pretend to write for immortality, but he whole tribe have no objection to present pay and present praise.所有诗人都自称是为不巧的名声而写作，可这些家伙对眼前的稿酬与眼前的赞扬却全无异议。
sink in 被了解；cool off 使冷静。
难句解析：
①After six months of arguing and final 16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
▲句子的主体结构是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority...，其中，句首是表示时间的介词词组作状语：after six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates，后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die相当于定语从句which allows doctors to...，修饰legal authority，who引导定语从句who wish to die修饰前面的patients。
△理解句子的关键在于剔除庞杂的修饰成分，抓住句子的主干。
②Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.
▲第一句话中，有用逗号松散地连接的两个表示对比的句子：Some have breathed... others... bitterly attacked...，其中others之后是介词词组：including churches，right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association对others进行进一步的解释。its passage中的its指代前面提到的the bill。第二句使用了被动语态，与第一句是转折关系。
△tide本意是“潮水，潮汐”的意思，这里的引申含义是“趋势，趋向”；turn the tide使形式转变，改变局面。bill这里是“法案”的意思。另外要理解some和others的对比关系。
③In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.
▲这个句子的主体结构是... other states are going to consider...。句首的In Australia是介词词组表示地点状语，后面where引导定语从句where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part，进一步解释Australia的具体情况。
△注意破折号中说各种因素都发挥了作用，是指对其它州考虑制定关于安乐死的法律这件事而言的。另外注意consider的用法，consider后面一般接v.-ing的形式或that引导的宾语从句。
④After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met.
▲两个句子都是简单句。第一句中前面是介词词组作时间状语：After a "cooling off" period of seven days。第二句使用了被动语态。
△"cooling off"这里是指“给病人充足的考虑时间以做出冷静的决定”。meet这里是“满足”的意思，可以和demand，need，requirement等和wish类似的词连用。
试题解析：
51. [D] 意为：理解该法获批准的意义尚需要时间。
　　第二段第一句是该段的主题句，该句意为：其（即这一立法的）整体含义(import)可能需要一段时间才为人彻底理解(sink in)。其实，该段的第二句是对第一句更具体的阐释，该句可译为：北部地方州（此处NT是Northern Territory的缩略形式，指澳大利亚中北部地区）晚期病人权利法的批准使医生和普通人都在思索其道义与实践方面的含义。本段下文提到了支持和反对该法的两种观点。
　　A意为：在（除澳大利亚以外的）其他国家，对安乐死的反对意见缓慢而至。这一点该段没有提到。实际上，听到该法批准后，远在美国和加拿大的人也很快作出了反应。
　　B意为：在安乐死这一问题上，医生和普通人观点相同。正像该段第三句所指出的，对于该法的批准，意见分歧很大。有些人松了口气，而有些人——包括教堂、保卫生命权益组织与澳大利亚医学会——对该法进行激烈的抨击，认为它的批准过于仓促。
　　C意为：技术（条件）的变化应对该法的仓促批准负主要责任。该段第五句意为：在澳大利亚，其他州也将考虑通过制定同样的一项法律来解决安乐死问题，而促成这一形势的是澳大利亚老化的人口、生命延续技术、正在变化的社会态度等因素。可见，这与C所表达的内容不一样。
52. [B] 意为：美国、加拿大及其他国家也可能批准类似法律。
　　第二段最后一句指出，在美国和加拿大“死之权利”运动正在集结力量，观望者正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倾倒。多米诺骨牌是一种西洋骨牌游戏；游戏中将许多长方形的骨牌竖立排列成行，碰倒第一张时，其余骨牌将依次纷纷倒下。用于比喻时，这种游戏指一系列的连锁反应，即：牵一发而动全身。这里喻指：澳大利亚的形势会波及北美等国家，引起类似的做法。
　　A意为：观察者对安乐死的未来持观望态度。根据对B的分析，观察者等待的是是否美、加等国会在对安乐死的态度方面步澳之后尘，通过类似立法，而并非是指他们对安乐死态度暖昧、莫衷一是。
　　C意为：观察者正等待看多米诺游戏的结果。这种解释未免太拘泥于字面的意思。
　　D意为：所批准的法案的影响也许会最终停止。与原文不符。
53. [A] 意为：死时表现出安乐死的平静特征。
　　这实际上是说他将采用安乐死的方式离开人世。第三段提到，住在达尔文市（位于北部地方州）的尼克森患肺癌，对他来说，允许安乐死的法案的批准意味着他可以心情平静地生活，而无需惧怕将要遭受的死亡的折磨：由死时所产生的呼吸困难所带来的痛苦折磨。他说：从思想认识上讲，我并不怕死，但是，我怕的是如何死去，因为我曾亲眼目睹过医院的病人死时由缺氧而挣扎并抓挠氧气罩的情景。从以上的分析可以看出，尼克森先生知道自己已患绝症并依法为自己选择安乐死的方式告别人世。
　　B意为：经历肺癌病人所要遭受的痛苦。不对，相反，尼克森将会平静死去。
　　C意为：对痛苦的折磨极度恐惧。
　　D意为：将经历7天的平静阶段。第三段指出，根据北部地区新通过的法律，要求安乐死的病人必须具备以下条件：1)该病人必须由两名医生诊断为晚期病人；2)平静考虑7天后，病人签署一个申请证书；3)48小时后再给病人实行安乐死。可见，这里所说的“平静”7天是让病人（及其家庭）平静、认真地考虑一下是否选择采用安乐死这一形式。
54. [C] 意为；赞同。
　　这是一篇新闻体文章，在新闻体文章中，写作者往往通过引用相关者的观点来结束讨论，并将自己的态度通过引用间接地表述出来。本文以尼克森的话结束了对安乐死的讨论，而尼克森是安乐死的支持者。另外，文章的大部分文字陈述了对安乐死法案的褒扬态度，而反对态度却一带而过。从这两方面来看，作者对安乐死持赞同态度。
　　A意为：反对。
　　B意为：怀疑。
　　D意为：不关心。
全文翻译：
　　凌晨3:45进行了最终表决。经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区（澳北州）成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。这一法案是以令人信服的15票对10票通过。几乎同时，该消息就出现在互联网上。身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰•霍夫塞斯在收到该消息后便通过协会的在线服务“死亡之网”发了公告。他说：“我们整天都在发布公告，因为这件事的意义不在于它是在澳大利亚发生的事情，而是因为这是世界历史的一件大事。”
　　要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题。一些人如释重负，另一些人，包括教会，生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。但这一潮流已无法逆转。在澳大利亚，人口老龄化，延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生的效应。
　　根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案，成年病人可以要求安乐死——可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片——来结束痛苦。但此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓，然后再经过7天的冷静思考期，方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后，才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德•尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。“从思想上说，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎样死，因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎，用手抓他们的面罩时的情景。”他说。


1997 Passage 2

　　A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
　　For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
　　The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
　　Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
　　As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.
　　[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
　　[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
　　[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
　　[D] most Americans are ready to offer help
56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
　　[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
　　[B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
　　[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
　　[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.
　　[A] to improve their hard life
　　[B] in view of their long-distance travel
　　[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life
　　[D] out of a charitable impulse
58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.
　　[A] tends to be superficial and artificial
　　[B] is generally well kept up in the United States
　　[C] is always understood properly
　　[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails

重点词汇：
courteous （有礼貌的）即court+eous，court看作单词“宫廷”，-eous形容词后缀，“宫廷的”→有礼貌的。
observation  （观察；pl.观察后的言论）←observe观察+ation。God creates by intuition; man creates by inspiration, strengthened by observation.上帝凭着直觉创造，人类凭着由观察加强的灵感创造。
deserve  （v.应受，值得）与desert一起记，“沙漠是应该受到重视的”。It is better to deserve honors and not to have them than to have them and not deserve them.理应拥有荣誉而不拥有它们胜过拥有荣誉而不应拥有它们。None is of freedom or of life deserving unless he daily conquers it anew.只有每天再度战胜生活并夺取自由的人，才配享受生活或自由。
charitable  （仁慈的）即charit(y)+able，charity仁慈，-able形容词后缀。A bone to the dog is not charity. Charity is the bone shared with the dog, when you are just as hungry as the dog.给狗一根骨头算不上仁慈，仁慈是在你跟狗一样饥饿时与狗分享的骨头。charity — ①giving someone the washing machine it wasn't worth having mended ②the only thing that can persuade us to get rid of old clothes and shoes 慈善——①将已经不值得修理的洗衣机送给别人 ②唯一能够说服我们清除破旧衣鞋的理由。
assumption  （假定；承担；呈现）是assume的名词形式；参consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。
interrelationship （相互关系）即inter+relation+ship，inter-相互，relation关系，-ship抽象名词后缀。
encounter  （v.n.遭遇）即en+counter，en-使，counter对面，“使面对面”→遭遇。If we encountered a man of rare intellect, we should ask him what books he read.若遇到才智非凡的人，就应该问他读的是哪些书。
individual  （个别的；个体）即in+divid+ual，in-否定前缀，divid词根“分”，-ual后缀，“不可再分的”→个别的。同根词：divide（v.分配；除）；subdivide→sub在下+divide→“在下面分”→再分。The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.归根结底，国家的价值就是组成它的个人的价值。In science, the total absorption of the individual event in the generalization is the goal; on the other hand, the humanities are concerned rather with providing for the special meaning of the individual event within an appropriate general system.自然科学以在归纳中全部吸收个别情况为目标，人文科学则更关心在适当的一般性体系之内提供个别情况的特殊意义。individual — a multitude of one million divided by one million 个人——一百万除一百万所得的人数。
exclusively  （专有地；排外地）是exclude（v.除外）的副词形式。Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently.对于独立思考的人，自由永远是也只能是自由。
entertain  （v.招待；使快乐）即enter+tain，enter-(=inter)，tain词根“容纳”，于是“使容纳进来”→招待→使快乐；名词形式为entertainment←entertain+ment。同根词：contain→con+tain→“一起容纳”→容纳。Some women seem to be able to entertain everybody but their husband.有些女人似乎能够使任何人愉快，自己的丈夫除外。There are days when any electrical appliance in the house, including the vacuum cleaner, seems to offer more entertainment than the TV set.有时候房间里的任何电器，包括吸尘器，似乎都能比电视机提供更多的娱乐。
难句解析：
①There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
▲第一个句子使用了there be句型，其中of course是插入语。第二句是主语+系动词+表语结构。第三句话中使用了so... that结构：其中made so frequently是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的observation。
△第一句中的of course作插入语，用逗号与句子的其它部分分开，在开始阅读的时候可以不看。注意第二句话中使用了双重否定表示肯定：hardly unknown等于pretty well-known。另外注意so... that结构的用法：太……以至于。另外observation这里的意思是“因观察而得出的意见”。另外it deserves comment中的it指代前面的observation。
②Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
▲句子的主干结构是Strangers and travelers were... and brought...。
△注意diversion在这里的含义是“解闷，取乐的事情，消遣，娱乐”，而不是“转移，转向”的意思。
③Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
▲这是一个简单句。traveling alone是现在分词作定语修饰前面的someone，if hungry, injured, or ill...实际上是简略的if引导的状语从句，相当于if (he is) hungry, injured, or ill，这里作插入成分。另外have sth.+动词不定式，这一结构中的动词不定式通常是相当于定语部分，修饰前面的sth.，这里就是：没有可以投靠（to turn to/动词不定式）的地方（nowhere/sth.）。
△注意turn to这里的引申含义是“投靠，求助于，求教于”的意思。
④It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.
▲句子的主干结构是It was not a matter of choice... or merely a charitable impulse...，是主语+系动词+表语的结构。表语由并列的两部分组成，由or来连接。
△on the part of相当于前面的for，意思是“在……方面，对……而言”。
⑤The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
▲这个句子的主干结构是The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B, but as C，使用了被动语态。其中neither... nor...结构后用的是同样词性的成分：形容词superficial和artificial。
△注意neither... nor... but结构的使用：既不是……也不是……而是……，重点在but之后。as the/a result of：作为……的结果，由于……而……。
⑥As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
▲句子的主干结构是... cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies... interrelationships。
△注意as在这里是一个代词，表示“这一情况，这一事实”。可以参考以下的例句来理解as的用法：The night had turned cold, as is usual around here.夜晚变得很冷，在这一带经常如此。
试题解析：
55. [D] 意为：大部分美国人乐于助人。
　　文章第一句指出，去过美国的人所带回的印象总是(consistently)：大多数美国人表现为友好、礼貌、乐于助人。本文从历史及文化的角度探讨了产生这一现象的原因。
　　A意为：粗鲁的出租车司机在美国罕见。
　　B意为：心胸狭窄的官员值得严肃的一提（或：应受严肃的批评）。
　　C意为：加拿大人不如其邻国（当主要指美国）人民友好。
　　注意：[A]、[B]、[C]表达的观点都不是第一段中所提到的访美者的观点，第一段的第二、三、四句表达的是本文作者的观点。在作者看来，公平地讲，许多到过加拿大的人对加拿大人也有同感，因此可以说：这是一种北美现象——北美人大都友好、礼貌、乐于助人。同时，在他看来，这种情况也有例外：心胸狭隘的官员、粗鲁的侍者、无礼的出租车司机也不乏其人，但总的来看这并不构成主流。
56. [A] 意为：文化影响社会关系。
　　最后一段的第一句是全段的主题，该句可译为：像其他发达国家一样，在美国，人际关系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。换言之，美国的文化决定了美国人的行为。
　　B意为：礼貌的习惯与个人兴趣互相影响。最后一段第五句可译为：仅靠在公共汽车上瞬时相遇来区别礼貌是出自于文化习惯还是个人的兴趣是不够的。根据本段的主旨和全文的主旨，这句话应该理解为：判断一个人表现出的礼貌行为究竟仅产生于其个人素质还是产生于文化的熏陶，仅看其个别的、偶然的行为是不行的。换言之，如果他随时随地表现为礼让，或者，如果生活在某一区域或国家的人都表现为礼让，那末，你才能判定礼貌行为不是一种个人现象，而是一种社会文化现象。
　　C意为：各种美德仅表现在朋友关系中。这一点文章最后一段没提到。最后一段所举的“朋友”一词的例子旨在说明：在不同文化中，“相同”的概念未必有同一内涵或外延。
　　D意为：社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗。根据该段第一句，二者是决定与被决定关系，并非等同关系。见上文分析。
57. [C] 意为；为自己的日常生活增添情趣。
　　第二段指出，在美国历史的很长一段时期（即所谓“拓荒”时代），对许多地区来说，一个旅行者的到来是很受欢迎的，因为它可以对平时单调的生活起一个调节(break)作用。离群索居的家庭共同的问题是日常生活的单调与寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到来可以使他们暂时摆脱这种生活状况，另外．他们也可以因此获得外界信息。
　　A意为：改善艰苦的生活。根据上文分析可见，陌生人受欢迎的原因主要是因为他们所带来的精神效应，而非物质生活效应。第三段提到，拓荒地区(frontier)的残酷现实也是形成美国人礼貌传统的原因。一个孤独的旅游者有问题自然求助于路边最近的居住点，这对旅游者来说不是一个选择问题（即：他别无选择），对就近的定居者来说，提供必要的帮助也不仅仅是出于怜悯(charitable impulse)。这反映的是日常生活的严酷现实：如果定居者不接收并帮助他，就没有别人了，另外，有一天定居者本人也可能处于同一境地。
　　B意为：考虑到他们所做的长途跋涉。
　　D意为：出于怜悯。见上文分析。
58. [B] 意为：在美国得以广泛的保持。
　　第二、三段探索了形成美国人友善好客传统的原因之后，第四段指出，虽然现在有许多专门的机构帮助旅行者，但是，友善好客的旧传统在美国仍根探蒂固，这突出表现在远离旅游热线的一些小城市中。本段最后一句指出，许多美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看作是一种历史文化现象。另外，文章最后一段指出，友善好客是倍受美国人珍视的美德，他们同样希望邻国人和其他外国人也表现出这一美德。
　　A意为：经常是表面上的、虚假的。见上文分析。
　　C意为：总是能被正确理解。相反，第四段指出，许多外国人对美国人的一些友好表示感到不可思议(amazing)，这反映了他们对美国历史文化传统的不理解。参阅第四段第三、四、五句。
　　D意为：与一些旅游热线有关。不对，见上文分析。
全文翻译：
　　去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说，人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论，因而，应当认为这是北美普遍的现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如意的地方，但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。
　　过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢迎。无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，他们带来了娱乐消遣，还带来了外面世界的消息。
　　开拓者的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。
　　如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭——这真令人惊奇。”来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍，但并非总能得到正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是表面或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史发展结果。
　　同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的“朋友”一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如此。


1997 Passage 3

　　Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
　　We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
　　Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifestation") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
59. "Substances abuse" (line 4, paragraph 1) is preferable to "drug abuse" in that ________.
　　[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
　　[B] "drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drugtakers
　　[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
　　[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
60. The word "pervasive" (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean ________.
　　[A] widespread
　　[B] overwhelming
　　[C] piercing
　　[D] fashionable
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
　　[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
　　[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
　　[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
　　[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.
　　[A] stimulants function positively on the mind
　　[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
　　[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
　　[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups

重点词汇：
substance  （物质；实质；财产）←sub在下面+st(=stand)+ance名词后缀；参substantial，2003年Text 3。Man can survive only when he has the substance; man can live only when he has ideal.人有了物质才能生存，有了理想才能生活。
addict  （使成瘾；成瘾者）即ad+dict，ad-加强前缀，dict词根“说”（参contradictory，2001年Passage 3），“欲罢不能地说某事”→成瘾。名词形式为addiction  （成瘾）←ad+dict+ion。Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism.任何形式的瘾都是不好的，无论上瘾的是酒精、吗啡还是唯心主义。
psychologist  （心理学家）←psycholog(y)+ist，psychology心理学（见2001年Passage 1），-ist后缀表“人”。psychologist — a man who, when a beautiful girl walks into room, watches other men's reactions 心理学家——当一个漂亮女孩走进房间时，那个观察其他人反应的人。
cocaine  （可卡因）即coca+ine，coca古柯（一种药用植物），-ine医药化学名词后缀“生物碱”，故cocaine也译作“古柯碱”。另一种植物cocoa（可可）与coca音形近似，勿混。cocaine — God's way of saying you're making too much money 可卡因——上帝的一种说法，意思是“你赚的钱太多了”。
pervasive  （普遍的）是pervade（v.遍及）的形容词形式，pervade即per+vade，per-(=through)，vade词根“走”（约等于wade，因v与w形近可替换），“到处都走遍的”→遍及的。同根词：invade→in+vade→“未经允许走进来”→入侵；形容词形式为invasive（侵略的）。
sociable  （社交的）←soci社会+able形容词后缀。
negative  （否定的，消极的）←neg否定前缀+ative形容词后缀；参neglect（忽略），1999年Passage 5。Eternity is a negative idea clothed with a positive name.永恒是一个冠以肯定名称的否定概念。
poisoning  （n.中毒；毒害）←poison+ing，poison（v.n.毒害n.毒药），-ing后缀；poisonous  （有毒的）←poison+ous形容词后缀。Suspicion is the poison of friendship.怀疑是毒害友谊的毒药。When your soul experiences thirst, it needs water to quench it, no matter the water is poisonous or not.心灵感到干渴时需要水来止渴，无论这水是否有毒。What's your poison?想喝点什么酒？←此为固定用法。
distortion  （扭曲；曲解）即dis+tort+ion，dis-“分离”，tort词根“扭曲”，-ion名词后缀，“使扭曲以离开原来状态”→曲解；动词为distort←dis+tort。同根词：torture（v.n.拷问；折磨）←tort+ure后缀，“使身体扭曲的一种行为”。Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as you please.首先要掌握事实，然后你可以随意歪曲它们。
tolerance  （宽容）←toler+ance；参tolerant（宽容的），2000年Passage 4。The only tolerance in the world, the only tolerance that earns the name, is that toward intolerance.世间唯一的宽容，唯一名副其实的宽容，是对不宽容的宽容。tolerance — ①something wonderful that enables the rich to declare that there is no disgrace in being poor ②the ability to love people when they don't deserve it ③the positive and cordial effort to understand another's beliefs, practices, and habits without sharing or accepting them ④another name of indifference 宽容——①使富人可以宣称贫穷并不是耻辱的一种很奇妙的东西 ②爱那些不值得爱的人的本领 ③积极、真诚地理解别人的信仰、行为和习惯，虽然并不同意或接受它们 ④冷漠的另一个名称。
symptom  （症状）可看作sym+ptom，sym-共同，ptom谐音“怕疼”，共同(sym)的症状(symptom)是怕疼(ptom)。The first symptom of true love in a man is timidity, in a girl it is boldness.真正的爱情的首要征候，在男子是胆怯，在女子是大胆。
psychoactive  （药物等对心理起作用的）即psycho+active，psycho词根“心理”（参psychology，2001年Passage 1），active“起作用的”。
stimulant  （刺激物；兴奋剂）←stimul刺激+ant物；源自stimulate（刺激；激励）←stimul+ate动词后缀。I lived in solitude in the country and noticed how the monotony of a quiet life stimulates the creative mind.我独居乡间，注意到平静生活的单调是如何地激发着创造力。
depressant （抑制剂；镇静剂）←depress+ant物。参depression，2003年Text 4。Some actors think they are elevating the stage when they're merely depressing the audience.当一些演员不过是在败坏观众情绪的时候，他们还以为自己在提高着戏剧艺术。
hallucinogen  （致幻剂）看作hallucin+o+gen，hallucin谐音“喝露性”，-o-连接字母，-gen后缀“致……之物”（参hydroelectric，1998年Passage 1），“喝下去会使人露出本性的东西”；hallucination  （幻觉）←hallucin+ation。
psychedelic  （致幻的；致幻剂）看作psyche+del+ic，psyche=psycho精神（e与o都可视为连接字母），del即DOC命令“删除”，-ic后缀，“能把精神删除的”→致幻的→致幻剂。
难句解析：
①The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
▲句子的主干是句子的前半部分The phrase "substance abuse" is often used... to make clear...，to make clear that...是动词不定式作状语，表示目的。that后面接的是宾语从句作动词make clear的宾语。
△注意make+sht.+adj.：make sth. clear，这里因为sth.是一个that引导的从句，所以放在了形容词clear的后面。另外注意as... as的用法。
②We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
▲句子的主干就是We live in a society...，后面which引导定语从句in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive，修饰society。冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组，用来举例说明前面提出的观点，开始可以略去不看。
△注意冒号后面列举的前三个名词词组中的动词不定式都相当于定语成分，修饰前面的中心名词，表示其功效。
③Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
▲句子的主干结构是Dependence is marked first by..., and then by...，其逗号隔开的成分是with+n.+过去分词：with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect作状语，用来进一步解释药物依赖的第一种表现。when the substance is discontinued是表示时间的状语从句。
△注意and连接两个by开始的介词词组是并列关系，这样就能抓住句子的主干了。另外注意名词在这里的特殊意义：dependence指“对药物的依赖”，withdrawal的意思是“停止用药”。
④Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.
▲这是一个简单句。句子的主干部分是Psychoactive substances are... grouped according to...，使用了被动语态。其中whether引导宾语从句whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens作介词according to的宾语。
△group这里用作动词，是“分类”的意思。
试题解析：
59. [D] 意为：除海洛因或可卡因外，许多其他物质也是有害的。
　　第一段最后一句指出，许多医生(physician)和心理学家常使用“物质滥用”而不是“药物滥用“这一概念，他们想以此说明：滥用像烟酒这样的物质与滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。
　　A意为：如果非法使用，物质可能改变我们身体或大脑的功能。第一段第一句对“药物”这一概念下了一个定义：从专业角度来讲，除食品以外，任何改变我们的身体或大脑功能的物质都是“药物”。但是，正如第二句所指出的，许多人错误地认为“药物”这一概念仅指某种医药或嗜毒者用的非法化学药品。
　　B意为：“药物滥用”仅限指一少部分人的吸毒行为。
　　C意为：烟酒同海洛因和可卡因一样致命。这里，fatal（致命的）一词太夸张了，与原文中所说的“有害”(harmfully)相去甚远。
60. [A] 该词意为：普通的，广泛的。
　　事实上，由第二段第一句的冒号后部分所表达的内容，我们可以推断出该词的意思。该句可译为：在我们生活的社会里，医用或社交用物质（药物）广泛存在，如：用阿斯匹林制止头痛，用酒交际，早晨用咖啡振作一下精神，抽支烟定定神（或：松弛一下）。
　　B意为：压倒一切的，占主流的。
　　C意为：尖锐的，尖的。
　　D意为：时髦的，流行的。
61. [A] 意为：长时间无节制地嗜用它们。
　　根据第二段第四、五句，频繁使用(repeated use)某种物质（药物）会使身体对之上瘾或形成依赖。依赖起先表现为耐药量(tolerance)的增加：要达到满足，需要的剂量越来越多；停止服用后，一些不舒服的反应就会出现。可见，用药量和用药时间是造成药物依赖的两个重要因素。
　　B意为：仅将它们用于社交目的。文章第二段第一句确实提到了像酒这样的“物质”可以用于社交目的，但这不等于说只有用于社交目的的“物质”才可以使人上瘾。
　　C意为：将它们大量地用来治病。量大仅是可能产生药物依赖的原因之一，而频繁使用也是形成药物依赖的重要条件。
　　D意为：粗心使用它们而产生不良症状。
62. [B] 意为：幻觉剂本身就危害健康。
　　根据第三段第四、五句，幻觉剂主要影响人的感知觉，以各种方式（包括产生幻觉）将它扭曲、改变。它们被称作“引起幻觉的药物”，因为它们似乎从根本上改变了人的意识状态。
　　A意为：兴奋剂对心智有积极影响。第三段前三句指出，影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物属于对神经起显著作用的(psychoactive)物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、抑制剂或幻觉剂。兴奋剂具有开始加快或激活中枢神经的作用，而抑制剂则具有减缓作用。但是，无论是哪种作用，其影响都是有害的。参阅第一段最后一句。
　　C意为：抑制剂是对神经起显著作用的物质中最坏的一种。第三段提到了三钟影响人的意识与行为的物质（见上文），但并未指出哪种效果最坏。
　　D意为：三种对神经起显著作用的物质经常被一起使用。这一点第三段也未提到。
全文翻译：
　　从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。很多人错误地认为“药物”这个词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。这也是现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词的原因。他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。
　　我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用都很广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢？首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的感知错乱。反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。
　　影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物（物质）属于对神经起显著作用的物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”（psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”），因为它们似乎能改变人的意识状态。


1997 Passage 4

　　No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?" At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
　　At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.
　　The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. "The test of any democratic society," he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats."
　　Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting. Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the "balanced struggle" between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
　　The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. "Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited," says Luce. "I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this."
63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ________.
　　[A] its raising of the corporate stock price
　　[B] its self-examination of soul
　　[C] its neglect of social responsibility
　　[D] its emphasis on creative freedom
64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
　　[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.
　　[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.
　　[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.
　　[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.
65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ________.
　　[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression
　　[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy
　　[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection
　　[D] received more support from the 15-member board
66. The best title for this passage could be ________.
　　[A] A Company under Fire
　　[B] A Debate on Moral Decline
　　[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture
　　[D] A Form of Creative Freedom

重点词汇：
corrupt  （腐败的v.贿赂）即cor+rupt，cor-一起，rupt词根“打破”，“全部被糖衣炮弹打破了”。同根词：bankrupt→bank银行+rupt→破产的；interrupt→inter+rupt→打断。Heaven is above all yet: there sits a judge that no king can corrupt.苍天高于所有的人：那里坐着一位法官，任何国王都无法贿赂。
responsibility （责任；职责）是responsible（见2001年Passage 2）的名词形式。A democracy in which everybody had an equal responsibility in everything would be oppressive for the conscientious and licentious for the rest.所有的人对所有的事都负有同等义务的民主，对勤恳负责的人是重负，对其余的人是放纵。responsibility — the price every man must pay for freedom 责任——每个人都必须为自由而付出的代价。
property  （财产；性质）←proper固有的+ty名词后缀；参proper，1998年Passage 1。Property has its duties as well as its rights.财产既有权力也有义务。Regrets are the natural property of grey hairs.懊悔是老年人的天性。
impatiently  （不耐烦地）即im+patient+ly，im-否定前缀，patient耐心的，-ly副词后缀；去ly即为形容词impatient。The ear tends to be lazy, craves the familiar and is shocked by the unexpected; the eye, on the other hand, tends to be impatient, craves the novel and is bored by repetition.耳朵往往偷懒，渴望熟悉的东西，为意料之外的事情而震惊；眼睛则偏于急躁，渴望新奇的东西，由于重复而生厌。
latitude  （纬度；言行的自由度）即lati+tude，lati-(=lateral)，-tude名词后缀。Nothing makes the earth seem so spacious as to have friends at a distance; they make latitudes and longitudes.没有什么比得上有朋在远方更使地球显得如此巨大，他们构成了纬度和经度。
irritate （v.激怒），名词形式为irritation，与irrigation（1998年Passage 1）一字母之差。An epigram is a half-truth so stated as to irritate the person who believes the other half.警句是一半的真理，只讲一半以便激怒相信另一半的人。
compromise （v.n.妥协；折中）即com+promise，com-一起，promise答应，“对别人的要求全部答应”→妥协；“对各方的要求一起答应”→折中。There is no place for compromise in war.战争中没有妥协的余地。All life is essentially the contributions that come form compromise.整个人生基本上是妥协的结果。compromise — ①the art of dividing a cake so that everybody believes he or she got the biggest piece ②simply changing the question to fit the answer ③the most honest way to dissatisfy both parties 折中——①一种分蛋糕的艺术，使每个人都相信自己得到了最大的一块 ②简单地改变一下问题，使之适合于答案 ③使双方都不满意的最可靠办法。
难句解析：
①"Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?"
▲这是一个有直接引语的复杂句。首先抓住核心句Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week，其前后是直接引语。这个直接引语的前半部分是一个一般疑问句，后面由两个转折关系的句子构成，由连词but连接。第一个分句是一个简单句，but后面的句子是一个一般疑问句。由情态动词must引导，包括由and这个连词连接的两个并列部分，corrupt our nation和threaten our children as well。在后面threaten out children as well这部分的主语you被省略了。
△关键要理解but后面的一般疑问句，这里并不是表示疑问，而是反问、诘问的意思。当并列复合句的第二个子句的主语与第一个子句的主语相同时，第二个子句的主语可以省略。as well这里是“in addition，also，too，也”的意思，经常用于句尾。
②It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
▲这是一个有定语从句的复杂句。阅读时首先注意主干为It is a self-examination...，that后面引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰self-examination，定语从句的宾语是一个of词组，其核心是issues，在介词of后面是三个并列的短语，都是用来修饰和限定issues的。这三个短语因为是并列的关系，所以只在最后一个短语前面使用并列连词and。at various times是插入语，将动词的两部分分开了。
△这句话的核心在于self-examination，后面的部分都是用于修饰这个词，要正确理解其意思是“自我反省，自我检讨”。而corporate bottom line所指的是一个公司所能做出的事情或者所能容忍的新闻工作者自由发挥的最大限度。
③The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression.
▲第一个句子是一个简单句。flap over rap是句子的主语，is making是谓语，使用了结构：make+n.+adj.。第二个句子也是一个简单句。
△第一句中的重点是掌握to make life easier这个表述方法，其它部分都是辅助这个短语的。另外，对于flap一词的理解也至关重要，在这里它的意思是“焦虑，兴奋状态”的意思。第二句中的主干是defend somebody on the grounds of something（为某种理由或手段为某人辩护）。expression这里的意思是the quality of singing or playing a musical instrument with feeling，即“表达方式、腔调”，尤指“雄辩的语调，富有表情的唱腔”。注意consistently是“一贯地，一向地”的意思，不要与constantly混淆。
④"The test of any democratic society," he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..."
▲这里直接引语被分成两部分，一部分在主句前，另一部分放在主句之后。在这个例子里面，直接引语是主句的宾语。直接引语的主干是The test... lies not in... but in..., however...，这是一个用副词however连接的并列复合句。
△阅读时可以先不看直接引语，可以在分别搞清楚主句和作为宾语从句的直接引语的意思后再把主句和直接引语放在一起理解，这样就比较容易了。另一方面，要理解however引导的句子的意思，在这里可以把其理解为“不管，不论”，在这种用法中，however一般后面接形容词。
⑤During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.
▲句子的主干是Levin asserted that... that even cited...。During... stockholder's meeting这一部分是表示时间的状语从句。music is not the cause of society's ills是直接引语，作为动词asserted的宾语。his son是动词cited的宾语，后面的a teacher in the Bronx, New York是宾语his son的同位语，最后面的who uses rap to communicate with students是修饰his son的定语从句。
△这个句子比较长，但是只要抓住... Levin asserted that... and even cited...这样的句子主干，就能明晰Levin的主要观点，其它部分的理解也就水到渠成了。
⑥"I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this."
▲I think...是这句话的主干，后面的部分是这句话的宾语从句。在宾语从句当中that引导一个同位语从句，说明case的具体情况是some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this。associated with相当于简略的定语从句，修饰前面的people。
△重点是要理解that引导的是同位语从句，后面的部分说明case的具体情况。名词fact，dream，idea，notion，proposal和news等等都常常被同位语从句所修饰。
试题解析：
63. [C] 意为：它对社会责任的忽视。
　　第一段指出，没有哪个公司喜欢别人说它导致了全国道德败坏，多尔参议员所指责时代华纳公司的正是这一点。他说：难道这就是你们的经营目标吗，你们出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们也想毁了国家、危及我们的孩子吗？另从第三、四段来看，这里多尔所指责的正是该公司用它的音乐作品带来的社会影响，多尔认为这些音乐作品对社会和青少年有不良影响。
　　A意为：它将公司股价提高。从多尔所说的话来看，他关心的不是该公司的经济状况。
　　B意为：它对灵魂的自我检验。第一段第三句指出，对时代沃纳公司来说，多尔所质疑的问题只不过是公司自创立以来一直所进行的自我反省的最新表述，在公司发展的不同阶段，这一自我反省涉及（社会）责任、创作自由、公司利润(bottom line)。换言之，在公司的发展过程中，社会责任、创作自由、公司能否赚钱这三者之间的矛盾一直困扰着公司。根据公司董事长列文的话（见第三段），公司把创作自由放在了发展的首位。这造成了它对作品的社会影响的忽视，所以，后来列文改变态度以后，承认应该在创作自由和社会责任上寻找一个平衡点（见第四段）。可见，多尔参议员所指责的正是公司的所作所为带来的不良社会影响，这样他就击中了要害。
　　D意为：它对创作自由的强调。见上文分析。
64. [D] 回答这一问题主要涉及对第二段第一句中late的理解。
　　除其他意思外，该词有“前”，“已故的”等意思。一般来讲，该词加在人名或称呼前时译作“已故的”、如：the late Mr. Green已故格林先生，her late husband她的前夫（已故），若加在头衔前，则要据情况而译，如：the late president前总统（也可能已故，也可能仅指刚刚卸职）。第二段第一句可译为：处于争议中心的是董事长杰拉德•列文，他在1992年前董事长史蒂夫•罗斯去世后继任，今年56岁。
　　A意为：路斯是时代沃纳公司的发言人。在最后一段第二句，路斯仅被称作insider（内部人士，知情人士），他说：我们有些人多年来一直知道（宪法）第一修正案中所规定的自由并非是无限制的自由，我想可能公司的某些人最近才意识到这一点。他的话说明了公司领导内部对处理创作自由和社会影响这一对矛盾上的不同看法、也暗含着对公司一贯政策（过于强调创作自由）的批评。可见，他并非公司指派的发言人，而仅代表自己。
　　B意为：列文倾向于妥协。根据第三段中列文所说的话，他是一个持强硬立场的人。他说：检验任何民主社会的标准不是看它如何严厉地控制（思想的）表达，而是看它是否给人以最大限度的思想和表达思想的自由。我们不会屈服于任何威胁。但是，在这次的争议中，虽然列文也在为公司发行的音乐作品争辩，但他也做出了某些程度的让步（参阅第四段第一句）。由此可见，列文并非是个易于妥协的人。
　　C意为：在这场争议中．时代沃纳公司团结一致。不对，例如上文所提到的路斯的观点。
65. [B] 意为：态度有所缓和，采取了某种新政策。
　　第四段指出，列文对上周的争议拒绝评价，但有迹象表明他正在放弃自己的强硬立场——至少在某种程度上可以这样说。在上月讨论摇滚乐歌词的董事会上，列文强调音乐并不引起社会丑恶现象，他甚至举了他儿子的例子。但是，他同时也谈到了创作自由与社会责任保持平衡的问题，他表示，公司将为音乐的发行和标识（labeling指：标识作品或产品的应用对象，如：是否适应于青少年使用等）制定标准。可见，列文在做出妥协姿态的同时，也采取了实际的行动。
　　A意为：坚持强硬立场保护思想表达自由。
　　C意为：改变其态度并向反对派屈服。与B表达的内容相比，C表达的内容语气太强。因为，正如第四段第一句所说的，列文仅做出了某种程度的让步(to some extent)。
　　D意为：获得了董事会15位成员更多的支持。虽然董事会一直支持列文及其公司经营战略，但在这次的争议中，意见出现了分歧。参阅第64题题解。
66. [A] 意为：遭到责难的公司。
　　从以上的分析可以看出，本文主要是评述了时代华纳公司因发行新音乐专辑而受到的责难及其反应。
　　B意为：一场关于道德败坏的争论。这个题目太宽泛。更何况，时代华纳公司所被指责的主要是它对社会责任的忽视，而并非它所发行的作品所带来的实际社会影响。
　　C意为：街头文化的合法表达（途径）。
　　D意为：一种表现创作自由的形式。
全文翻译：
　　没有一家公司乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败坏。参议员罗伯特•多尔上星期质问时代华纳公司高级人员时说：“难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子不成？”不过，对于成立于1990年的时代华纳公司而言，这样的质问仅仅只是公司自我反思的最新表白，是在不同时期涉及责任、创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省。
　　于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫•罗斯的56岁的现任董事长杰拉德•莱文是争论的焦点人物。财政方面，他承受着抬高股价，减少公司巨额债务的压力。在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后，债务将达到173亿美元。他也答应出售部分财产并重组公司，但现在投资者们仍在焦急地等待着。
　　人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子变得好过。莱文一向以它是一种富于表现力的演唱方式为理由来捍卫公司的说唱音乐。1992年公司因出品Ice-T乐队狂暴的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后备受谴责时，莱文说这是街头文化的合法表达方式，它应该有自己的宣泄途径。他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道：“任何一个民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效地控制各种情感的表达，而在于是否给予了人们思考和表达的最广泛的自由，尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”
　　莱文不愿对上周的辩论做出评论，但有迹象表明这位董事长的强硬立场起码在一定程度上有所缓和。在上个月的股东会议上，大家就摇滚乐的歌词进行了讨论。莱文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师，用说唱乐的表达方式与学生进行交流。但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任之间要“保持平衡”的问题。他还宣布公司将致力于为一些人们可能会反感的音乐制定发行和标识的标准。
　　总的来说，时代华纳公司的15位董事是支持莱文和公司的经营策略的。但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。“我们中的一些人多年来就知道宪法第一修正案所说的自由并非毫无限制，”鲁斯说，“我想与公司有关系的一些人可能是最近才意识到这一点。”


1997 Passage 5

　　Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
　　Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
　　It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
　　Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
　　Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
67. From the passage we learn that ________.
　　[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates
　　[B] economy will always follow certain models
　　[C] the economic situation is better than expected
　　[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation
68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
　　[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.
　　[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.
　　[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.
　　[D] Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
69. The sentence "This is no flash in the pan" (line 4, paragraph 3) means that ________.
　　[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time
　　[B] the inflation rate will soon rise
　　[C] the inflation will disappear quickly
　　[D] there is no inflation at present
70. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.
　　[A] critical of
　　[B] puzzled by
　　[C] disappointed at
　　[D] amazed at

重点词汇：
monetary  （金融的，货币的）←monet+ary，monet=money，-ary形容词后缀。
precise （精确的）即pre+cise，pre-在前，cise(=cide)词根“切”，于是“在前面切”→知道切多少的→精确的。参suicide（自杀），2002年Text 4。He knew the precise psychological moment when to say nothing.他知道那个心理上的精确瞬间，那时什么都不该说。
liken  （把……比作）←like+(e)n动词后缀。
windscreen  （挡风玻璃）←wind+screen。windscreen wipers — the eyelashes of rain 汽车风档上的刮水器——雨的睫毛。
poll  （v.n.投票；民意测验）原指“人头”(head)，“根据人头统计选票”。poll表“人头”可这样记：p=b（因为对称字母可替换），o=a（因为元音字母可替换），故poll=ball，人的头像“球”。Do you ever get the feeling that the only reason we have elections is to find out if the polls were right?你有没有过这种感觉，即我们举行选举的唯一理由就是弄清民意测验是否准确？
slack  （v.n.a.松散；萧条）。In marriage, a man becomes slack and selfish, and undergoes a fatty degeneration of his moral being.婚后男人变得懒散自私，经历着道德生命的脂肪变性。
thrilling  （激动的；颤抖的）←thrill+ing，thrill（使激动；令人激动的事），-ing形容词后缀。Everybody who plays an instrument, even a little, understands music in a difficult way from somebody who has never felt the thrill of making music himself.每个演奏乐器的人，哪怕只会一点点，理解音乐的方式都与从未感受过自己奏出音乐的激动的人不同。
unfortunately  （不幸地）即un+fortun(e)+ate+ly，un-否定前缀，fortune（幸运）见2003年Text 3，-ate后缀，-ly后缀。反义词为fortunately（幸运地）←fortun(e)+ate+ly。去ly即为二者的形容词形式：unfortunate（不幸的）←un+fortun(e)+ate；fortunate（幸运的）←fortun(e)+ate。Time is a great teacher, but unfortunately it kills all its pupils.时间是了不起的教师，但不幸的是，它杀死所有的学生。Fortunately psychoanalysis is not the only way to resolve inner conflict. Life still remains a very effective therapist.幸运的是，心理分析并非消除内心冲突的唯一方法，生活依然是十分有效的治疗专家。Do not speak of your happiness to one less fortunate than yourself.不要向不如你幸运的人讲述你的幸福。If you are too fortunate, you will not know yourself. If you are too unfortunate, nobody will know you.若过于幸运，就不会认识自己；若过于不幸，就没人会认识你。
upend （v.颠倒；DADAO）←up+end。
难句解析：
①Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.
▲在第一个句子中，其主干为Much of the language..., makes it sound like...。used to describe monetary policy是用于修饰language的定语，后面的such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes"是对前面的language进行进一步说明。第二个句子是一个简单句。
△如上所述的句子主干被确定之后，句子就不难理解了。为了简化这个句子以便于理解，可以先把such as引导的部分忽略不看，那样整个句子就比较好掌握了。注意make it sound like a precise science当中it指代前面提到的monetary policy。
②Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
▲这句话承接前面陈述的原因。hence后面只是一个名词词组，中心词是the analogy，后面that引导定语从句修饰前面的analogy。with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview and a faulty steering wheel是介词词组修饰前面的名词car。注意此句没有谓语动词，只是一个名词性的短语。
△理解这句话的关键在于hence的用法。hence的意思是“for this reason，因此，所以”，主要用于书面语，是副词，可以连接一个完整的句子，也可以只跟一个名词。例如：Baby found a pot of paint, hence all the marks on the wall。另外liken A to B意思是“把A与B相比，把A比作B”。
③This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
▲这是一个并列句，前后用分号隔开两个子句，是递进关系。第一句话中，no可以用not a代替。后面一个句子中inflation是主语，使用了被动语态的现在完成时态。lower是表语，than expected和in Britain and America，以及前面的over the past couple of years都是介词短语作状语。
△首先应该注意到那个分号，可以把分号前后分别作为一个简单句单独对待。另外在后面一个句子中，应该抓住inflation has been... lower...这个基本结构（被动语态，现在完成时态）。flash in the pan是习语，意思是a sudden success that will not be repeated，接近汉语中的“昙花一现”。
④Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
▲这是一个主从复合句，连词since连接了两个句子。主句的主干是Economists have been... surprised by...。原因状语从句的主干是conventional measures suggest that...，代词that引导了宾语从句作为suggest的宾语。在这个宾语从句中，and especially America's相当于especially America's economy，是前面主语both economies的同位语，用于强调美国经济。
△这里应该首先注意到since这个连词，然后分别理解两个句子，再把它们放在一起，这个句子的意思就迎刃而解了。另外注意suggest不是“建议”的意思，而应该是“显示，指示”。
⑤The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
▲在第一个句子里面，主干是... explanation is... a little defective。这是一个主语+系动词+表语结构。副词unfortunately是插入语，作状语。第二个句子的主干并不复杂：... economists argue that...，代词that后面是宾语从句。这个宾语从句的基本结构为structural changes... have upended... models...，其中structural changes是主语，have upended是现在完成时态的谓语，models是宾语。这个宾语models后面是一个that引导的限定性定语从句，修饰models。
△第一个句子相对比较简单。第二个句子看着很长，但是只要明确了句子的主干，就很容易把整个句子看明白。可以先甩掉宾语从句中的那个定语从句(that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation)，这样这个句子结构就显得简单多了。然后再接这个定语从句，整句的意思就浮出水面了。另外注意upend一词由动词短语end up衍生而来，意为“结束，推翻”。
试题解析：
67. [C] 意为：经济形势比预想的好。
　　第三段指出，它（指：平均通货膨胀率）也比多数预测者预测的低。《经济学家》杂志每月调查的经济学家小组称：1995年美国平均通货膨胀率会达3.5％左右，但是，8月份它实际降至2.6％，全年也不过3％左右；在英国和日本，平均通货膨胀率比上年底预测的低0.5个百分点（或：半个百分点）。而且，在过去几年里一直是如此(this is no flash in the pan)：在英美两国，平均通货膨胀率一直比预测的要低。
　　A意为：通货膨胀与利率有直接关系。第一段第二句明确指出：利率与通货膨胀间的关系是不确定的。
　　B意为：经济（的运行）总是遵循某些模式（或：规律）。第一段指出，“使经济软着陆”“使经济刹车”，人们经常使用这样的词来形容货币政策的作用，听起来它似乎是一门严谨的学问。事实远非如此（Nothing could be further from the truth.它根本就不是一门严谨精确的学问）。下文从持续低的通货膨胀率的意外的形势来说明了经济运行难以预测。
　　D意为：经济学家们预测到了目前的经济形势。相反，正如第四段第一句所指出的，经济学家对目前有利的通货膨胀率始料未及。另请参阅上文分析。
68. [B] 意为：极低的失业率会导向通货膨胀。
　　第四段指出，从传统的（衡量）标准来看，英美两国（特别是美国）的经济生产并没有滑坡(productive slack)，例如：美国的设备（能力）利用率(capacity utilisation)今年初达到历史最高水平，其失业率已低于多数正常失业率所允许的数字——过去认为：失业率低于正常失业率时通货膨胀率就开始上升(take off)。
　　A意为：制定货币政策如同开车。根据第一段第四、五句，在政策的变化对经济起实际作用之前，会有很长而难以确定的(variable)时间差（lag意为：滞后性）。所以，许多人把货币政策实施过程比作驾驶一辆遮住挡风玻璃、后视镜已断裂、方向盘有毛病的汽车。换言之，他们认为，货币政策的制定和实施有很大程度的不可预测性或盲目性。可见，A表达的意思不确切。
　　C意为：通货膨胀导致高失业率。注意，在这里，inflation一词前没有修饰词，际上，过低的失业率会导致通货膨胀率的上升。参阅上文分析。
　　D意为：利率对经济有直接而迅速的影响。参阅上文分析。
69. [A] a flash in the pan意为：昙花一现，偶然出现的情况。
　　参阅第67题题解。
　　[B]、[C]、[D]均不对。
70. [D] 意为：对……感到惊奇，认为……不可思议。
　　本文主要评述了目前良好的经济形势，它是由持续低的通货膨胀率造成的，是始料未及的。作者强调了目前形势的始料不及的一面（尤其是第二、三、四段的描述）。
　　A意为：批评。
　　B意为：因……感到困惑（不解）。
　　C意为：对……感到失望。
全文翻译：
　　很多用来描述货币政策的词，如“引导经济软着陆”，“触动经济刹车”，听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。利率和通货膨胀之间的关系难以确定。在政策改变对经济产生影响前会有一段较长时间且变化不定的后滞期。因此，才会有人将货币政策的指导比做是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、后视镜破碎及方向盘失灵的汽车。
　　尽管有这么多不利因素，中央银行家们似乎对近来的形势有了不少值得夸耀的东西。西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀率降至仅2.3％，接近30年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5％。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早期经历的两位数的膨胀率。
　　这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。1994年底，每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出，美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5％。实际上，8月份就降到了2.6％。而且有望达到全年平均仅为3％。去年年底，英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。这不是昙花一现。在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。
　　经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率感到特别诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有生产萧条的时候。比如，美国的生产力利用率在今年前段时间达到了历史最高水平，失业率（8月份为5.6％）已降到低于对自然失业率的大多数估测——过去，当比率低于自然失业率时，通货膨胀率早已迅速上升。
　　为何通货膨胀如此的和缓？可惜的是，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史上相互关联为基础的旧的经济模式。

qingqing

1994 Passage 1

　　The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
　　An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the products is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
　　The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
51. In line 8, paragraph 1, "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means ________.
　　[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
　　[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes
　　[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased
　　[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.
　　[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
　　[B] consumers can express their demands through producers
　　[C] producers decide the prices of products
　　[D] supply and demand regulate prices
53. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ________.
　　[A] private property and rights concerned
　　[B] manpower and natural resources control
　　[C] ownership of productive resources
　　[D] free contracts and prices
54. The passage is mainly about ________.
　　[A] how American goods are produced
　　[B] how American consumers buy their goods
　　[C] how American economic system works
　　[D] how American businessmen make their profits

重点词汇：
market-oriented（以市场为导向的）←market市场+orient定位+ed形容词后缀。
permit  （v.许可；许可证）即per+mit，per-(=through)，mit词根“传送”，故“允许传送过去”→许可。同根词：admit（v.让……进入；承认）←ad(=to)+mit；emit（v.散发，发射）←e(=ex)+mit；transmit（v.传播；传导）←trans(=through)+mit。Liberty is the right to do whatever the laws permit.自由就是做法律允许的任何事的权利。
embrace  （v.拥抱；包含）即em+brace，em-(=in)，brace词根“手臂”，故“使在手臂里”→拥抱→引申为“包含”。brace作单词意为“v.支撑n.支柱”←谐音“不累死”，因为累死就支撑不住了。Created by life, in definite circumstances, to act on definite things, how can it embrace life, of which it is merely an emanation or aspect?由生命创造，处于一定情况下，作用于一定事物，它（←指科学）只是生命的一种释放或一个方面，怎么能包括生命？
coupled with 与……相结合；bid up 哄抬物价；gain control over 获得对……的控制。
难句解析：
①The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
▲这是一个有定语从句和宾语从句的复杂句。首先要抓住的核心句为The American economic system is organized around a... economy，economy前面的定语在开始阅读时可以不看。在economy后面是一个以in which引导的定语从句in which consumers largely determine，而这个从句中又有一个宾语从句what shall be produced。在定语从句中又有一个by引导的分词结构spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语，说明消费者是如何决定应生产何种产品，而这个方式状语中又有一个定语从句that they want most。
△通过分析结构我们知道此句的所有意思都是围绕核心句的表语economy展开的，因此在阅读中应分层次，逐层理解对这一核心词的陈述，分清主次，全面理解。
②Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
▲首先要抓住句首的thus，看到这个词，就应想到此句是前面叙述引出的结论。再看句子结构，跳过状语in the American economic system，先抓住这是一个强调结构It is... that，因此所强调的部分是理解的重点，而它由三个平行成分组成，分别为the demand of individual consumers，the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，中间用coupled with和and连接。而在that后面的部分有两个并列宾语从句what shall be produced和how resources are used to produce it接在动词determine的后面。
△首先要抓住强调句型，并重点理解所强调的内容，其次要理解句中最后一个it所指代的对象是what shall be produced。
③An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.
▲此句的结构与第一句类似，只是表语的定语从句更加复杂。
△此句在理解中的难点是定语从句by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers，为了方便理解，我们可以将此句and后的部分由被动句改为主动句：by which consumer demands can be expressed and producers can respond to consumer demands，这样就可以避免对responded to by producers的不理解。
④If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
▲这是一个有条件状语从句的主从句，从句由if引导，主体结构为... producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost...，其中producing more of a commodity是一个分词短语作主语，而主句以this为主语，里面包含一个定语从句which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product。
△此句在理解中的难点是句中代词的指代关系，其中第一个its所指的是commodity，而主句的主语this所指的是整个条件状语从句。主句中的定语从句也并不是修饰某一个特定的词，而是指整个主句表达to increase the supply offered by seller-producers。
⑤In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
▲此句的主句结构为the concept embraces not only... but also...。主要的难点在其宾语部分，是一个not only... but also...连接的并列结构，而后面有一个长的补足语including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual。
△此句的难点为如何理解复杂宾语，注意在开始的时候先应抓主句，可以先不理会逗号后面的补足语部分，然后再分析including后面的成分，同时要记住这一部分是修饰certain rights的。
试题解析：
51. [D] 该选择项意为：美国人想增加其收入的购买力。
　　文章第1段最后一句是从生产者与消费者两方的愿望对照来说的，而且，该段第1句也首先陈述了该文所要谈的内容。
　　[A]、[C]的意思是：美国人想增加其收入。这与本文的主旨不相符合，因为，工资关系反映的是劳资双方的关系而不是生产者与消费者的关系。
　　[B]中“overstate”意为“夸大、夸张”，这个选择项的语义与文章的内容不相干。
　　在做这一题时，将“maximize”一词的意思置入文章的上下文中考查极其重要。
52. [D] 文章第2段第1、2句所表达的内容是该段的主题：价格（的波动）是供求关系（生产者与消费者的关系）的反映。该段的最后一句也重述总结了这一主题。
　　[A]中“mechanized”意为“机械化的”，而原文中“mechanism”意为“机制”。
　　[B]原文第2段第1句中“by which”意指“by means of this mechanism”，即：通过这一机制反映出来；该句中的“by producers”则只与“responded to”有关，即：生产者对消费者的需要作出反应。
　　[C]所表达的内容不正确，因为原句明确指出：价格为供求关系所调节。
53. [A] 该项意为：私人财产（的拥有）及相应的权利。
　　原文第3段的两句反复从这两方面总结了美国资本主义私有制经济制度的特征。
　　[B]意为：劳动力及自然资源的控制。与原文相差甚远。
　　[C]只表达了美国经济制度特征的一方面，因此，失之片面。
　　[D]只强调了权力这一方面，因此，也是片面的。
54. [C] 意为：美国经济的特征及其运行(work)。
　　这是该文所主要阐明的内容，这一主旨在文章的第1段第1、2句与第3段说得很明确。
　　[A]、[B]、[D]文章的主旨不是产品的生产过程，也不是消费者如何购物，更不是商人如何赚钱。
全文翻译：
　　从根本上说，美国经济体制是围绕私有企业、在以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这种体制下需要生产什么在很大程度上是消费者通过到市场花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务来决定的。为了获取利润，私有企业主在与他人竞争中生产这些产品，提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下追求利润的动机以及如何运作在很大程度上决定生产商品和提供服务的方式。因此，在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求，加上商人获取最大利润的追求及消费者想最大限度提高购买力的愿望三者共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。
　　市场型经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制体现的，价格随消费者的相对需求与生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。如果供不应求，价格就上升，有些消费者就会被排挤出市场。另一方面，某种产品大量生产导致成本下降，产销者提供的产品就会增加，这就会使价格下跌，那么，更多的消费者就购买该产品。因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。
　　私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，通过生产产品、提供服务来获取利润。在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括一定的权利，比如，产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。


1994 Passage 2

　　One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us, the "cashless society" is not on the horizon — it's already here.
　　While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
　　Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
55. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to ________.
　　[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes
　　[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do
　　[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper
　　[D] cash money wherever he wishes to
56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ________.
　　[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards
　　[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United State today
　　[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash
　　[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before
57. The phrase "ring up sales" (line 2, paragraph 2) most probably means "________".
　　[A] make an order of goods
　　[B] record sales on a cash register
　　[C] call the sales manager
　　[D] keep track of the goods in stock
58. What is this passage mainly about?
　　[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
　　[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.
　　[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
　　[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.

重点词汇：
deposit  （v.n.存放；储蓄；沉淀）即de+pos+it，de-向下，pos词根“放”，it后缀，“放下它”。The mark of the historic is the nonchalance with which it picks up an individual and deposits him in a trend, like a house playfully moved in a tornado.历史性事件的标志是冷漠，它拈起一个人置于某种趋势中，使之像龙卷风里的房子那样儿戏般地翻滚。
horizon  （地平线；眼界）。The horizon of life is broadened chiefly by the enlargement of the heart.生活的地平线主要由心胸的扩大而拓展。We all live under the same sky, but we don't all have the same horizon.我们都生活在同一个天空下，但我们并不都拥有同样的地平线。
convenience  （便利）即con+veni+ence，con-一起，veni词根“来”，-ence名词后缀，“需要的东西都一起提供”→便利；convenient  （便利的）←con+veni+ent形容词后缀。What a convenient and delightful world is this world of books.书籍的世界是多么便利而令人愉快啊！It is convenient that there be gods, and, as it is convenient, let us believe that there are.有上帝是方便的，既然如此，我们就相信有上帝吧。
processor  （制造者；处理器）←process处理+or；microprocessor（微处理器）←micro+processor。
难句解析：
①They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad and they make many banking services available as well.
▲此句是由and连接的两个并列句，其中第一个句子结构较复杂，有一个复杂的地点状语in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad，在阅读时在此处可以适当地加快速度。
△此句在理解中的难点是短语give somebody credit，此处credit应理解为“信用额度”，在英文中credit card意味着持卡人可以有一定的透支额度。
②Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.
▲这两个短句虽然简单，但是由于其中包含有几个短语，如do much more than...，ring up，electronic cash registers等，因此在阅读中也存在一定的障碍，在我们不知道一个短语的确切意思的情况下，通过上下文来定位其大致意思就显得非常重要。
△electronic cash registers意为“电子收银并记录”；do much more than的意思是“做的不只是”；ring up的意思可以从第一个短句的结构中推出，第一个短句的结构为A can do much more than simply B，我们知道A和B之间只存在程度上的差异，而本质相同，因此ring up应该与electronic cash registers意思相同或相近，应为“收款，记录”的意思。
③At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
▲在第一个句子中包含有两个并列宾语从句which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient，而在逗号后面的是一个分词结构，用来修饰主句。
△第一个句子中最后一个词accordingly和第二个句子中的preferred是理解的重点。accordingly意为“相应地”，而preferred是一个形容词，不是prefer的过去分词，意为“有优先权的，优先的”。
④Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
▲本句中的主语有一个非常长的修饰成分from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors，在阅读的时候，如果我们注意到它只是在逗号之间的补充说明成分，我们就可以先跳过去抓句子的主干成分。
试题解析：
55. [B] 文章的第1段利用一系列的实例说明了信用卡(credit card)给其使用者带来的诸多方便，第2段第1句前半句总结概括了第1段的主题。
　　[A]原文指出，信用卡的持有者可以不受地域和时间的限制存取钱，但这并不意味着愿取多少就取多少。
　　[C]意为：（与不持有信用卡的人相比）享受更多的信誉，这是不符合事实的，事实上，无论是持信用卡还是持现金，顾客在购物时都享有同等的信誉。
　　[D]意为：想在哪个地方兑换现金都可以。这也说得有些空泛，如：由一个银行发放的信用卡未必适用于另一个银行及其分行。
56. [C] 原文第1段第4句指出：对许多美国人来说，“无现金社会”已经来到，而不是将要来到(on the horizon)。
　　[A]原句未指出是否所有美国人将都会使用信用卡。
　　[B]这一选择显然是不正确的，信用卡的使用并非主要限于美国。
　　[D]本文并未指出以前信用卡的使用不方便，因此，我们也无法作出任何比较。原句也没这方面的含意。
57. [B] “register”意为：记数器，记录器。原句中ring up意为：将……记录在记数器内，sales意为：销售额。同一段后文指出：除了记录销售额以外，计算机在商业上还有更广泛的用途，而记录销售额是电子收款机最基本的功能。
　　[A]、[C]都不正确。
　　[D]意为：跟踪记录现存货物。
58. [B] 本文的主旨陈述在最后一段，电子收款机与信用卡使用都是计算机在商业上应用的实例，本文旨在指出计算机的应用给使用者带来的诸多方便。
　　[A]本文不再去说明计算机如何在商业上使用而主要谈论计算机在商业上的应用所带来的结果。
　　[C]意为：商业自动化的意义。本文的着眼点不在“意义”上，而更重在说明计算机的应用给生产者与消费者带来的诸多方便。
　　[D]文章的第1段列举了信用卡的使用给消费者带来的好处，但这并不是文章的主旨，作者仅仅是想通过信用卡这一例子来说明计算机的应用给消费者带来的诸多方便这一主旨。
全文翻译：
　　1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆，在当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物，同时信用卡还可以使他们得到银行提供的许多服务。越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否营业。对于我们很多人来说，“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已经到来。
　　计算机为消费者提供诸多方便的同时，也给商家带来很多优势。电子收银机能做的远不止记录销售额，它们可进行各种各样的记录，包括谁卖了什么，何时卖的，卖给谁了。这些信息通过显示销售商品的种类和销售速度，使商家能够跟踪和记录它们的商品清单，然后做出决定是再定货还是把商品退给供应商。同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是高峰，哪些员工最有效率，进而就能对人员分配进行相应的调整。此外，他们还确定理想的顾客群进行促销活动。基于同样的原因，生产商们也依赖计算机。计算机分析的营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品，将来开发哪些产品，哪些应停止生产。计算机跟踪库存商品，现有原材料甚至生产过程本身。
　　许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社，从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、效率更高的服务。


1994 Passage 3

　　Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
　　Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
　　Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
　　"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
59. In paragrah 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________.
　　[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
　　[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
　　[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
　　[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.
　　[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
　　[B] they might become a burden of the society
　　[C] they should fully develop their potentials
　　[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
61. This passage mainly deals with ________.
　　[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
　　[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
　　[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
　　[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.
　　[A] is now enjoying legal support
　　[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
　　[C] was clearly stated by the country's founders
　　[D] will exert great influence over court decisions

重点词汇：
denote  （v.表示）即de+note，de-向下，note记录，“记录下来”→表示。Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best and by the best means.“明智”指的是以最好的方法追求最好的结果。
难句解析：
①Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
▲第一个短句结构很简单，第二句中For these children to develop to their full adult potential是一个表示目的的状语，也可以看成是一个从主句their education must be adapted to those differences后面提前了的介词结构。
△第一个短句中exceptional一词我们从文章后面的叙述中可以知道它不是我们一般理解的“杰出的，出类拔萃的”，而应指“反常的，有缺陷的”，其实此处的exceptional是一种“身有残疾”的委婉表达法；significant应理解为“重要的，关键的”，而第二句的develop to their full adult potential的develop是一个不及物动词，意为“发展，养成”，而potential是一个名词，意为“潜能”；be adapted to的意思是“被调整，适应”。
②While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.
▲此句由一个while引导的让步状语从句the leading actor on the stage captures our attention和一个主句构成。
△要理解本句，重点是看到它是一个类比，把残疾儿童比喻为舞台上的主要角色，而他们的家庭和社会环境被比喻为配角和戏剧的布景。在考研的阅读理解中，当我们碰到作者使用各种比喻和类比时，最重要的一点就是要弄清其用比喻来说明的对象。
③And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
▲这是一个强调结构，强调的是in the public schools，后面find的宾语expression of society's understanding又有一个补语，而其中又包含一个定语从句。
△本句理解的重点是短语the full expression of society's understanding。注意此处understanding不单纯是“理解”的意思，应该是指“理智，知性”，如果在开始阅读时对understanding一词的理解不够深刻，也可以从破折号后面的补充成分入手理解其深刻含义。
④The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
▲此句结构比较复杂，上来先应该抓住其主干结构The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...。而主语the great interest后面有一个修饰成分in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades，在宾语the strong feeling后面有一个同位语从句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities。
△要理解本句，重点在理清句子结构，并注意whatever their special conditions是用来修饰all citizens的。
⑤That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.
▲此句的主句是That concept implies educational opportunity for all children，而破折号后面的是对educational opportunity for all children这一事物的进一步说明，其中包含有一个whether引导的从句，其中省略了should，可以被视为一种虚拟语气。
△此句的阅读重点在于抓住围绕educational opportunity所展开的几层意思，从the right再到更进一层的capacity。
⑥In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
▲此句的主句是schools are modifying their programs，后面是一个分词短语作状语，而在这个状语中又有两个定语从句who are exceptional和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs来修饰children。
△注意词组adapting instruction to children（使授课能够适应儿童），另外substantially是“真正地”的意思。
试题解析：
59. [A] 该选择项中“have much to do with”意为：与……有很大的关系，与……紧密相关。
　　文章中第2段第2句所举的这个例子旨在说明其他演员及场景对主演的重要作用，这个例子又用来说明本段第1句与第3句阐明的道理。
　　[B]的意思文章未提及。
　　[C]与作者所呼吁的应该去做的事相反。
　　[D]该选择项中“weigh much heavier than”意为：比……分量重得多，比……重要得多。由此可见该选择项的内容与文章的内容丝毫不相关。
60. [C] 该项意为：其潜能应得到充分的发展。
　　参阅文章第3段第3句，社会对特殊儿童接受普通教育的关注表明他们的主张：任何公民都应该得到使其潜能充分发展的机会。这也是整篇文章的主旨：教育应该有利于特殊儿童的成长（参阅第1段第2句以及第4段第3、5句）。
　　[A]与本文所主张的让特殊儿童平等受普通教育的思想格格不入，另外，从上下文来看，该文中所说的exceptional children是指残疾儿童（disabled/retarded children）。
　　[B]这与原文所传达的思想相违背。
　　[D]原文强调的是特殊儿童应得到平等受教育的机会以利于其能力的充分发展，而这个选择项强调对残疾儿童应区别对待，这与原文是不吻合的。
61. [D] 由对第60题的分析可以看出，本文主要在于说明改革目前的教育方式使之更有利于特殊儿童的成长的重要性（或必要性）。
　　[A]本文未列举儿童在学习能力方面存在哪些差别。
　　[B]本文也未对什么样的儿童称为特殊儿童进行界定。
　　[C]本文主要谈的是使目前的教育更适合特殊儿童的发展的重要性，但并没主张为他们设立一套特殊的教学计划，更没谈具体设立什么教学计划或项目。
62. [A] 参阅原文第4段第4句。句中confirm意为：认可，批准，使……有效。
　　[B]该选择项中disagree with意为：与……不一致。
　　从文章第4段第1、23句来看，该项表达的内容与事实相反。
　　[C]文章第4段第3句指出，国家的创始者们的人人平等这一思想也包含了儿童平等受教育的权利，但这并不意味着他们业已明确地表达了(clearly stated)对特殊儿童的教育的关怀。
　　[D]儿童平等受教育的权利已获得法律上的认可，法庭裁决也必须依法行事，因此，该项所表达的内容（将会对法庭的裁决起很大影响）是不正确的。
全文翻译：
　　特殊儿童与其他同龄的正常孩子相比有一些重要的不同之处。对于这些孩子来说，要使他们到成年时全部的潜力能得到开发，那么他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。
　　尽管我们关注的焦点是特殊儿童的需要，但我们发现自己也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也能意识到配角及剧目本身场景的重要性。特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。
　　任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到力量、弱点及文化本身。过去30年间公共教育所表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈的感受，即所有公民，不论情况特殊与否，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。
　　“人人生来平等”这句话我们已听过无数次，但它对民主社会的教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家缔造者们用来预示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。这一概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受相适应的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。


1994 Passage 4

　　"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
　　This year, 50 percent of the 910000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging — 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
　　With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
　　The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
　　The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
　　"First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."
63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.
　　[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
　　[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
　　[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
　　[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
64. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.
　　[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
　　[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
　　[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
　　[D] there won't be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.
　　[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
　　[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
　　[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
　　[D] which normal cell can't turn off
66. The word "dormant' in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
　　[A] dead
　　[B] ever-present
　　[C] inactive
　　[D] potential

重点词汇：
infection  （传染；感染）即in+fect+ion，in-在内，fect词根“做”，-ion名词后缀，“在里面起作用”→感染；动词形式为infect←in+fect。参effective（有效的），2002年Text 1。Grief, like pleasure, infects the atmosphere. A first glance into any home is enough to tell you whether love or despair reigns there.忧伤与快乐一样，感染着气氛。无论哪一家，只要看上一眼，就足以得知主宰那里的是爱还是绝望。
pancreas （胰腺）看作pan+cr+eas，pan盘，cr看作crack，eas看作复数形式(es)，“许多盘破裂的胰腺”。
oncogene  （致癌基因）←onco+gene，onco词根“肿瘤”，gene基因。
dormant  （静止的；休眠的）即dorm+ant，dorm词根“睡觉”，-ant形容词后缀，“像睡觉那样的”→休眠的。同根词：dormitory→dorm+itory后缀表“地方”→睡觉的地方→（集体）宿舍。
oncologist  （肿瘤学家）←onco+logist，onco词根“肿瘤”，-logist后缀“……学家”。
counteract  （v.抵抗；消除）即counter+act，counter-前缀“反”（如counter-clockwise逆时针方向），act行动，故“反着行动”→抵抗。The doctor gave him some medicine to counteract the effect of the poison.医生给他一些药解毒。
ever-present 经常存在的。
难句解析：
①"But", he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
▲此句是一个直接引语，注意引语中有两个句子，前面的句子有一个复杂的同位语从句that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow修饰the idea，而后面提到了一个例子，句中有一个but，它后面的it指代前面整句话。
△注意引语中两个句子之间的关系，后者是用来驳斥前面一句中那些人的错误想法的，作者在这里举的是一个反例。
②The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.
▲此句主句是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，后面有一个when引导的定语从句修饰the early 1970s，而在这个定语从句中还有一个宾语从句，在宾语从句中又有一个非限定性定语从句which are cancer-causing genes修饰oncogenes。
△注意此句中有超纲词oncogenes，但是我们可以从后面修饰它的定语从句推出其确切含义，这也是常用到的阅读方法之一，即可以用定语从句来反推所修饰词的意思。
③The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.
▲此句是用but连接的复合句，注意前面的involved表示“相关的”，而后面的半句的主干是the likelihood suggests that...，里面又包含有一个同位语从句和宾语从句。
△注意看清句子结构，而后面的likelihood表示“可能性”。
④Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
▲此句用分号隔开，前面是一个简单的被动语态，而后面是一个直接引语。
△如果我们了解分号的用法，就知道它经常用来连接两个意思相仿或相对的句子。而在这里，分号后面的部分就是进一步说明前面的意思，那么我们也就知道cosmic rays是environmental factors的一个个例。
试题解析：
63. [D] 该项意为：提醒人们彻底战胜癌症的道路还很长。
　　本文第1段中所举的巴斯特的例子在于否定本段第2句提到的某些人的观点：一旦找到病因，治疗方法会立刻找到(rapidly follow)，而在于说明第4句中所阐明的道理。
　　[A]原文第1段第1句引用了Weinberg的话，他认为人们在近十年内会对癌症的病因有很大的了解，但这并不意味着会彻底揭开(disclose)癌症的秘密。另外，这也不是举巴斯特的例子所要说明的问题。
　　[B]意为：指出治愈癌症的前景是非常乐观的。本文作者相信这一点，但这并不是举巴斯特这个例子所要说明的观点。
　　[C]在巴斯特找到传染病病因五六十年之后，才找到治疗方法，但这并不意味着五六十年以后也肯定会找到治愈癌症的方法。
64. [D] 意为：各种癌症患者的平均存活率不会有大幅度的增加。
　　文章第二段用数据说明了能够继续生活五年以上的病人的数量的比例，这一比例增加是可喜的，但能完全从病魔中生存下来的人仍然不会有大幅度的增加。
　　[A]文章只提到了目前可以存活五年的皮肤癌病人的比例是90％（注意文章原句用的是一般现在时），但未提到2000年将会怎样。
　　[B]由对[A]项的分析可以看出，考生无法了解2000年有多大比例的癌症病人还健在。
　　[C]本题中“fairly even”意为“基本不变”。对这项所表达的内容也无法证实。在解释[D]项时，我们曾指出各种癌症患者的平均存活率不会有大幅度的增加，但这并不意味着根本没有增加。
65. [B] “activate”在此意为“激活，使活动起来”。
　　文章第3段第4句指出：如果几个致癌基因(oncogene)被激活，细胞又无法抵御它们的侵害的话，细胞就会发生癌变。
　　[A]参阅文章第3段第2句。该项表达的内容与事实相反。
　　[C]文章第3段指出，致癌基因存在于健康细胞(normal cells)中。
　　[D]原文第3段第4句“unable to turn them off”只表达了一个假设，相比之下，[D]表达的是一个事实。
66. [C] “dormant”意为“潜伏的”，与第3段第2句中“inactive”一词是同义。
　　[A]“dead”的意思不对。
　　[B]“ever-present”意为“无时无处不在”也不对。
　　[D]“potential”意为“潜在的”，与同一句中“activate”(make... active)的意思不搭配。
全文翻译：
　　“我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因，”微生物学家罗伯特•温伯格，一位癌症专家如此说道，“但是，”他又告诫说，“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因，治疗方法很快就会跟上。其实不然，想想FaGuo细菌学家巴斯德，他发现了许多传染病的成因，但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”
　　今年，91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年存活率将升至75％。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说，5年期存活率高达90％，但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。
　　癌症现有种类多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究人员在70年代早期取得了很大进展，他们发现导致癌症的癌基因在正常细胞里是不活跃的。从宇宙射线、辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都可能激活一个处于静止状态下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不为人知。如果若干癌基因被激活，细胞无力排除也就演变成了癌细胞。
　　导致癌变的确切机制仍是个谜，但许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉•海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样：“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”
　　治癌前景尽管遥远，但已越来越明朗。
　　“首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制自己。其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因对至少部分麻烦总是负有责任。如果我们能弄清癌症的活动规律，我们就能采取相应的措施。”


1994 Passage 5

　　Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
　　The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
　　"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"
　　The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
　　Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?
　　[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
　　[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
　　[C] A person who has had no education.
　　[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
　　[A] The variety of ideas they have.
　　[B] The intelligence they possess.
　　[C] The way they deal with problems.
　　[D] The way they present their findings.
69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________.
　　[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity
　　[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things
　　[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch's point of view
　　[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented
70. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________.
　　[A] diligent in pursuing their goals
　　[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
　　[C] devoted to the progress of science
　　[D] concerned about the advance of society

重点词汇：
mold  霉菌。
penicillin  （青霉素）音译：盘尼西林。
antibacterial  （抗菌的；抗菌药）即anti+bacteria+(a)l，anti-前缀“抗”，bacteria细菌，-al后缀。
innovator  （创新者）即in+nov+at(e)+or，in-加强前缀，nov词根=new（元音字母替换，形近字母替换），-ate动词后缀，-or后缀表“人”，故“使事物更新的人”→创新者。同根词：novel（小说；新奇的）←nov+el后缀。
diligent  （勤奋的）即di+lig+ent，di-前缀“分离”，lig词根“选择”，-ent形容词后缀，联想：许多黑白两色的芝麻混杂在一起，能把它们“选择”“分离”出来的人，是非常“勤奋的”。同根词：intelligently（聪明地，明智地），见1996年Passage 1。
reluctant  （不愿的，勉强的）即re+luct+ant，re-看作“反复”，luct可看作词根lect“选择”，-ant形容词后缀，人们都不愿反反复复地作选择，所以“反复选择”→不愿的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们。
devote  （v.奉献，致力于）即de+vote，de拼音“得”，vote单词“选票”，那些希望“得选票”的人都声称自己将“献身于”某项事业。Only to devote oneself to the society can find the significance of the actually short and risky life.人生实际上是短暂而有风险的，只有献身于社会，才能找到其意义。
难句解析：
①Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.
▲本句的主干是Discoveries are thought by... to do sth. or as sth.。在句中by "untaught minds"后面有两个并列的用or连接起来的结构作为被认为的对象。
△要理解本句，就首先要知道"untaught minds"的是指那些“对科学实验的艰辛过程不了解的人”；而blinding flashes指“眩目的一瞬”，其实意思相当于汉语中的“灵光一闪”。
②Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.
▲本句的主干是Sir Alexander Fleming did not... look at and get the idea...。中间两个逗号隔开的部分是一个插入成分，并不影响阅读。
△要理解本句，就要对科学史有一定的了解，弗莱明爵士发明了青霉素penicillin；而there and then表示“当时当地”，用来强调人们传说的活灵活现。
③Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
▲本句的主干是由分号隔开的两个分句，后半句比较复杂，主语是the best players有两个并列的谓语miss和have their shot blocked，后面有一个比较结构。
△复习分号的用法，就知道后半句是补充说明前半句的。
④The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.
▲本句由两个并列句构成，前面的一个的表语比较复杂，里面还有两个定语从句，分别修饰表语从句的主语和表语。破折号后面的结构较简单。
△理解so it goes的意思是理解本句的重点，它表示“同样的道理，同理，……也一样”。注意在本句和上一句中作者都把发明创造比喻为踢足球，而把发明家比喻为足球运动员。
⑤"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there is no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.
▲本句是一个直接引语，在引语中主干是Creative thinking may mean simply the realization...，后面是一个同位语从句修饰the realization，而在从句从又有一个定语从句修饰状语the way。
△注意virtue表示“美德，道理”的意思，而the way前面可以被视为少了一个介词in。
⑥This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"
▲本句的主干非常简单，就是This accounts for our reaction。最后的引语是our reaction的同位语，而reaction后面介词to的宾语比较繁杂，核心词是simple innovations，后面有两个例子，还有一个定语从句来修饰核心词。
△在阅读中，一定要抓住本句的主干，其实看不懂plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels都不会对把握文章的整体意思产生什么影响，另外知道account for的意思也很重要。
试题解析：
67. [A] 根据原文第1段，“untaught minds”本文应该指那些不了解发明与革新的艰辛的人。
　　[B]、[D]则明显不对。
　　[C]“untaught”一词有“未受过教育的”这个意思，但从本文第1段来看，这里并非指未受过教育的人，不了解发明创造的艰辛的人未必没有受过教育。
68. [C] 这是文章主要要说明的问题。
　　文章第2段第2句指出：有创造力的人与他人的最大区别在于他们对待事物的方法不同，此句中“one”指“difference”。文章最后一段以结论的形式再次说明了这一主旨。
　　[A]意为：有创造力的人所拥有的各种各样的思想。如上文解释[C]项时所指出的，本文重点要说明的是：在对待事物的方法上，有创造力的人与常人不同，这与他们所持有的思想的多少没有关系。
　　[B]如上所分析，二者的主要区别不在于智力上的不同。
　　[D]意为：善于发明创造的人表述自己的发现的方式与人不同。这也是不对的。
69. [B] 作者引用Flesch的话当然是为了支持自己的观点：有创造力的人经常探索做事的新方法。
　　文章第3段Flesch指出：创造性思维往往只起源于一种认识：做事情的传统的方法未必是最好的。
　　[A]、[C]所表达的内容也许是正确的，但并不是文章引用Flesch的目的。
　　[D]Flesch的话所表达的思想与作者的看法是相吻合的，并没有添加新的思想。
　　像举例一样，引用其他人的观点（正面引述也好反面引述也好）都是为了说明文章的主旨或主题，否则，引述便显得没必要了，引用其他人的发现或数据也是如此。从这一点也可以看出把握文章的主旨、主题与思路对正确选择答案的重要性。
70. [B] 文章中“march to different drummer”是一个比喻。“drummer”意为“鼓手”，“to”意为“伴着”，整个词组的意思为：伴着一个不同的鼓手所敲出的节奏行进，即：不随波逐流，与其他人走的道路或所持的思路不同。这是对文章主旨的一个形象总结。
　　[A]强调的是毅力，而不是方法方面。
　　[C]、[D]强调的是责任心，而不是方法方面。
全文翻译：
　　科学技术上的发明创造被“不知内情者”看做灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性事件的结果。亚历山大•弗莱明爵士可不是像传说中的那样，看了一眼奶酪上的霉就立刻想到了青霉素的发明。他是对抗菌物质进行了长达9年的实验才有了这项发明的。发明及创新几乎都是艰苦的试验和失败的产物。创新就像踢足球，即使是最出色的球员也会痛失进球机会，其射门被挡出的机会大大多于进球的机会。
　　问题在于得分最多者正是那些射门次数最多的球员，而任何领域的创新活动都是如此。创新者与普通人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法不同。每一个人都有想法，但创新者会自觉地钻研他的想法，并不懈努力直到证明想法切实可行或不可行。普通人视为凭空想像的抽象概念在职业创新者眼里却具有坚实的可能性。
　　“创造性思维也许只不过意味着能够意识到按老办法办事没什么特别可取之处。”语言权威人士鲁道夫•弗莱契写到。这解释了我们看到像塑料垃圾袋和带轮箱包之类令生活更便利但看似简单的发明时的反应：“怎么过去就没有人想到这办法呢？”
　　创造性方法始于“一切不可貌相”的主张。创新者不会接受办事只有一种方法的论调。面对从A到B的挑战，普通人会自动踏上一条最为人熟悉、显然最简单的路径。创新者则会探寻另外不同的道路，而这样的道路将（guangxian注：may宜译为“可能”）会最终被证实更简单、也一定更有趣、更富挑战性，即使它们通向绝境。
　　极富创造性的人的确是伴着不同鼓手打出的鼓点前进的。（←原书此句漏译）

qingqing

1995 Passage 1

　　Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
　　And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
　　Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
　　There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
　　If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.
　　[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
　　[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming
　　[C] advertising costs money like everything else
　　[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?
　　[A] Securing greater fame.
　　[B] Providing more jobs.
　　[C] Enhancing living standards.
　　[D] Reducing newspaper cost.
53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.
　　[A] very precise in passing his judgement on advertising
　　[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention
　　[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
　　[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising
54. In the author's opinion, ________.
　　[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
　　[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
　　[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
　　[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

重点词汇：
know of 知道。I don't know him, but I know of him.我不认识他，但听说过他。
live up to 做到；不辜负。
subtly  （精细地；微妙地），形容词形式为subtle。Men always want to be a women's first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a man's last romance.男人总想成为女人的第一个恋人，女人则具有更微妙的本能，她希望成为男人追求的最后一个对象。
难句解析：
①Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.
▲本句的主干非常简单，就是Money is money。重点在于要看清修饰两个money的定语，特别是后面一个修饰语中的as well as。
△理解本句的海王星在于了解as well as不是“也”的意思，其中的well就是一个副词表示“好”，修饰过去分词spent，而后面的any指代的是any money。
②It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
▲本句的主干是It serves... to assist... distribution...，而thereby后面是两个由and连接起来的分词短语作补语，里面又有一个make+it+adj.+to do sth.的结构。
△本句的阅读重点在于理解这几个动词之间的逻辑关系。
③Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
▲本句的主干是no regular advertiser dare promote a product，前面是一个apart from引导的介词结构，介词宾语the fact后面又有一个同位语从句。在主句中，a product后面是一个定语从句hat fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements。
△注意文中acts指的是“法案”，而live up to表示“实现，兑现”的意思。另外apart from在这里是我们通常所说的“加法”的“除去”。
④If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
▲本句是一个条件句，主句的结构比较复杂，注意I know是一个非常短的定语从句，修饰proof，而后面的两个that引导的是两个同位语从句，修饰the surest proof，前面的那个同位语从句中又有一个宾语从句。
△看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。同时注意作者对广告抱完全肯定的态度。
⑤If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.
▲本句的主句是一个if引导的虚拟语气If its message were confined merely to information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention。两个破折号中间的部分是一个补充说明成分。
△看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。注意作者使用了虚拟语气，显示了作者认为广告中只出现告知性信息的不可能性。
试题解析：
51. [D] 这句话可直译为：将钱花在广告上是我所知道的好的花钱方式之一。意为：将钱花在广告上好或很值(worthwhile)。
　　该句的非比较级形式为：Money spent on advertising is money spent well.在该句中，any指任何一种好的花钱方式(any money spent well)；know of意为：知道，所了解到的。其实，该句所陈述的内容不仅是第一段的主题思想，也是全文旨在说明的问题。在第一段的其他部分，作者就列举了合理的广告带来的诸多方面的益处。
　　A意为：他对广告的价格了如指掌。这显然不对。
　　B意为：众人皆知做广告很费钱(money consuming)，即：做广告很贵。
　　C意为：像做其他事一样，做广告要花钱。
52. [A] secure在此意为：取得，获得。A意为：获得更大知名度。这是原文所未提到的。
　　原文第一段历数了广告所带来的诸多益处。它直接有助于产品以合理价格迅速销出(distribution)，在稳定国内市场(home market)的同时，使产品能以有竞争力(competitive)的价格出口进入国际市场；它给人以新的消费观，从而大大地提高人们的生活标准；它增加了市场需求(demand)，扩大了劳动力(labour)市场，有效地扩大了就业。它使许多公共事业的服务价格低廉，因为，这些服务都可以利用登广告所嫌的钱补贴其经营费用，这使得它们可以降低价格。
　　B与原文内容相符。
　　C意为：提高生活标准。与原文内容相符。
　　D与原文内容相符。
53. [D] 在这一题的提问部分，deem意为：认为。选择项D中partial意为：片面的，不公平的。
　　文章第四段和第五段讨论了一个反对广告的著名电视工作者(television personality)的看法。他反对广告的理由是：广告是劝诱性的(persuade)，而不是客观地提供信息(inform)，但是，作者认为：作这种区别有些过于细微了(excessively fine)，广告当然要劝诱人们。即使在很小的方面，也很难做到只局限于(confine... to)客观地提供信息，而且，那样的话，广告就失去了吸引力，没人会注意它。由此可见，在作者看来，广告的这两方面很难严格地区别开来，二者是有机地结合在一起的，不能顾此失彼。
　　A意为：准确地表达了他对广告的评价。这里，pass意为：表述，表达，提出。
　　B意为：只关心消费者的注意力。这里，nothing but意为：只有，除……之外都不。
　　C意为：区分劝诱与信息提供是有道理的。这里，tell the difference意为：区分，区别。
54. [C] 意为：广告劝诱消费者无可指责。
　　作者认为，毫无疑问，广告会劝诱消费者。它不仅是这样，而且应该是这样，否则，广告便失去了吸引力而没人看了。参阅第53题题解。
　　A是不对的。正如第三段所指出的，广告给社会(community)带来的物质利益(material benefit)比其他形式都大。
　　B意为：广告应给人以新的（消费）观念，而不在于说服人。这里，win over意为：说服，争取；rather than意为：而不是。可见，所表达的内容与原文中作者表达的观点相反。
　　D意为：消费者不关心广告所提供的信息。这与作者的观点也不同，作者仅是说：广告不能仅局限于提供客观信息，否则，就无法吸引消费者。参阅第53题题解。
全文翻译：
　　花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别处的钱一样值得。它直接有助于商品以合理的价格销售，由此建立稳固的国内市场，并使商品能以富有竞争力的价格出口。它吸引人们对新观念的注意，极大地提高生活标准。广告有助于增加市场需求，从而确保对劳动力需求的增加，因此是遏制失业的一个有效方法。它降低了多种服务费用，没有广告，每天看的报纸价格会上涨四倍，电视收视费会翻番，公共汽车或地铁票也得提高20％以上。
　　也许最重要的是，广告为你购买的商品或服务提高了合理的价值方面的保证。除了国会制定的二十七项法案对广告词加以约束之外，没有哪个专职广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他们或许能通过误导性的广告暂时愚弄一些人，但时间不会太长，因为庆幸的是，公众有良好的意识，他们不会一而再地去购买劣质商品。如果你看到一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这是最可靠的证明，即此商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。
　　广告给社会带来的物质利益比任何我所能想到的方式都多。我觉得有一点还得谈一谈。最近我听到一位著名电视人宣称他反对广告，因为广告意在劝诱而非提供信息。他把两者区分得过于细微，因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者。
　　如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息（虽说这不是不可能做到的，但它本身也是很难做的，因为哪怕是挑衬衫颜色这样的细节也带有几分劝诱性），那会令人生厌，以致没人再去理会。但也许这就是那位著名电视人所希望看到的。


1995 Passage 2

　　There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
　　By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
　　In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
　　These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.
　　[A] he has given up his smoking habit
　　[B] he has made great efforts in his work
　　[C] he is keen on learning anything new
　　[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
56. In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.
　　[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
　　[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
　　[C] face difficulties and take up challenges
　　[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 2, paragraph 3) he is referring to ________.
　　[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
　　[B] a new way of taking risks
　　[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves
　　[D] a new system of adaptation to change
58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ________.
　　[A] curiosity about more chances
　　[B] promptness in self-adaptation
　　[C] open-mindedness to new experiences
　　[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts

重点词汇：
external  （外部的），反义词为internal（内部的）。Everybody acts not only under external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity.每个人的行动都不仅处于外部的推动，也同样依据内在的需要。
signpost （路标）←sign+post。
landmark  （界标）←land+mark。
obstacle  （障碍）即ob+st+acle，ob-前缀“阻碍”，st词根=stand，-acle后缀表物，“站在那里阻碍的东西”→障碍。Victory is not the end but a phase to the end. It is no more than the removal of obstacles.胜利不是目的而是达到目的的一个阶段。它不过是对障碍的消除。Some minds seem almost to create themselves, springing up under every disadvantage and working their solitary but irresistible way through a thousand obstacles.有些人仿佛自己创造自己——在每次逆境中崛起，穿过重重阻碍，孤独但义无反顾地开辟自己的道路。obstacles — things a person sees when they take their mind off their goal 障碍——当一个人的大脑脱离自己的目标时所看到的东西。
curiosity （好奇心；古玩）即curios+ity，curios(=curious)好奇的，-ity名词后缀，“引起好奇的东西”→古玩。参curiously，2001年Passage 5。Curiosity is a scholar's virtue.好奇心是学者的美德。There are two sorts of curiosity — the momentary and the permanent. The momentary is concerned with the odd appearance on the surface of things. The permanent is attracted by the amazing and consecutive life that flows on beneath the surface of things.有两种好奇心——一种是短暂的，一种是永久的。短暂的好奇心关注事物表面的奇异外观；永久的好奇心被事物表面之下流动着的令人惊讶并连续的生命所吸引。curiosity — ①the key to creativity ②a willing, a proud, an eager confession of ignorance ③the first step to betrayal 好奇心——①打开创造力的钥匙 ②心甘情愿地、自豪地、急切地承认自己的无知 ③背叛的第一步。
难句解析：
①The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
▲本句破折号前面是三个并列的名词词组，其核心词是the workers，the student和the foreigner，它们后面都有一个定语从句，而破折号后面的部分是一个简单的主系表结构。
△注意破折号前面的只是一些例子，在看不懂的情况下可以跳过，当然如果能够精确理解它们的意思对理解作者把成长视为一种过程也有帮助。
②The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.
▲本句主干结构就是not... but，注意but后面的成分较复杂，有四个并列的成分attitudes，feelings，caution，courage，在它们的后面有一个时间状语从句。
△注意抓not... but结构中but后面的部分，这里是阅读的重点。
③In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
▲可以用分号把句子一分为二，后面一半的表语比较复杂，有三个new的东西：new ways，new ideas，new challenges。
△在此句和此句的上下文中，字面意思的理解可能不成问题，但考生应该真正理解作者在这里把人生的成长视为一种过程而不是一个简单的结果这一事实。
④In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first.
▲本句开始的两个不定式是目的状语，主句结构是people need to have a willingness to do sth.，后面又是三个并列的不定式。
△在读到这一句时我们就应该对此文作者的文风有一个大致把握，本文的作者比较喜欢使用排比结构来使其论述显得更加强有力。
⑤If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
▲第一个句子以两个if引导的条件从句开始，核心在then的后面，后面的句子中注意become后面的过去分词作表语。
△开始也是排比，比较容易理解，后半句里有一个比喻，shell指的是“自我封闭”，大家理解起来也没有什么问题。
试题解析：
55. [A]
　　第一段指出，人们对成长有两种基本看法：有人将之视为结果(product)，有人将之视为一个过程(process)。一般来讲，人倾向于将个人的成长（或发展）看作是一个易于识别和测量的外在的结果，如：工人晋职，学生成绩(grades)好，学会一门外语。这都是他们做出努力(efforts)之后所取得的可衡量的结果。[A]表达的内容原文虽未提到，但我们可以做一个简单的类推。一旦形成习惯，戒烟是很不易的，是需要决心与毅力的，正像一个学生要取得好成绩必须做出努力一样。
　　B意为：他对工作尽了巨大的心力。但是，这里却未提到尽心尽力后带来什么样的结果，也许是徒劳无益呢？
　　C意为：他热衷于学习新东西。be keen on意为：热衷于，想要。与[B]一样，这里也未提及结果：他是否学会新东西？
　　D意为：他想看看（或确立一下）自己在发展的道路(journey)上走到哪儿了。这更没道理了。
56. [C] 意为：面对困难，接受挑战。
　　在第二段，作者指出，将发展看作是一个过程的人关心的不是结果，他们更多地是注重人面对新的体验(experiences)与不期而至的障碍时所表现出的态度与感受：是谨慎还是表示出勇气。发展永无止境，对外部世界的体验不止一种，总是有新的思路需要检验，新的挑战(challenges)去接受。另请参阅第三段第一句。
　　A意为：成功地爬上了社会阶梯（即：成功地进入社会上层）。这是一个结果，而不是一个过程，因此，是不正确的，而且，原文并未提到这一点。
　　B意为：从他自己的成就来判断其发展（潜）力。这显然是从结果的角度来看待人的发展。
　　D意为：确立高的（发展）目标(aim high)，而且每次都实现自己的目标。原文并未提及“目标”的确立，而且该选择项的后半部分(reach his goal each time)显然又是在谈结果。
57. [A]
　　在该句中，being在此意为：生存，存在，第三段第二句指出，当我们用新的方式生存（或体验世界）时，我们对自己的看法对我们能否发展至关重要。下文举了几个例子来阐述这一观点。如果我们认为自己行动敏捷，喜欢刨根问底，在实际的行动上，我们就会倾向于冒险(take more chances)，更欢迎(be more open to)新的体验。如果我们自认为天生怯懦并优柔寡断，我们就会遇事犹豫不前，行动迟缓，只有感到安全可靠时才会挪动一步。如果我们自认为适应变化很慢或不够精明，无法对付新的挑战，那么，我们很可能做事被动或干脆不做。可见，我们的态度决定了我们的生活方式。
　　A意为：体验世界（即：生活）的新方式（或方法）。
　　B意为：新的冒险(take risk)方法。这有些片面。
　　C意为：认识自我的新方法。这是指态度方面，而不是指实际行为方面。
　　D意为：适应变化的新方法(system)。这也失之片面。
58. [D]
　　意为：避免内心的恐惧感与（自我）怀疑。
　　在最后一段，作者指出，不安全感与自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的(unavoidable)，而且是必要的，否则，我们就无法变化、发展。关键是要敢于面对(confront)并克服这种心理，如果我们一味地求安全，就不会有所长进，就等于是作茧自缚(We become trapped inside a shell of our own making)。
　　A意为：对更多的冒险（指：做新的事情）持好奇态度。即：总希望尝试新的事情。
　　B意为：自我调节快。即：适应新事物快。
　　C意为：对新的体验持欢迎态度。
　　对选择项[A]、[C]、[D]的理解请参阅第57题题解。
全文翻译：
　　人们对成长有两种基本看法：一是将其视作结果；一是将其视为过程。人们通常把个人成长看做是易于识别和测量的外在结果。工人得到升迁，学生成绩提高，外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可衡量的成绩。
　　相比之下，对成长过程的测定就难多了，因为从定义上讲，它是一次旅行，不是沿途上的某个路标或界标。成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未曾预料的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。在这个过程中，旅行永远不会真的结束；总会有新的方法去体验世界，新的思想去尝试，新的挑战去面对。
　　要想成长，要想探索新的道路，人们就得乐于冒险，乐于面对未知世界，并敢于接受初次尝试便失败的可能性。我们在尝试新的生存方式时如何看待自己对我们能力的培养是至关重要的。自以为行动敏捷而又好奇吗？如果这样，我们就会去抓住更多机会，更加勇于面对陌生的体验。自以为害羞而优柔寡断吗？那么这种恐惧感便会使我们犹豫不决，行动迟缓，而且在确保安全无虞后才前进一步。自以为适应变化的速度很慢，不够精明，无法应付新挑战吗？那么我们就可能采取消极姿态，或根本不去尝试。
　　如果我们要变化、要成长，那么这种不安全感、自我怀疑则是不可避免的，而且也是必要的。如果我们不能去正视并克服这些内在的恐惧和疑虑，如果我们过于自我保护，那么我们就会停止成长，陷进自己营造的壳里面。


1995 Passage 3

　　In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
　　In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
　　Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
　　Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can the settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
　　In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance . Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
59. The word "it" (line 3, paragraph 2) most probably refers to ________.
　　[A] the lack of stable communities
　　[B] the breakdown of informal information channels
　　[C] the increased mobility of families
　　[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place
60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.
　　[A] they have to learn new things consciously
　　[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
　　[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
　　[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family
61. From the passage we can infer that ________.
　　[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
　　[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
　　[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
　　[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.
　　[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
　　[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible
　　[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information
　　[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

重点词汇：
subconsciously  （下意识地）←sub下+conscious有意识的+ly。
stockpile  （v.n.积蓄，贮存）←stock存储+pile堆积。
expertise （专门知识）←expert专家+ise后缀，“专家所掌握的东西”。
participant  （参与者）即parti+cip+ant，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓，-ant后缀表人，“抓取部分东西的人”→参与分享的人→参与者。参participation（参加；分享），2001年Passage 1。
facilitate  （使便利）即fac+il(e)+itate，fac=fic词根“做”（参artificial←art+i+fic+ial，2002年Text 2），-ile后缀“易于……的”，-itate动词后缀，“使易于做的”→使便利。名词形式为facility（熟练）；facilities（设施；便利条件）。It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.如果你再合作一点的话，事情就变得更容易了。It is not helps, but obstacles, not facilities, but difficulties, that make men.成就人的不是帮助而是障碍，不是便利而是困难。
breakdown  （n.崩溃；故障）←break+down。a nervous breakdown 神经衰弱。
dominant （支配的，占优势的）←domin+ant，domin词根“支配”，-ant后缀。参predominance（优势），2000年Passage 1。
难句解析：
①Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
▲本句的主干是Many life's problems... are beyond the capability...。problems后面是一个由which引导的定语从句，而capability后面也是修饰成分。
△首先要理解be beyond the capability的意思。在考研的阅读中beyond引导的各种短语层出不穷，这里的意思是“在……的能力之外”。另外，extended family是指“扩展型家庭，几代同堂或者是包含各种亲戚关系的家庭”。
②Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
▲本句的主语由两个并列的结构Where to turn for expert information和how to determine which expert advice to accept构成，表语是questions，后面的facing many people today修饰questions。
△首先要注意断句，再看清复杂的主语就能够理解本句的意思，另外注意turn for相当于ask for。
③As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
▲本句较难，首先应该看到主句就是the informal flow of information is cut off，前面的部分是一个as引导的伴随/原因从句，而在主句后面的只是一个名词性的词组，其核心词是the confidence，前面的with it是个介词结构修饰the confidence，后面的that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable只不过是the confidence的同位语，为了方便理解，我们也可以在句末的地方加一个“is gone”，这样就可以把主句后面的部分理解为一个句子：the confidence is gone。
△首先要看清句子结构，另外注意and with it the confidence中的it指代的是整个主句the informal flow of information is cut off。
④Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
▲本句的主干就是things... must be consciously learned。things后面有一个定语从句。
△看清句子结构，并且注意subconsciously与consciously之间的对比。
⑤The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
▲本句由两个并列的子句构成，之间以and连接。前面的有一个more... than...的结构，而后面的主干是the task is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming。主语task后面的介词of的宾语比较长。
△看清句子结构，可以把它一分为二，同时注意最后的三个形容词有一定的递进意味。另外注意that one piece of information中的that用来强调one piece of information。
⑥Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mails to bombard people with multitudes of messages.
▲本句的主语是telecommunications developments，谓语是enable，主要应该看清enable的宾语是两个并列成分：the sending of messages via television，radio和very shortly, electronic mails to bombard people with multitudes of messages。
△本句的阅读重点在断句，一定不能把television，radio，electronic mails看成是介词via的三个并列宾语。如果这样理解，那么后面的题目是做不对的。另外，虽然bombard一词超纲，我们通过其基本词形与bomb类似也能猜出其意思。
⑦Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
▲本句由两个结构相仿的子句用and连接而成，它们的结构都是sth. can be done。后面的部分有一个介词without结构，比较复杂。
△注意看清句子结构，里面一些词汇如expertise（专家知识），teleconferencing（远程会议）等，我们都可以用构词法把其意思推出来。
⑧"Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
▲本句由两个结构相仿的子句用and连接而成，前面一个的主语是个从句Knowledge is power，后面的主语是access to information。
△注意看清句子结构，同时注意断句。
试题解析：
59. [B]
　　第二段指出，第二次世界大战以后，人口的流动性(mobility)变大，一个家庭离开了自己原来的居住区，离开了多年的朋友，不再住在大家庭里（extended family指：三世或四世同堂的家庭），这样，对这个家庭来说，日常的(informal)信息交流没有了(is cut off)。随着日常的信息交流渠道的消失(the breakdown of informal information channels)，人们的信心也没有了：他们过去相信需要时总能得到可信可靠的信息。
　　A意为：社会缺乏稳定。
　　C意为：家庭增加了流动性。
　　D意为：越来越多的人流动不定。
　　可见，[A]、[C]、[D]表达的内容近似，因此，都不对。而且，如果它们中任何一个正确，那么，原文句中the confidence就要从肯定方面理解，即：人口的流动性使人们更有信心……，这显然与原文第二段表达的内容是相矛盾的。
60. [C]
　　意为：他们对所需的信息不能唾手可得。
　　readily在此不是“有准备地”之意，而是“随时随地”之意。原文第二段指出，随着社会的流动性，人们间的日常的信息交流不存在了。过去一些生活的最基本方面(the simplest aspects)的信息交流几乎是不自觉（或无意识）地(unconscious)进行的，但是现在却不行了，过去下意识地(subconsciously)——随处随时地——可以通过大家庭内部的日常(casual)交流所了解到的(learn)信息现在必须有意识地去了解（或获得）。第二段指出，除了社会的变化以外，现代社会信息的积累量(stockpile)大增，这使得寻找相关信息的过程变得更繁琐，更花时间(time-consuming)，有时也很迫切。第三段的最后一句在总结全段时也指出：技术使更多的人可以利用更多的信息。这里强调的是信息量，并非信息随时随处可得。
　　A意为：他们不得不有意识地去了解新事物。这不是一个“问题”，甚至不是主要(main)问题，这仅是指他们了解信息的方式。
　　B意为：现在他们缺乏获得可靠信息的信心。原文只是说：随着日常交流的缺乏，过去唾手可得的可靠信息不得不经过其他途径（如：技术手段）去获得了。可见，[B]表达的内容与原文表达的内容并不相符。
　　D意为：他们几乎不能同大家庭进行日常交流了。如果这是一个问题的话，这也绝对不是主要问题。而且，这句话说得不够严谨，太绝对化。
　　考虑这个题时请考生参阅第59题题解。
61. [A]
　　第四段第三句指出，随着电信事业的发展，通过电视、无线电并将在不久的将来(very shortly)通过电子邮件的方式所传递的信息数以千计地送到人们手上。该句中，bombard一词原义为“轰炸”、“连珠炮式地落向”，这里用于比喻量大。multitudes of也指“大量的”。
　　A意为：电子邮件(electronic mail)不久将成为传递信息的主要(dominant)手段。
　　B意为：在信息时代(era)，保守秘密愈难。信息传递媒介的增加与保守秘密没有直接关系，而且，文中任何地方都未暗示这一点。
　　C意为：开会时间会减少（也可以理解为：开会次数会减少）。第四段第五句指出，（远距离）电话会议可以使人相互交流（专门）知识(expertise)，解决问题无需再采用将各地的人聚在一起的会议形式。可见，这里只是说会议开得更方便，并未说开短会或少开会。
　　D意为：事件报道将主要采用卫星直播形式。原文第四句指出，卫星的使用扩大了现场(at the instance of occurrence)直播事件的力度。
62. [D]
　　在最后一段作者指出，当今世界是一个多变、复杂的世界，信息对人至关重要(of greastest importance)。人们要学会利用准确、可靠、最新的(up-to-date)信息来解决的日常(day-to-day)问题以及他们工作和社会交往、家庭生活中的重大(critical)问题，只有这样的人才能生存、才能成功。“知识就是力量”这样的说法再正确不过了，学会掌握信息(access to information)是对所有人的一个最重要要求。D意为：有效地掌握所需信息至关重要。
　　A意为：应尽量多地获取信息。这里只强调了信息的量，却未强调信息的质（如：准确、可靠、最新）。实际上，正因为信息的量增大了，才需要人们学会找出所需的信息，这才是这一段所主要说明的。
　　B意为：人们应充分利用可得到的(accessible)信息。正如我们在分析本题时所一再指出的，本段所强调的是善于获得信息的重要性（如，在本段三句话中，作者使用了如下措词：the need for information〈第一句主句〉，who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information, access to information〈第三句后半句主语〉）。
　　C意为：我们应该意识到积累信息的重要性。这也不对，参阅本题对选择项[A]的分析。
全文翻译：
　　在这样一个不断变化的复杂社会里，以前简单地获取信息的方法变得复杂了。许多请教家人、朋友或同事便能解决的生活问题，现在却超出了大家庭的能力范围。去哪儿寻找专家信息，如何确定接受哪条专家建议成了当今许多人面临的问题。
　　除此之外，二战以来，人口流动性日益增大。随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友。大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。同时在需要时就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了。关于生活最基本的方方面面的信息的无意识交流也被切断。因此，曾经在大家庭内部通过日常交流就可下意识学到的东西，现在却要有意识地去学。
　　除了当今的社会变化之外，还有信息量巨大的问题。今天，个人可获得的信息比任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。
　　伴随着信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息，这在以前是不可能的。计算机技术使人们可以把大量的数据储存到机读文件里，还能通过计算机编程找到某一信息。电信技术的发展使人们可能通过电视、无线电传送信息，不久之后，通过电子邮件发送的大量信息，将对人们实施信息轰炸。人造卫星拓展了通讯能力，可以对事件进行现场报道。通过远程会议，专家知识能在全世界范围内被分享，有争议的问题也能被解决，同时人们也不必放下工作、别离家人，大老远去开会了。技术的发展促进了信息分享、信息存储和信息传递，这就使更多的人得到更多
的信息。
　　在这个多变而又复杂的世界里，对信息的要求最为重要。那些拥有准确、可信、最新信息并用来解决日常问题、工作中的重要问题以及社会和家庭问题的人就能生存下去并取得成功。“知识就是力量”是再正确不过了，获取信息也许是所有人最迫切的要求。


1995 Passage 4

　　Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
　　One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"
　　By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
　　Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
　　If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.
63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.
　　[A] impatient
　　[B] considerate
　　[C] aggressive
　　[D] agreeable
64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.
　　[A] the pressure is too great on the students
　　[B] some students are bound to fail
　　[C] failure rates are too high
　　[D] the results of examinations are doubtful
65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.
　　[A] candidates' sensitivity
　　[B] academic achievements
　　[C] competitive spirit
　　[D] surer values
66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.
　　[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
　　[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics
　　[C] the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors
　　[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society

重点词汇：
inherent  （固有的；天生的）即in+her(e)+ent，in-在里面，here词根“黏着”=stick，-ent形容词后缀，“黏着在里面的”→固有的。同根词：adhere（v.黏附；坚持）←ad(=to)+here；coherent（黏着的）←co(=together)+her(e)+ent。I am not in the least disturbed when people regard my legs intently. I know they are doing so in pursuance of their inherent artistic instinct.当人们目不转睛地盯着我的双腿时，我丝毫不觉得不安。我明白他们这样做是出于天生的艺术直觉。←这是一位舞蹈家MM说的。
profound  （深刻的；渊博的）即pro+found，pro-向前，found词根“基底”（如foundation→found+ation→基础），“向前直探到底的”→渊博的。The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement. But the opposite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth.一种正确说法的对立物是一种错误的说法。一种深刻的真理的对立物则很可能是另一种深刻的真理。
soak up 吸收。
marathon  （马拉松）用谐音记。这种全长421954米的长跑比赛，是对运动员体力与意志力的考验。
rejoice  （使欣喜）即re+joice，re-反复，joice=joy，“使反复高兴”→使欣喜。Why is it that we rejoice at a birth and grieve at a funeral? Is it because we are not the person concerned?为什么我们在有人出生时高兴，在有人入葬时悲伤？是否由于自己不是当事者？
disproportionate  （不成比例的）即dis+proportion+ate，dis-否定前缀，proportion比例，-ate此处为形容词后缀。Literature happens to be the only occupation in which wages are not given in proportion to the goodness of the work done.文学碰巧是唯一的这么一种职业，其报酬与所做工作的优异不成比例。
preoccupation  （全神贯注）即pre+occup(y)+ation，pre-在前，occupy占据，-ation名词后缀，“在别的事物前占据注意力”→全神贯注。
consideration  （考虑；体谅；需考虑的事）←consider考虑+ation；considerate  （考虑周到的；体谅的）←consider+ate。Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.劳动高于资本，理应得到多得多的报酬。A child that lives with sharing learns to be considerate.同意分享的孩子知道为人着想。
难句解析：
①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
▲本句的主干是... the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since引导一个原因状语从句，而这个从句又是一个if引导的条件主从复合句。
△注意profound的词义为“意义深远的”。另外要看到最后一个逗号后面的it所指代的是competition。
②One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.
▲本句的主干是One place... is school，这个简单句的主语和谓语都有一个定语从句修饰，前面的是限定性的，而后面的是非限定性的，并且在其里面还有一个插入成分by its very nature。
△可以先抓主干，然后再分析那两个定语从句，另外注意soak up的意思是“吸收，摄取”，其实即使我们不是很清楚这个词组的意思，只要我们抓住soak的基本意思“浸泡，浸湿，浸透”，词组的意思也能猜出来。
③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.
▲本句的主干是The current passion... produces a two-layer system，passion后面的介词for的宾语比较复杂，是一个make sb. do sth.的结构，而主句的宾语a two-layer system后面有一个非限定性的定语从句。
△可以先抓主干，然后再分析其它成分，另外在理解的时候也要有一定的想象力，比如compete against the clock不能从字面上理解为“和钟表竞争”，而应该理解成“与时间竞争/和时间赛跑”。
④The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
▲本句由两个子句构成，中间有一个but表示意思的转折。
△要正确理解本句，重点在于抓住单词的正确意思。questionable可疑的，值得疑问的；而后面的knowledge如果理解成“知识”那么这句话就怎么也看不懂了，在这里它的意思应该是“知道，知晓”，因此in the knowledge of应被理解为“在了解……的情况下”。
⑤Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.
▲本句的主干是... selection... could be made less by... and more by...。两个逗号隔开的是对于caring professions的进一步具体说明。
△注意在阅读的时候抓住less... and more...的结构，同时注意more后面的可能要更加重要一些。
试题解析：
63. [C]
　　意为：攻击性的，好斗的。
　　文章第一、二、三段都提到：A型性格的人在竞争的环境中成长，形成了他们的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用competitive（争强好胜的，爱竞争的）一词描述A型性格的人。
　　A意为：缺乏耐心的、不耐心的。这也许是他们有时候所表现出的性格特征，但不是他们的一般性性格特征。
　　B意为：体贴人的，为人着想的。这与事实形成鲜明的对比。
　　D意为：和蔼的，易相处的，使人愉快的。
64. [B] 意为：有些学生肯定不及格。
　　be bound to意为：肯定、注定。问题中be opposed意为“反对”。第三段指出，学校中最糟糕的竞争方式（by far用于强调最高级形式）是极力强调考试（disproportionate意为：不相称的，过分的），很少有学校让学生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通过考试来竞争有无益处(merits)是个值得探讨的问题(questionable)，但是，明知道自己会失败还去竞争的做法肯定（对人的心理，如：自信心、自我认识等）是有害的。
　　A意为：给学生造成的压力过大。
　　C意为：不及格率过高。
　　[A]、[C]文中都末提到。
　　D意为：考试成绩（或结果）值得怀疑。
　　这与原文表达的内容不一样，原文并非是说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作为—个教学环节是否合适值得进一步探讨。
65. [B]
　　原文最后一段指出，如果学校不过多地注重于(preoccupation... with)学习结果，就可以花更多的时间教些更有价值的东西。选择护理方面的人——尤其是医疗护理人员——也许应该看他们是否心细、是否有同情心，而不应看他们化学成绩如何。只从A型性格的人中选择医生的做法是不可取的，B型性格的人也是社会所需要的，应该受到相应的鼓励。在这段里．作者对现在人的培养及选择标准进行了批评。B意为：学习成绩（或学术成就）。问题中currently意为：目前，当前。
　　A意为：申请者的敏感程度。指：他是否对他人的行为敏感，即是否细心。
　　C意为：竞争精神。原文是说根据成绩，即：看重的是结果。
　　D意为：更可靠的价值。即：更可靠或可依赖或有价值（对社会有用）的东西。
66. [C]
　　文章第一段指出，个性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inherent)，但是，环境对它也有深刻影响，环境包括社会、学校与家庭。本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生的性格形成的影响。C意为：个性的发展受多种(multiple)因素的影响。
　　A意为：儿童的个性在出生时早已确立。
　　B意为：家庭对儿童性格特征的形成起主导作用。
　　[A]、[B]两个选择项都不正确，因为，这两种说法都是片面的、极端的。儿童的个性发展受多种因素的影响。
　　D意为：在高度竞争的社会中，B型性格的人是不需要的（或是找不到位置的）。这正是作者想要驳斥的观点。作者指出：世界需要各种性格的人。另请参阅第65题题解。
全文翻译：
　　性格在很大程度上是先天形成的——A型性格的父母会有A型性格的子女。但环境也一定对其有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。
　　让孩子吸收A型性格的一个地方是学校。学校，就其本质而言，是高度竞争的机构。很多学校采用“不惜一切代价获取成功”的道德标准并通过炫耀成绩来估量孩子们是否成功。目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制，在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。过分地热衷于获胜会产生危险的后果：记住，第一位跑马拉松的费迪皮迪兹在说完“欢呼吧，我们赢了”之后几秒便倒地而死。
　　学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当的强调考试。很少有学校允许学生集中精力做他们能做好的事。以考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，而明知有人考试会通不过的情况下还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的。
　　显然，要将所有A型孩子变成B型孩子既不现实也不可取。这个世界需要各种性格的人，一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。这才是最好的管理理念。
　　如果学校对学业的强调减少一些，也许就有更多的时间教孩子更重要的价值观念。也许对护理职业——特别是医疗护理人员——的选择应少注重化学成绩而多关注他们是否敏感、是否有同情心。只从A型性格的人员中挑选医生的确是个错误。B型性格的人非常重要，应该受到鼓励。


1995 Passage 5

　　That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
　　Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
　　In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
　　Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.
　　[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
　　[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
　　[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability
　　[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
68. According to the passage, if a person never forgets, ________.
　　[A] he would survive best
　　[B] he would have a lot of trouble
　　[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced
　　[D] the evolution of memory would stop
69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.
　　[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
　　[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system
　　[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting
　　[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.
　　[A] remembering
　　[B] forgetting
　　[C] adapting
　　[D] experiencing

重点词汇：
subsequent  （随后的）←sub+sequ+ent，sub-在下，sequ(=follow)词根“跟随”，-ent形容词后缀。Be sure not to tell a first falsehood, and you needn't fear being detected in any subsequent ones.千万别说第一个谎话，这样就不用害怕在随后的谎话中被人发现。
duration  （持久；持续时间）即dur+ation，dur词根“持续”，-ation名词后缀。同根词：durable（持久的）←dur+able可……的；endurance（持久力；忍耐力）←en使……+dur+ance。It is not the strength but the duration of great sentiment that makes great men.造就伟人的不是力量，而是伟大情操的持久。
contemporary  （当代的；同时代的；同时代的人）←con+tempor+ary，con-一起，tempor看作temper（性情），-ary后缀，“性情相同的（人）就是同时代的（人）”。Most contemporary books give the impression of having been manufactured in a day, out of books read the day before.大部分当代书籍给人的印象，是花一天工夫用前一天读过的书加工而成的。I don't go along with all this talk of a generation gap. We're all contemporaries. There's only a difference in memories, that's all.我对代沟这种说法完全不能苟同。我们都是同时代的人，只是记忆有所不同，仅此而已。
难句解析：
①That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.
▲本句的主语是个从句That experiences influence subsequent behaviour，而后面是一个简单的系表结构is evidence，只不过evidence后面的修饰成分较多，里面的两个形容词obvious和remarkable之间还用了but nevertheless来表达一种转折关系。
△注意在阅读的时候先要抓住主干结构，特别是主语从句。在表语的部分要能够一眼认出其核心结构是evidence of activity。
②Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.
▲本句的主干很简单，就是Constant practice has... effect on memory，主要的结构是such as... as...，在后一个as的后面有一个不定式，而这个不定式有三个并列的宾语to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words，注意这里的三个to都是介词，和动词lead构成词组。
△注意先抓主干结构，另外要注意such as... as...是一种举例子的形式。
③Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.
▲本句可一分为二，在分号处分开，前面的分句中over a period of no practice是个时间状语，主语是个从句what has been learned，谓语是tends to be forgotten，后面的结构非常简单。
△理解本句以及下面几句的功夫不在文字上，而是要求同学们对于进化论的假设和其与记忆的关系有一个明确的认识。在这里我们要知道，作者认为遗忘是一种生物在进化中适应外界残酷现实的适应性行为，因为只有忘掉了过去的不愉快经历，一个生命才有可能活得更加生机勃勃。而这样的观点的一种必然推论就是迅速遗忘要优于慢速遗忘，因为忘得越快就越能适应外部世界。那么在这里作者就指出用进化论适应性的观点来解释遗忘有局限性。
④Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
▲本句的主语是an evolutionary interpretation，谓语might make，而宾语的部分比较复杂，有一个形式宾语it，在真正的作宾语的不定式中还有一个从句how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection。
△注意理清句子结构，意思的理解请参看上句△部分。
⑤In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.
▲本句的主干是it is helpful to do sth.，真正的主语是to consider这个不定式，当然它里面还包含了一个带条件从句的宾语从句。逗号前面的是一个状语。
△注意在阅读的时候先要抓住主干结构，同时看清主句中的it是一个形式主语，指代的是后面的不定式结构。而前面的一个its应该是指memory。
⑥Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.
▲本句的主干是Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system，在这里assume是一个及物动词。宾语a memory storage system后面有一个of引导的介词词组和定语从句来修饰它。
△注意一些词的意思，capacity在这里应被理解为“容量”，而非“能力”；flexibility是“灵活性”而非“弹性”。
试题解析：
67. [D]
　　意为：突然失去记忆力会导致生存适应问题。
　　文章第一段指出，人生许多问题的解决依赖于我们对过去经历过的事情的记忆。第二段第二、三句指出，如果我们不及时复习或练习已学过的东西的话，过一段时间，我们可能忘记它，这种情况所造成的适应性(adaptive)后果也许不太明显。然而，突然失去记忆力却会对适应带来明显后果。举个例子来说，假如你一觉醒来，发觉自己失去了一切记亿，那样会发生什么呢？
　　A意为：由于缺乏练习所造成的遗忘很明显不利于生存适应。这与第二段第二句的意思相反。
　　B意为：如果一个人突然(all of a sudden)变得健忘，他肯定是非常适应生活的。这与第二段第三句表达的内容相反。
　　C意为：逐渐的遗忘过程证明了人的（较强的）适应能力。第二段第四句指出，遗忘可以被看作动物中自然选择(natural selection)过程中遗留给人的一种能力。第三段最后一句指出，遗忘（指逐渐的遗忘）似乎对每个个体或整个物种来说有其生存价值。可见，逐渐的遗忘过程是人在物种间的生存竞争过程中形成的，它是人们适应外部世界的结果。C则将人的适应能力看作是逐渐遗忘过程的结果，这显然颠倒了逻辑关系。
68. [B]
　　第三段第三、四句指出，没有遗忘过程，人就无法适应。例如，十年前正确的做法现在未必合适，所以应忘记它。对遗忘很少的人的调查也表明：他们的日常活动缺乏头绪。
　　A意为：他适于生存。这与事实相反。
　　C意为：他学习的能力会得到加强。这也与事实相反，事实是：所学的东西在大脑中会无头绪可寻。
　　D意为：记忆力的进化就会停止。
69. [A]
　　意为：遗忘是对学习的一种反应。
　　文章最后一段指出，对记忆力也可以做另一种解释：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，遗忘使这一系统具有了灵活性。这种看法认为：在学习或存储（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间有一个不断调整过程。事实上，有证据表明：遗忘率与学习的东西的量直接相关，这对现代记忆模式——输入——输出保持平衡——提供了证据。
　　B意为：记忆储存系统是一个输入输出完全平衡的系统。根据原文，确有一种理论认为或推测(assume)记忆储存系统是一个输入输出平衡的系统，但也仅是假设而已，另外，exactly一字用得欠妥，太绝对化。
　　C意为：记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿。严格地来讲，forgetting与remembering都是memory的一个组成部分，是一个部分与整体间的关系，不能对照而言。
　　D意为：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，这是由遗忘造成的。原文只是说遗忘使记忆储存系统更具适应力，不是说它造成了记亿储存系统的有限性。
70. [B]
　　本文主要谈的是遗忘过程的作用(function)，它是人生存适应机制的一个很重要的过程，这是文章的第二、三、四段所旨在说明的，对照而言，第一段所谈的内容(remembering)只不过是这个讨论的引子。
　　A意为：记忆，记住。
　　C意为：适应。
　　D意为：体验。
全文翻译：
　　过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显但却非凡的脑力活动——记忆。如果没有大家称之为记忆的功能，学习便不能发生。反复练习对记忆有很大影响，可以使人们熟练地演奏钢琴、背诵诗歌、乃至总结和理解这些词句。用于解决问题或是辨别出有问题存在的所谓的智力行为需要记忆，记忆能力是推理的一个基本需求。解决任何问题，甚至是识别问题存在的能力都取决于记忆。最典型的是，决定过街也要凭借许多对以前经历的记忆。
　　实践（或称复习）就是建立并保持对某一任务或所学材料的记忆。有一段时间不实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记（渐进性地遗忘）；其适应性结果也就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子也可被看做具有适应性。从这个意义上说，遗忘能力可解释为动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力。的确，如果记住一段痛苦的情感经历会导致严重的焦虑，那么遗忘倒可以使人得到解脱。然而，进化论的解释可能会使人难以理解普遍的渐进遗忘过程是如何在自然选择中幸存下来的。
　　在考虑记忆的进化及其所有可能的方面时，思考一下如果记忆不会消失会产生什么结果是很有用处的。显然，遗忘有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡忘，新的记忆往往就突出，从而为推算持续的时间提供线索。没有遗忘，适应会受影响，例如，已学会的行为十年前可能是正确的，现在则不然了。有记录表明，有些人（按一般标准）忘的太少，以致日常生活常混乱不堪。因此遗忘似乎有助于个体及物种的存活。
　　另一种思路则假定人的记忆存储系统储量有限，这个系统专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性。根据这个观点，在学习或记忆储存（输入）和遗忘（输出）之间要不断进行调整。的确，表明个人的遗忘速度与学习东西的多少有直接的关系。这些数据为假定输入——输出持衡的当代记忆模式提供了明确的证据。

qingqing

1996 Passage 1

　　Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get."
　　Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.
　　You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.
　　Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.
　　This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
　　When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgement. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.
51. What do the elders mean when they say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get"?
　　[A] You'll certainly get what you want.
　　[B] It's no use dreaming.
　　[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have.
　　[D] It's essential to set a goal for yourself.
52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________.
　　[A] an illustration of how to write an application for a job
　　[B] an indication how to secure a good job
　　[C] a guideline for job description
　　[D] a principle for job evaluation
53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.
　　[A] that is the first step to please the employer
　　[B] that is the requirement of the employer
　　[C] it enables him to know when to sell his services
　　[D] it forces him to become clearly aware of himself
54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something ________.
　　[A] definite to offer
　　[B] imaginary to provide
　　[C] practical to supply
　　[D] desirable to present

重点词汇：
tight-lipped（沉默寡言的）。
blueprint  （蓝图）←blue+print。
intelligently （聪明地，明智地）即intel+lig+ent+ly，intel-“在……之间”（=inter-，因后接l，故r变形为l），lig词根“选择”=lect，-ent形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，故“具有从中挑选出所需之物的能力”→聪明地。Philosophy is a study that lets us be unhappy more intelligently.哲学是让我们更聪明地不快乐的一门学问。The computer is not intelligent at all, but very stupid indeed, and that, in fact, is one of its great values — its blind stupidity.计算机一点都不聪明，反而实在非常愚蠢，实际上，这才是它的非凡价值之一——它的盲目的愚蠢。
tangible  （确实的；有形的）即tang+ible，tang拼音“糖”→方糖→方糖是方的→方糖是“有形的”。tangible assets 有形资产；tangible results 确实的成就。
secure  （安全的v.获得；防卫）即se+cure，se-前缀“离”（参separate，2001年Passage 1），cure=care，“不需要照料的”→已经“获得”“防卫”的→安全的。Freedom of opinion can only exist when the government thinks itself secure.言论自由只有在政府认为自己安全时才能存在。He that publishes a book runs a very great hazard, since nothing can be more impossible than to compose one that may secure the approbation of every reader.出版一本书的人冒着极大的危险，因为创作一部可能受到所有读者欢迎的作品是最不可能的事。That government is not best which best secures more life and property — there is a more valuable thing — manhood.最完善地保护更多的生命财产的政治不是最好的政治——还有更重要的东西——人的地位。
illustration  （例证；图解）看作ill+ust+rat+ion，ill生病的，ust=est形容词最高级，rat老鼠，-ion名词后缀，用病入膏肓的老鼠作“图解”。如图：

What is character but the determination of incident? What is incident but the illustration of character?除了事件的规定，人物还是什么？除了人物的说明，事件还是什么？
imaginary  （想象的；虚构的）←imagin(e)想象+ary形容词后缀。We do not content ourselves with the life we have in ourselves and in our own being; we desire to live an imaginary life in the mind of others, and for this purpose we endeavour to shine.我们不满足于为我们自身、为自己的存在而拥有的人生，我们想过一种存在于别人心目中的虚构的生活，为了这个目的而极力出人头地。
难句解析：
①Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get."
▲此句的主要结构是elders used to say+直接引语。直接引语中是主系表的结构，其中表语中用了not... but的结构。
△not... but（不是……而是）结构是理解这个句子的重点。在not... but结构中，说话者所要强调的重点在but之后。注意在理解tight-lipped这一短语时要有一定的联想能力，从字面上理解，它的意思应该是“嘴唇紧绷的”，而此处结合上下文应该理解为“出言谨慎的”。
②You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.
▲这句话是and连接的两个并列句。在第一个分句中，as是连词，引导比较状语从句，把a mental blueprint of a desire和a blueprint of a house相比较。第二个分句的主体结构是each of us is... making blueprints...。第二个分句中的is continually making的用法：一般进行时在这里用来表示经常发生的事情。这样的结构常用来表达经常发生的令人不快、令人讨厌的事情。副词always，forever，constantly和continually都经常用于这样的结构中。在此处，它表示一个经常重复的动作。
③While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
▲这句话是由and连接的两个并列句组成的。第一个分句的主干结构是：employer is deciding whether...；第二句的主干结构是：your "wares" and abilities must be displayed...。第一个分句中while引导了一个伴随动作talking，其实是一个简略了的时间状语从句：while (he is) talking to you；decide后面接了一个whether引导的宾语从句：whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you。
△首先要分清两个分句的关系和各自的起始位置。另外要注意副词orderly和reasonably都是修饰形容词connected的。另外因为文章作者认为找工作是在推销自己，所以这里用了“wares”来表示应聘者的资格、能力。could be表示“有可能的，潜在的”。
④When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.
▲when引导时间状语从句，主句是you have something tangible to sell。
△首先要注意形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything，somebody，anywhere等的时候，形容词需后置，例如：Anything important?另外，have+名词+动词不定式，这一结构中的动词不定式相当于定语从句，这里是修饰something的。
试题解析：
51. [B] 这句话应理解为：It's not what you want in this world that matters, but what you get (that matters).译成汉语为：重要的不是你在这个世界上需要什么，（重要的）而是你得到什么。
　　文章第二段进一步说明了这句话后半句的含义（同时，这也是全文旨在说明的问题）：只要你知道自己所需要的是什么，并且只要要求合理，你就能得到它。可见，只是梦想是不够的。只有明确自己的所需，你才能制定具体的计划去获得它，理想才能最终转化为现实。
　　A意为：你肯定能得到自己想要的东西。
　　C意为：你不应满足于自己已有的东西。
　　D意为：为自己确立一个目标是极为必要的。确立目标固然重要，但是，如果不制定具体计划实现目标，目标也仅是空想而已。
52. [A] 意为：用以说明怎样写工作申请。
　　illustration意为：实例，说明。为了更充分地说明第四段所阐明的道理，文章在第三段举了几方面例子。正像盖房子要设计图纸一样，你也可以在头脑中为自己的愿望绘制一幅蓝图(blueprint)。实际上，在日常生活中，我们不断为自己的行动策划。例如：如果想请朋友吃饭，我们首先要开列一个菜单，决定买什么东西，还要决定先炒什么莱，等等。这种计划对请客成功与否至关重要。第四段指出，如果你想找份工作，应该取一张纸，简要地描述一下自己。因为，只有当你明确地知道自己的特长（what you have to offer可直译为：你可以提供的东西）后，才能为自己的工作选择做出理智的决断。第四段与第二段相照应，陈述了全文的中心，从该段第一个词likewise来看，第二段中所举的例子仅用以说明第二、四段说明的道理。
　　B意为：说明怎样获得一份好工作。原文强调的是如何为申请工作策划，根据自己的条件得到自己所需的工作。另外，本文并没有谈到工作的“好”与坏。
　　C意为：工作介绍指导。
　　D意为：工作评估原则。
53. [D] 意为：这使之明确地认识自己。
　　文章最后一段第一句指出，在精心准备出一份自己的能力和愿望的“蓝图”以后（即：在仔细地描述了自己的能力和愿望之后），你就明确了自己能“出卖”的东西（tangible意为：能触摸到的，具体的），只有在这个时候，你才做好了找工作的准备。
　　另请参考第52题题解。
　　A意为：这是取悦于雇主的第一步
　　B意为：这是雇主的要求。
　　C意为：这使之明确何时去找工作。
54. [A] definite意为：明确的，具体的；区别于：不清楚的，不定的。
　　参阅第53题题解。
　　B不对。imaginary意为：想像的，虚构的。
　　C不对。practical意为：（切合）实际的；区别于：不实际的，理想的。
　　D不对。desirable意为：令人满意的，称心的。
　　可见，从本文的上下文来看，[A]最为确切。
全文翻译：
　　沉默寡言的老人们曾经说：“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么，而是你得到了什么。”
　　心理学教导人们，如果你知道你想要什么，并且想要的又是合适的东西，你就能得到它。
　　你可以在头脑里勾画出一幅欲望的蓝图，就像你可以设计房屋的蓝图一样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地画着这样的欲望蓝图。比方我们想请朋友吃晚餐，我们就会筹划菜谱、写购物单、决定先煮什么菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。
　　同样，如果你想找一份工作，那就拿一张纸，写一份简历吧。为找工作做筹划，从你自己开始，因为只有当你确切知道你可以提供什么服务，你才可能明智地筹划到哪儿去兜售你的服务。
　　你的简历实际上是对你的职业生涯的简单描述，它包括教育、经验和证明人。这个描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时它可提供参考，在面试时更是起极大的作用。在与你谈话时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育、你的经验和你其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你的“商品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式陈列出来。
　　当你为自己的能力和欲望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以兜售了。那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集有关你想找的工作的所有信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看与听，使用你的判断能力。每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住：找工作就是你现在的工作。


1996 Passage 2

　　With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it.
　　And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.
　　It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organisation, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
　　The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC's royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organisation as it is, or to make changes.
　　Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the American slogan. "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." The BBC "ain't broke", they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word "broke", meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?
　　Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels — ITV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
55. The world famous BBC now faces ________.
　　[A] the problem of new coverage
　　[B] an uncertain prospect
　　[C] inquiries by the general public
　　[D] shrinkage of audience
56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?
　　[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.
　　[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.
　　[C] Potentials for further international co-operations.
　　[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organisation.
57. The BBC's "royal charter" (line 3, paragraph 4) stands for ________.
　　[A] the financial support from the royal family
　　[B] the privileges granted by the Queen
　　[C] a contract with the Queen
　　[D] a unique relationship with the royal family
58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.
　　[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels
　　[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
　　[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
　　[D] the challenge of new satellite channels

重点词汇：
coverage  （覆盖范围；新闻报导）←cover+age名词后缀。
stretch  （一段时间或路程v.n.伸展）与sketch（v.速写；略图；梗概）一起记。Babies do not want to hear about babies, they like to be told of giants and castles, and that which can stretch and stimulate their little minds.幼童不愿听关于幼童的故事，他们喜欢给他们讲巨人和城堡，那可以扩张和刺激他们小小的心灵。
slogan  （标语，口号）看作s+log+an，s形的圆木(log)上刻着一条(an)标语(slogan)。My slogan is "Four hours for work, four hours for study, eight hours for sleep, and eight hours for play."我的口号是“四小时工作，四小时学习，八小时睡眠，八小时游戏”。
难句解析：
①They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.
▲句子的主干结构是They are brought... for an annual license fee...，其中谓语部分使用了被动语态。实际结构是bring后接双宾语：bring sb. sth.，在这句话中，直接宾语很长，是一系列名词的罗列，前面的名词用逗号连接，最后两个并列成分用and连接。
△重点要注意they指代前面提到的listeners and viewers，这里使用了bring sb. sth.这一结构的被动式：sb. was brought sth.。介词for在这里相当于at the price of。另外news and current affairs中的and是连接news和current affairs的，而这个词组作为一个整体与其它的名词music，education等并列。
②The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
▲句子的结构是but连接了两个转折关系的句子。其中at least for the time being前后用逗号与句子其它部分分开，是插入语。前一句子的主干结构是The Corporation will survive as...，后一句子的主干结构是its role, its size and its programs are now the subject...。
△The Corporation指代前面提到的BBC=British Broadcast Corporation。另外注意as的用法，这里它用作介词，是“作为……”的意思。publicly-funded由公众提供资金的；nation-wide全国范围内的。
③The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
▲这个句子的主干结构是：The debate was launched by the Government，使用了被动语态。后面which引导定语从句which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC...修饰government，定语从句中不定式to say后面是两个并列的宾语从句，一个由what引导，一个由whether引导，两部分用and连接，副词even表示进一步强调。另外两个破折号之间的部分属于插入成分，是用来进一步定义anyone的。anyone后面的with介词词组也是用来修饰anyone的。
△重点是要弄清楚后面定语从句，两个宾语从句，还有插入成分之间的层次关系。另外要注意be worth doing的用法，这一结构本身就可以表达被动含义，因而the Corporation was worth keeping就是“英国广播公司值得被保留”的意思。
④The BBC "ain't broke", they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word "broke", meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?
▲这句话是so连接的两个因果关系的句子。they say是插入语。which引导定语从句修饰前面引号中的部分“ain't broke”。
△注意which指代的是前面引号中的部分；而且注意区别broke和broken在这里的不同意思。why do sth.这里是个反问句，是不太正式的用法。注意在此处，作者修正了前面美国俚语“ain't broke”中broke一词的用法错误，指出其应该被写为broken。
⑤But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
▲首先这个句子使用了强调结构：it is... which，which指代前面的channels。破折号中间部分的插入成分相当于定语，(which are) funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions修饰channels。其中and连接两个partly by。
△注意bring about在句中的含义是“引起，导致，产生”。
试题解析：
55. [B] 意为：前景不定。
　　第三段指出，英国广播公司(BBC)已有70多年的光辉历程，然而，目前其前景不明(in doubt)。虽然（至少就目前而言）作为一个公办广播机构，广播公司将继续存在下去，但是，其作用、规模、节目成为目前英国举国上下争论的话题。第四段指出，这场争论是由政府发起的。政府要求普通听众和观众评论广播公司的优缺点——甚至于值不值得把它办下去(was worth keeping)。最后一段指出，广播公司也的确面临着新的挑战，它只有改变自己才能适应新的形势。
　　A意为：新闻报道（的范围）问题。
　　C意为：公众的质询。公众并未主动对广播公司的发展前景及状况评头论足，而是政府要求他们这样做的。
　　D意为：观（听）众的减少。
56. [C] 意为：进一步进行国际合作的潜力。
　　最后一段指出，由于广播领域(broadcasting world)正在发生变化，英国广播公司也应改变自己，以适应新形势。撤切尔政府制定的广播法要求电视频道进一步商业化、搞广告竞争并削减开支与劳务。新电视频道的开播将带来长远的巨变。可见，这里并未提到国际合作问题。
　　A意为：将电视广播扩展到远东地区。第一段指出，随着英国广播公司国际电视节目的开播，数百万亚洲和美洲人不仅可以听到它的广播，还可以观看到它的电视新闻报道(news coverage)。文章最后一段还提到了卫星频道将会给广播公司带来最大的变化。
　　B意为：电视节目成为举国上下谈论的话题。
　　D意为：它作为广播机构的存在。
　　另请参阅第55题题解。
57. [C] 可直译为：与女王签的契约。
　　众所周知，英国是君主立宪国家，国王代表国家。因此，与女王签约就等于说该公司是国家办的广播公司(a publicly-funded broadcasting station)，而不是私营的。charter意为：契约，特许证。原句可译为：质询的原因是：广播公司的皇家契约1996年将要到期，因此必须决定广播公司是保持原样还是要改革。
　　A意为：皇族的财政支持。皇族指国王的家庭，与国家是两码事。
　　B意为：女王准予的一系列特权。
　　D意为：与皇族的特殊关系。
58. [D] 意为：新电视频道的挑战。
　　该题提问部分意为：英国广播公司不得不自行调整的最主要原因恰恰是……。文章最后一句指出：从长远的观点来看，新电视频道的开播将无疑会带来最大的变化（注意：本句是强调句）。另请参阅第56题题解。
　　A意为：商业性电视频道的出现。
　　B意为：政府广播法的实施。
　　C意为：降低成本和劳务的紧迫性。
　　[A]、[B]、[C]虽然都提到了，但都不是作为主要原因而提的。
全文翻译：
　　随着BBC（英国广播公司）全世界电视节目的开播，亚洲和美洲的数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。当然，英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道，五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台，每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。
　　延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。至少目前，它仍可以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目却成了全英国争论的话题。
　　英国政府发起了这场争论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期，政府必须决定让公司维持原状还是进行变革。
　　公司的捍卫者——他们中有很多人——喜欢引用美国的广告口号：“如果没坏，就不要修。”他们说英国广播公司“没有破产”，他们的意思是说它没有垮掉（broken和单词broke是有区别的，broke的意思是没有钱），那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢？
　　然而BBC将不得不进行变革，因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进行商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减员工。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现，它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。


1996 Passage 3

　　In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
　　The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "Shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
　　The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
59. It's true of the old family firms that ________.
　　[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations
　　[B] they failed for lack of individual initiative
　　[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies
　　[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.
　　[A] the separation of capital from management
　　[B] the ownership of capital by managers
　　[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes
　　[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business
61. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that ________.
　　[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
　　[B] the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers
　　[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
　　[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
62. The author is most critical of ________.
　　[A] family firm owners
　　[B] landowners
　　[C] managers
　　[D] shareholders

重点词汇：
bureaucracy  （官僚主义；官僚机构；官僚）即bureau+cracy，bureau（署，局，司，处），cracy词根“统治”；参democracy，2000年Passage 5。Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies.官僚政治是一种由侏儒操纵的庞大机构。bureaucracy — ①a continuing congregation of people who must act more or less as one ②the only form of human organization that can manage to pass a hot potato through a small crack ③the art of making the possible impossible 官僚主义——①一群人不断聚集在一起，因为他们多少必须像一个人那样行事 ②唯一一种能够通过小裂缝传递土豆的人类组织形式 ③变可能为不可能的艺术。
spoil  （v.损害；溺爱）看作sp+oil，sp即缩写“专家”，oil石油，“专家溺爱石油”。We drink one another's healthes and spoil our own.我们为彼此的健康干杯而损害自身的健康。When you "spoil" a child you are practically saying, "I know you aren't capable of being civilized and considerate and contributing and I won't expect it of you."“宠”孩子的时候，你实际上是在说：“我知道要你有教养、为人着想和奉献都是做不到的，我也不指望你做到。”
collectivism  （集体主义）←collect+iv(e)后缀+ism后缀表“主义”。
municipal  （市的；市立的）与principal（首要的；负责人；本金）一起记；municipality  （自治市；市政当局）←municipal+ity名词后缀。Our principal writers have nearly all been fortunate in escaping regular education.我们的大作家们几乎都幸运地躲过了正规教育。←注意例句是principal而不是municipal。
taxpayer  （纳税人）←tax+payer。taxpayer — someone who works for the federal government but doesn't have to take a civil service examination 纳税人——为联邦政府工作，却不必参加文职雇员考试的人。
detach  （v.分开）即de+tach，de-前缀“离开”，tach词根“连接”。同根词为attach（v.缚上；使依附）←at(=to)+tach。Every scene, even the commonest, is wonderful, if only one can detach oneself, casting off all memory of use and custom and beholding it as if for the first times.生活中的每个情景，甚至最普通的一幕，都是奇妙的——只要一个人能够离开自我，抛弃对习惯的全部记忆，就像第一次一样观察。
dividend  （股息；红利；被除数）即divid(e)+end，divide分开，-end后缀表物，“从整体中分出的一部分”→红利。dividends — hush money to shareholders 股息——给股东的封口钱。
patriarchal  （家长的）即patri+arch+al，patri词根“父”，arch词根“统治”，-al形容词后缀。另可记patriot（爱国者）←patri+ot后缀表人。
render（v.使得；提供）。Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love.世上唯有爱能够使一个人变得不可缺少。The service we render to others is really the rent we pay for our room on this earth.我们向别人提供的服务实在是为自己在这个世界上的住所付出的租金。
discipline （纪律；学科v.训练）即dis+cipl+ine，dis-(=apart)，cipl(=cip)词根“抓”（前文已多次述及），-ine后缀，“培养抓出东西的能力”→纪律或训练。Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline, and government of its own kind.自由是一种生活方式，它需要权威、纪律，以及具有自由本身性质的统治。discipline — ①remembering what you want ②the bridge between goals and accomplishment ③the refining fire by which talent becomes ability 磨练——①记住你需要什么 ②目标与成就之间的桥梁 ③使天赋变成能力的冶炼炉火。
lockout  指雇主为促使与工人达成协议而强制性关闭工厂。
negotiation  （谈判）谐音“你狗献爱心”←“谈判”的目的是让你的狗献爱心；动词形式为negotiate。Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.永远不要在谈判时忘记惧怕，而要永远不惧怕谈判。
难句解析：
①The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
▲句子的主干结构是The change met... requirements... and prevented the decline...。其中by engaging a large professional element是介词词组作状语，说明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式。decline in efficiency后面的that引导定语从句修饰前面的decline in efficiency。
△此句的阅读关键在于抓住句子的主干，即主要谓语动词，这样就能把握句子的基本结构，从而明白句子的主要意思。engage在这里的意思是“使卷入，涉及”。
②Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
▲这个句子的主干结构是... manipulation... increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class...。其中an element是class的同位语，representing irresponsible wealth是现在分词作定语修饰前面的element，detached from则是过去分词作后置定语，相当于是省略了which is的定语从句。and连接两个detached from，都修饰前面的wealth。
△理解an element是a class的同位语是理解此句的关键。只要分清句子的主语、谓语动词的中心词，就能够抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的时候，也可以先抓住主句而略过an element后面的部分不看。另外句中一些短语的意思也会影响到对整句的理解，如：detach from与……相分离；irresponsible wealth不负责任的财富，在本句中指的是股东们虽然拥有大量财富，但并不参与公司的运作，不承担任何经营管理的责任。
③Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
▲这个句子的主干结构是Towns... sprang up to house... classes，后面两个who引导两个定语从句修饰前面的classes。except在这里是介词，它后面的that指代relation。drawing和attending是并列关系，作介词of的宾语。动词不定式to dictate their orders to the management是表示目的的状语。
△理解这句的关键是两个who引导的定语从句都是修饰classes的，而且except后面的that指代的是relation。
④The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.
▲这个句子是and连接的两个并列句。第一个句子的主干结构是The "shareholders" had no knowledge...。在第一个句子中，employed作定语修饰前面的workmen，相当于省略了who were (employed by)...。which引导定语从句in which he held shares修饰前面的company。第二句的主干结构是his influence... was not good，是常见的主语+系动词+表语结构。
△第一分句中要认清employed by和后面which引导的从句都是修饰什么成分的。另外，在阅读本句中，指代关系也非常重要，要看清代词he和his都是指代前面的shareholders。
⑤The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
▲首先这个句子是but连接的两个转折关系的句子。第一个句子的主干结构是The... manager... was in more direct relation with...。第一个句子中acting for是现在分词作定语，修饰manager。第二个句子的主干结构是he had seldom that... knowledge of the workmen...。第二个句子中which引导定语从句which the employer had often had...修饰前面的familiar personal knowledge，passing away是现在分词作定语修饰前面的family business。under the more patriarchal system of the old family business是介词词组作状语，修饰谓语had often had。
△理解本句的重点在于对第二个分句的理解。he指代前面的the paid manager，which引导的定语从句是修饰that familiar personal knowledge的，而不是修饰workmen的，因为在这个of词组that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen当中中词词是knowledge，而且其中的that一词是用来强调familiar personal knowledge，在朗读的时候应该重读。另外现在分词词组now passing away是修饰前面的the old family business的。把这些修饰关系弄清楚，就能够把握句子的层次结构了。
试题解析：
59. [C] 本题提问部分意为：事实上，老家族公司……。选择项[C]意为：与现代公司相比，它们缺乏效率。
第一段第二、三句指出，许多老公司被拥有各级拿薪水的经理的有限（责任）公司所取代。这一变化通过一大批专业人员的使用适应了新时代技术的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使许多家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司的创立者那样精力充沛。
A意为：它们被后代毁了。[A]不对主要有两个原因，其一，原文指出：是效率的下降毁了家庭公司，而效率的下降可能是主观原因造成的，也可能是客观原因造成的；其二，根据原文，效率的下降通常(so commonly)在第二、三代毁了家庭公司，so commonly一词的使用说明还有没破产的家庭公司。
B意为：它们因缺乏个人的独创精神而破产。从以上的分析可见，破产的原因是缺乏效率。
D意为：它们能为纳税人提供足够的服务项目。
60. [A] 意为：资本与管理的分离，
第二段指出，有限公司及市营买卖的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。国民生活中这一现象的出现代表了与土地及土地所有者相分离的不由个人负责的财富的出现，而且这也意味着（不由个人负责的财富）几乎在同等程度上与由个人负责的商业管理的分离。在整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚及欧洲的部分国家的发展靠的是英国的资本，因此，在世界走向工业化的过程中英国的股东们大发其财。从以上的论述可以看出，作者认为：有限公司的发展引起了资本与经营的分离，投资者（股东）并不实际参加经营，而是坐吃红利(dividends)或有时参加些间接管理；而真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。这一点从第三段的论述也同样可以看出。
B意为：经理对资本的所有权。
C意为：劳资两个阶级的出现。劳资两个阶级早在资本主义的形成时期就已经存在了。
D意为：股东对市办买卖的参与。
61. [C] 意为：有限公司太大以至于运转艰难。本文并未提到这一点。
A意为：股东不了解工人的需要。这一点在第三段第一句说得很清楚。该句可译为：这样的“股东”根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人们的生活、思想和需要，因此．他们对劳资双方的关系有不良影响。
B意为：老公司的老板更了解自己的工人。第三段第二、三句指出，公司的拿薪水的执行经理与工人和他们的需要有更直接的关系。但是，与现在正在消失的世袭制的旧家族企业的老板相比，即使是他也很少有过去那种对工人的熟悉程度。的确，仅经营的规模和雇用工人的数量两方面就使得这种个人关系的建立成为不可能的事。
C意为：工会似乎起一个正面作用。第三段第三、四句指出，然而，值得庆幸的是，至少在所有技术行业，工会与日俱增的力量使得工人们可以同他们的雇主平起平坐。罢工与封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重，明白了公平协商的价值。可见，在这方面，工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。
62. [D] 提问中is critical of意为：对……持批评态度。
第二段第四句将股东阶层称为“饱食终日”(comfortable)者，他们与别人的关系仅限于抽取红利，他们偶尔也参加一次股东会，对企业的管理指手画脚(dictate their orders)。第三段指出，他们不了解工人，不关心工人。这里使用的显然是一种批评的语气。
全文翻译：
19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大和完善各自相对立的组织。许多旧式公司被责任有限公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。与此同时，大城市也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。
有限责任公司及市政企业的发展导致了重大后果。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营相分离。整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起是为了给大批“舒适”阶层提供居住场所，这些人靠自己的丰厚收入而不工作，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界没有联系。另一方面“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。
这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的关系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解。的确，单说公司的经营规模和所用的工人数量就使建立这种个人关系不可能了。然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各技术行业是这样，这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们地位平等了。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的价值。


1996 Passage 4

　　What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America — breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
　　Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
　　Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
　　Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."
　　A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
　　In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
　　Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."
　　This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."
　　When all these shaping forces — schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking — interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.
　　[A] elementary schools
　　[B] enthusiastic workers
　　[C] the attractive premium system
　　[D] a special way of thinking
64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.
　　[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
　　[B] shed light on disciplined school management
　　[C] was brought about by privileged home training
　　[D] owed a lot to the technological development
65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.
　　[A] they are both winners of awards
　　[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
　　[C] they both abandon verbal description
　　[D] they both use various instruments
66. The best title for this passage might be ________.
　　[A] Inventive Mind
　　[B] Effective Schooling
　　[C] Ways of Thinking
　　[D] Outpouring of Inventions

重点词汇：
breakthrough （n.突破）←break+through。
premium  （奖金）看作pre+mi+um，pre-在前，mi拼音“米”即money，-um后缀表物，“在前面放着的钱”→奖金。
nonverbal  （不用语言的）即non+verb+al，non-否定前缀，verb词根“言语”，-al形容词后缀。Gestures are a nonverbal means of expression.打手势是一种非言语的表达方式。
spatial  （空间的）即spacial←spac(e)+ial。
trigonometry  （三角学）即tri+gon+o+metry，tri-前缀“三”，-gon后缀“…角形”，-o-连接字母，-metry后缀表“测量学”。
stimulus  （n.刺激；刺激物）←stimul刺激+us名词后缀。参stimulant（刺激物；兴奋剂），1997年Passage 3。
incentive  （动机；鼓励a.激励的）←in+cent+ive，in-前缀，cent单词“分币”引申为“钱”，-tive后缀，“用钱去激励”。incentive — the possibility of getting more money than you can earn 奖励——得到比你挣的钱更多的可能性。
beneficence  （恩惠）←benefic+ence，benefic看作benefit，-ence名词后缀。
emulation  （竞争；仿效）看作emul(e)+ation，emule即BT出现前极受欢迎的一种P2P下载软件，-ation名词后缀，各种P2P软件为“竞争”而相互“效仿”。
难句解析：
①Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
▲句首是介词词组among the many shaping factors作状语，谓语动词would single out后面用分号隔开的各个部分都是名词性的词组，这些词组都是single out的宾语。a labor force that welcomed the new technology中that引导定语从句，修饰前面的labor force。最后的形容词technological是后置定语，修饰前面的things。
△single out后面列举的各种因素都属于shaping factors，但是是作者认为比较重要的因素，其中要注意在最后一个因素前面加的修饰词组above all用来强调American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological其实是要比其它因素更重要的，在阅读中一定要注意这一点。
②Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.
▲这句话是比较容易理解的简单句。句子主干结构是observers related A to B。
△关键是理解relate... to的用法：把……和……联系起来。
③A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.
▲这是一个主从复合句，句子的主干结构是... stimulus came from...，其中逗号后的which引导了一个非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的"premium" system。句末的it指代前面的patent system。定语从句中，and连接了两个并列的谓语动词：preceded和ran。
△关键要明白，定语从句中which指代前面的"premium" system，是谓语动词preceded和ran的动作发出者。parallel：平行的，这里ran parallel with意思是两种制度都在运作。
④Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
▲句子的主干结构是Americans flocked to these fairs...，后面的动词不定式to admire and thus to renew都是表明flocked的目的的，作状语。
△句子的结构比较简单，关键是理解几个动词的层次关系：... flocked to admire... and renew...。thus是副词，“因而”的意思。另外，renew their faith应该理解为“进一步加深其信仰”。
⑤As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."
▲句子的主体部分是直接引语部分。直接引语中有两个句子。第一个句子中是分号连接的两个并列句。第一个分句的主体结构是A technologist thinks about objects...，其中that引导了定语从句：that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions，修饰前面的objects。第二个分句中使用了被动语态，主语they指代前面的objects。第二个句子中，that引导定语that as yet do not exist修饰前面的devices。
△注意reduce... to的用法：reduce to这里的意思是“简化为，归纳为”；另外应该注意as yet的用法：as yet的意思是“指导此时，指导目前为止”，用在否定句和疑问句当中。
⑥Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."
▲句子的结构是Robert Fulton wrote+直接引语。直接引语中，句子的主干部分是The mechanic should sit down...。like在这里是连词，意思是“in the same way as，如同，同样”，这里是构成比较。like a poet后面省略了和前面句子一样的谓语部分：should sit down。considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts是现在分词作状语，表示伴随动作，其中them指代前面的letters。后面的which引导定语从句in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea修饰前面的exhibition。
△理解这个句子的关键是理解like作为连词的用法。而且要明白which指代的是exhibition而不是thoughts，因为of词组an exhibition of his thoughts中的中心词是exhibition。
试题解析：
63. [D] 在作者看来，美国早期出现的发明创造热是由几个因素共同促成的，但是，在这些因素中，美国人在思考技术问题时所表现出的非语言的（指：无法用语言表达的）“空间”思维能力起了最大的作用。参阅第二段，持别注意本段中above all的使用。在文章最后三段，作者又对这种持殊的思维方式进行了进一步的、重点的说明。
　　A意为：小学。
　　B意为：充满热情的工人们。
　　C意为：吸引人的奖励制度。
　　[A]、[B]、[C]所谈的内容都是促成美国早期的发明创造热的因素，但都不是主要因素。
64. [A]
　　第三段指出，由于这些学校的存在，我们的技工们基本上都识文断字、熟知算术及某些几何学与三角学知识。可见，早期美国技工的适应能力与创造能力在很大程度上得益于数学知识。第四段对此进行了进一步说明。
　　B意为：解释了学校管理的严格性。
　　C意为：产生于优越的家庭训练。
　　D意为：在很大程度上归功于技术的发展。
65. [B]
　　第八段指出，这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力方面可以与绘画和写作相比。正如Fulton所指出的：“正像诗人坐在字母中一样，技工应该坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，把它们看作自己思想的展现。在这个展现过程中，每一个新的排列方式都传达一种新的思路。”可见，进行形象的空间思维是这两种人的共同特征。
　　A意为：他们都是获奖者。
　　C意为：他们都放弃了语言的描述。善于进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言的表达。
　　D意为：他们都使用各式各样的工具。
66. [A] 意为：创造精神。
　　文章第一、二段是自问自答，提出了本文旨在论证的问题；第三、四段指出了教育的影响；第五、六段指出了奖励制度带来的鼓励的影响；第七、八段探讨了早期美国人特有的思维方式所起的决定性作用。最后一段是全文的总结。可见，本文主要探讨了早期美国人的创造热情及其根源。
　　B意为：有效的教育。
　　C意为：思维方式。
　　D意为：发明热。
　　可见，[B]、[C]、[D]都太抽象而且片面。
全文翻译：
　　在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，这是什么原因呢？
　　在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出这个国家优异的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；对发明者进行奖励的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。
　　为什么要提小学教育？正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。
　　目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国孩子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”
　　推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法来自国外，为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。
　　在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机械，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。
　　有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。正如尤金•弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化成功用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工……设计者和发明者……能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”
　　这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特•法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”
　　当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”（取其仿效之意），而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。


1996 Passage 5

　　Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.
　　The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.
　　Kitcher is philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
67. "Creationism" in the passage refers to ________.
　　[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe
　　[B] a notion of the creation of religion
　　[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation
　　[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe
68. Kitcher's book is intended to ________.
　　[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists
　　[B] expose the true features of creationists
　　[C] curse bitterly at this opponents
　　[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists
69. From the passage we can infer that ________.
　　[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
　　[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
　　[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists
　　[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings
70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.
　　[A] a book review
　　[B] a scientific paper
　　[C] a magazine feature
　　[D] a newspaper editorial

重点词汇：
pipeline  （管道；流水线）←pipe+line。
cosmology  （宇宙学）即cosmo+logy，cosmo即cosmos“宇宙”，-logy后缀表学科。
non-fundamentalist（非原教旨主义者）←non-否定前缀+fundamentalist（原教旨主义者）。fundamentalist — anyone who takes the Word of God too seriously 原教旨主义者——任何对上帝的话太认真的人。
motivation （动机）←motiv(e)+ation。motivation — the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it 动机——使人们因为自己想做而做你想让他们做的事情的能力。
dust jacket 精装书的护封。
digest  （v.消化n.摘要）。当初指责中国《读者文摘》（即现在的《读者》）刊名侵权的美国著名杂志叫Read’s Digest。To eat is human, to digest, divine.能吃的是人，能消化的是神。
难句解析：
①The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.
▲句子的主干结构是The goal... will be to try to explain...，其中explain后面接的是双宾语：explain to sb. sth.，这里sth.是that引导的宾语从句：there are not...。
△all指代上文提到的书籍，要注意origin和evolution是并列的，而universe和life是并列的。而confused和unenlightened也是并列的。
②"Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.
▲句子的主体结构是... creationism is based... on religion, not science。其中which引导了一个非限定性定语从句which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classroom...修饰creationism，在这一定语从句中，whenever引导了一个时间状语从句：whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given。
△首先要理解非限定性定语从句的用法，另外，在阅读中可以先跳过非限定性定语从句，只看句子的主干。
③In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
▲第一句话的主体结构是... he takes off... and gives...，第二句是and连接的两个并列句。在第二个分句中，前面插入了一个介词词组：for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists。其中unfamiliar相当于省略了who are的定语从句，修饰those。
△第一句话中，作者把写书比喻成拳击，因而要抨击神造说/特创论的时候，用了takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating这样的句子。第二句中，关键要弄清楚，their programs and tactics，their deception and distortion中的两个their指代的都是creationists，而不是指那些对神造论者的处事方式不熟悉的人。
④On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
▲第一句话中是主语+谓语动词+直接引语。第二句表示对第一句中的观点的赞同，破折号后作进一步解释；其中隐含一个if引导的状语从句表示虚拟语气。在正式的文体中，倒装可以用来代替if引导的表示假设的状语从句。were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate相当于if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate。
△注意so it does的用法：so+主语+助动词，表示对前面表述的观点的赞同，注意这一结构与so+助动词+主语结构的区别。后者表示“也”的意思，只用在肯定句当中。另外应注意破折号后解释部分中的条件句里时态的运用：if条件状语从句中使用过去时were，主句中用过去将来时would do，是作出与现在事实相反的假设。
试题解析：
67. [D] 意为：关于宇宙起源的虚假理论。
　　在本文中，作者将“造物主义理论”（或“创世主义理论”）与进化论对立而论，指出前者的基础是宗教而不是科学，而且，几乎所有的科学家和大部分非原教旨主义宗教领袖都越来越将所谓“科学的”造物主义理论看做既不是好科学也不是好的宗教。Kitcher的书对造物主义理论进行了深刻的批判。参阅第一段。
　　A意为：有关宇宙起源的真正意义上的进化论。
　　B意为：宗教创立的思想。
　　C意为：地球形成的科学解释。
68. [B] 意为：揭露了造物主义理论的真实面目。
　　第二段指出，他利用合适的机会(at appropriate places)对造物主义理论进行了批判。在最后三章，他摘掉了手套，将造物主义者狠狠地揍了一顿。他描述了他们的纲领及（骗人）手段，对那些不了解他们的把戏的人来说，（Kitcher所揭露出的）他们的欺骗程度和歪曲程度会令人感到吃惊和厌恶。考虑到他们的基本动机是宗教的，人们也许期望在他们身上看到更多的基督徒行为（但他们欺骗人民、歪曲事实）。
　　A意为：推崇进化论的观点。Kitcher的确推崇进化论，但从书的章节安排来看，本书更着重于对造物主义的批判。
　　C意为：狠狠地咒骂了他的对手。
　　D意为：对造物主义者发起了突然袭击。
69. [B] 意为：造物主义的论点不是建立在推理之上的。
　　参阅第67题题解。文章最后一句指出，它的确代表了理性本身，如果理性是造物主义理论与进化论之争的惟一裁判者，问题就容易解决了。本句是一个虚拟条件句，等于说：all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
　　A意为：在这场争论中，推理起了决定性作用。注意：reason（理性）与reasoning（推理）意思不同。
　　C意为：对专家以外的人来说，进化论太难。第三段第二句指出，不是专家至少也能了解一下支持进化论的数据的性质及其论点。
　　D意为：科学发现支持了造物主义理论。
70. [A]
　　本文是一个书评摘要。这从第二、三段就可以一目了然。
　　B意为：科学论文。
　　C意为：杂志特写。
　　D意为：报纸社论。
全文翻译：
　　有传言说，有20多本关于创世纪论与进化论之争的书即将出版，有几本已经面世了。所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷糊而且常常是还不开通的芸芸众生：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种都成立的科学理论。对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。而“科学”创世纪论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教，而非科学的。实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世纪论看做是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。
　　金切尔这本书的前四章简单地介绍了进化论。作者在合适的地方引入了对创世纪论者的批评并提供了后者的回答。在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世纪论者进行了猛烈抨击。他揭露了这些人的纲领和手段，对那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊。由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的作为。
　　金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于创世纪论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上引用了斯蒂芬•杰•古尔德的一句话，“本书赌注是理性”。的确如此——如果理性是创世纪论和进化论之争的惟一裁判，一切问题就已解决了。

qingqing

1998 Passage 1

　　Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
　　The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.
　　But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
　　And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.
　　Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.
　　Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.
51. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.
　　[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
　　[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted
　　[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things
　　[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight
52. In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to ________.
　　[A] areas short of electricity
　　[B] dams without power stations
　　[C] poor countries around India
　　[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area
53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?
　　[A] They bring in more fertile soil.
　　[B] They help defend the country.
　　[C] They strengthen international ties.
　　[D] They have universal control of the waters.
54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.
　　[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"
　　[B] "More haste, less speed"
　　[C] "Look before you leap"
　　[D] "He who laughs last laughs best"

重点词汇：
imagination （想象；想象力）←imagin(e)想象+tion名词后缀。Imagination is more important than knowledge.想象力比知识更重要。Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination.科学的每一个重大进展都得力于大胆的想象力。imagination — ①the highest kite one can fly ②a poor substitute for experience 想象——①一个人能放得最高的风筝 ②经验的劣质替代品。
symbol （符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym-共同，bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”。Light is the symbol of truth.光是真理的象征。
cement  （v.胶合；巩固n.水泥；胶接剂）。A sweet and innocent compliance is the cement of love.温柔天真的依从是爱情的粘合剂。
deprive  （v.剥夺）即de+priv+e，de-(=away)，priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），“使某物离开个人”→剥夺。Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue; it is hard for an empty bag to stand upright.贫穷常使人丧失全部精神与美德，空袋子是难以直立的。
persist  （v.坚持，持续）即per+sist，per-“完全”，sist词根“站立”，于是“自始至终都站着”→坚持。参consistently（始终如一地），1999年Passage 5。To persist in efforts without losing the aim will finally result in success.不失目标地坚持努力终将导致成功。Any man can make mistakes, but only an idiot persists in his error.任何人都可能犯错误，但只有愚蠢的人才坚持错误。
complex  （复杂的；综合的；联合体）即com+plex，com-“一起”，plex词根“重叠”，“重叠在一起的”→复杂的。参perplex（使困惑，使复杂化）←per完全+plex，2003年Text 2。Everything is simpler than you think and at the same time more complex than you imagine.凡事都比你思考的简单，同时比你想象的复杂。
go-ahead n.批准，允许。
wrong-headed 执迷不悟的。
environmental  （周围的，环境的）←environment环境+al形容词后缀。What is the thing called health? Simply a state in which the individual happens transiently to be perfectly adapted to his environment. Obviously, such states cannot be common, for the environment is in constant flux.称为健康的东西是什么？不过是一种状态，处于这种状态的人刚好一时对环境完全适应。这种状态显然不可能常见，因为环境是在不断改变的。environment — everything that isn't me 环境——除我以外的一切。
proper  （适当的；合乎体统的；固有的）。Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style.风度的准确定义就是在适当的场合说适当的话。A fool, indeed, has great need of a title; it teaches men to call him count or duke, and thus forget his proper name of fool.傻瓜的确非常需要头衔，那使人们称他为伯爵或公爵，从而忘掉他固有的名字——傻瓜。
resolve  （v.n.决心；解决；决议）←re+solve解决。同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solve。The reason why a great man is great is that he resolves to be a great man.伟人之所以伟大，是因为他立志要成为伟人。Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.该做的事要下决心去做，决定去做的事要务必去做。Do not, for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you resolved to effort.不要只因一次挫败就放弃原来决心达到的目标。
conflict  （v.n.冲突）即con+flict，con-一起，flict词根“打”，“打在一起”→冲突。A marriage without conflicts is almost as inconceivable as a nation without crisis.没有冲突的婚姻几乎与没有危机的国家一样难以想象。In the long term we can hope that religion will change the nature of man and reduce conflict. But history is not encouraging in this respect. The bloodiest wars in history have been religious wars. 长期以来我们希望宗教能改变人的天性并减少冲突。但历史却令人失望。历史上最血腥的战争都是宗教战争。
hydroelectric  （水电的）即hydro+electric，hydro词根“水的”，electric单词“电的”。另记：hydrogen（氢）←hydro+gen，这是化学家创造的英文单词，因为氢气燃烧的唯一产物是水，-gen后缀意为“致……的物质”。
irrigation （灌溉；水利）与irritation（激怒；刺激物）一字母之差，联想记忆：“溉”的声母为g，故灌溉为irriGation，而irriTAtion为激怒“他”。
at the mercy of 受……支配；stop just short of 几乎要……；far from guaranteed 根本没有保障。
难句解析：
①Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
▲这个句子中包含了一个强调句型，基本结构是it is... that...，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，因而这个句子的核心句其实就是Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating。suffering加上前后的修饰、限定成分是humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought（人类受水旱灾害控制的长期的苦难）；ideal后面跟了一个of引导的分词短语：forcing the waters to do our bidding（让河水听我们吩咐［的这个理想］）；suffering使得这个ideal如何呢？so fascinating。在掌握了这个整体框架之后，这个句子就很清楚了。
△通过分析结构我们知道此句强调的是suffering这个使得ideal如此fascinating的这个因果关系。一旦给that引导的从句找到了真正的主语suffering，这个句子的基本结构就出来了。
②It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam had become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.
▲这个句子中第一个单词it指代的是文章中上面的一句话，即“从大型水坝中得到的教训是不一定大的就是好的”。help后面是一个从句，在这个从句中，主语是一个现在分词短语，核心句是Building a dam had become a symbol of achievement。分词短语striving to assert themselves是修饰nations and people的限定成分。
△注意it doesn't help的意思，此处意为“无法阻止”。
③The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left — all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
▲这个句子首先要注意的是有两个谓语：stopped和deprived；然后可以找出这个句子的核心句：The Aswan Dam stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the silt。第一个silt后面有一个that引导的从句that floods left修饰silt；破折号后面的all代替的是破折号前面所说的the fertile silt，介词短语in return for后面的宾语带了一个which引导的从句，修饰的是这个宾语：a giant reservoir of disease，同时这个从句中还有一个so... that的结构。如果把这个which引导的从句分解开来就是The reservoir is now full of silt, so it barely generates electricity。
△此句理解的关键有三个：一是找到两个谓语：stopped和deprived；二是要明白all指的是前面所说的the fertile silt；三就是which引导的从句修饰的是the reservoir of disease这个名词短语。
④This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.
▲这个句子理解上的困难可能出现在短语上。撇开前面的时间状语和地点状语不看，这个句子的核心句其实是Slovaks and Hungarians stopped sending troops。这里有两个短语需要理解：short of差一点就；send in派遣。后面的in their contention over a dam说的是他们sending in the troops的原因。再加上前后的状语短语，就有了一个完整理解。
△这个句子的短语和介词非常重要，除了结构分析中所说的两个短语之外，in the contentions，over a dam，on the Danube都对句子理解非常重要。
⑤Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.
▲这个句子的核心句是Study can help to resolve conflicts。但是理解的重点却在study后面的修饰成分，因为study后面有两个并列关系的of，说明了study的内容：study of the impacts of dams和study of the cost and benefits of controlling water。第三个of修饰的是the cost and benefits两个名词，of后面是个动名词短语。这个修饰成分解决了，后面的句子就好理解了，再注意一下help to do sth.的用法。
△主要是四个of的用法，注意哪两个of是并列关系（of the impacts和of the cost and benefits）。
试题解析：
51. [C] 意为：过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情。
　　第一段指出，在重大技术所创造的东西中，很少有比大坝更能体现人的幻想的。也许是因为人类长期遭受洪涝和干旱的袭击，使人类（通过筑坝）制服洪水的愿望显得更加令人兴奋不已（该句是一个强调句，基本句型是：it is... that makes... so fascinating）。这两句谈的是人们的愿望；本段第三、四句话锋一转，指出愿望与现实往往相反，所以，第三句应该在第一、二句意思的基础上理解。第三句可理解为：但是，兴奋有时候也表现为盲目。而第三句的意思又被第四句进一步阐释为：有些大坝工程为害多于为善(do more harm than good)。盲目建设大坝的危害在第三、五段都举了具体例子加以说明。
　　A意为：人们如果无视现实就会感到高兴。
　　B意为：盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福。
　　D怠为：兴奋使人双目失明。
52. [D] 意为：讷尔默达河大坝周围的平民百姓。
　　讷尔默达河位于印度。根据第五段，建设讷尔默达河大坝(Narmada Dam)本来就是一个错误(wrong-headed)，但是，世界银行还是向印度贷款，支持大坝建设。银行的顾问指出，大坝将给平民百姓带来苦难，给环境带来破坏，但是，银行方面却一意孤行。大坝的建设也许会给掌权有势的人带来益处。但是，即使这一点也根本没有保障（即：很难保障大坝会给有权势者带来利益）。该句中的the powerless（平民百姓）在意思上应该对应于上一句的the powerful（有权势者）。
　　A意为：缺电力的地区。
　　B意为：没建电站的大坝。
　　C意为：印度周边的穷国。
　　定冠词the置于形容词之前经常指一类人，如：the poor穷人，the rich富人，the miserable受苦难的人，the young年轻人，等等。
53. [D] 意为：它们普遍能控制住洪水。
　　第一段第一、二句指出，人们幻想大坝来达到控制洪水的目的，但有时意识不到大坝会带来意想不到的后果。第三段也指出，大坝有时有违其建设目的，埃及的阿斯旺高坝(Aswan High Dam)就是一个例子。大坝起到了制服尼罗河洪水泛滥的作用，但也不再有洪水过后留下的肥沃的冲积土壤；换来的只是(all in return for)一个硕大的病态水库，水库被淤泥填满，几乎无法发电。
　　第四段指出，尽管如此，制服洪水的神话还在继续传送。这句话的意思是：人们仍然一味地幻想着通过建坝来控制水：其含义是，尽管大坝的建设有时弊多于利，会给人类带来意想不到的后果，但是，人们建坝的热情还是很高，本段下文提到了斯洛伐克和匈牙利拟在多瑙河上建坝的事。最后一段第二句指出，其实，水力发电也好，治水也好，灌溉也好，未必都只有通过建坝进行。
　　A意为：它们带来更肥沃的土地。
　　B意为：它们有助于国防。第二段第二句指出，有些人把建设硕大的大坝看作是国家成就的象征，是一个民族独立(assert themselves)的体现，这其实是一种幻想(It doesn't help that...)；第四段第二、三、四句指出，本周，在文明的欧洲中心，为了多瑙河上的建坝事宜，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人几乎就要派驻军队了，该大坝也可能产生其他大坝存在的所有问题，但是，斯洛伐克正在闹独立(is bidding for independence)，想脱离捷克，它想通过大坝来证明自己的能力和独立性(prove itself)。可见，人们想通过大坝证明自己的国力和独立性，并非将大坝用于国防。
　　C意为；它们增强国际联系。
54. [C] 意为：“三思而后行。”
　　该题实际上提问的是作者的观点：作者想通过本文说明什么道理。
　　文章指出，人们对大坝的建设存在很多幻想，所以经常事与愿违。在最后一段最后两句，作者指出，该是我们认真吸取阿斯旺大坝的教训的时候了。言外之意，不要再存在理想化心理，我们应该变得更加理智一点，因为，我们未必非要通过大坝来拯救自己(You don't need a dam to be saved.)，这一句回溯该段第二句：其实，水力发电也好，治水也好，灌溉也好，未必都只有通过建坝实现。言外之意，应该消除对大坝的迷恋，多动脑筋，积极寻求更好的措施解决我们的问题。
　　A意为：“覆水难收。”比喻后悔是没有用的。
　　B意为：“欲速则不达。”
　　D意为：“笑到最后才算笑得最好。”比喻受到挫折时不要轻易放弃，应该坚持。
全文翻译：
　　在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样让人痴迷的。可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。
　　建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。
　　但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。以阿斯旺大坝为例，它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤，换回来的是这么一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。
　　不过，控制水的神话还在继续。本周，在文明的欧洲腹地，斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。这个大型工程可能会出现大坝上所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，现在他们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。
　　与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题很多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行已经这样做了。大坝会给有权有势者带来利益，但这种利益却没有保障。
　　对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。水利发电，治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己（dekuan68注：此句应译为“我们不需要建一座将被拯救的大坝”）。


1998 Passage 2

　　Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
　　The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
　　Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
　　Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.
　　Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish —  "the worst sort of ambulance-chasing".
55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.
　　[A] not as good as it seems
　　[B] at its turning point
　　[C] much better than it seems
　　[D] near to complete recovery
56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.
　　[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle
　　[B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation
　　[C] meet the expectation of business people
　　[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy
57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ________.
　　[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"
　　[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works
　　[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading
　　[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses
58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
　　[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.
　　[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.
　　[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.
　　[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.

重点词汇：
assume  （v.假定；承担；呈现）。Optimism assumes, or attempts to prove, that the universe exists to please us, and pessimism that it exists to displease us.乐观主义假定或企图证明宇宙存在是为了使我们快乐；悲观主义则假定或企图证明那是为了使我们不快乐。When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property.当一个人承担了公众的信任，就应该视自己为公众财产。They who assume a character that does not belong to them generally betray themselves by overacting.装模作样的人常常由于表现过火而露出原形。
lump  （团块；使成团块）。An overdose of praise is like ten lumps of sugar in coffee; only a very few people can swallow it.过量的赞扬有如在咖啡里放了十块糖，只有极少数的人能咽得下去。
acceleration  （加速；加速度）即ac+celer+ation，ac-加强前缀，celer词根“速度”，-ation名词后缀；反义词为deceleration（减速）←de向下+celer+ation。
rebound  （v.n.反弹）←re反+bound跳。
evidence  （证据，迹象）即e+vid+ence，e-(=ex-)，vid词根“看”=vis（如visible→vis+ible→可见的），-ence名词后缀，“能看出来的东西”→证据。Growth is the only evidence of life.成长是生命的唯一证明。Poverty of speech is the outward evidence of poverty of mind.言语的贫乏是心智贫乏的表现。
treasury  （宝库，国库）即treasur(e)+y，treasure（n.财宝v.珍爱），-y表“地方”，于是“放财宝的地方”→宝库。Collection of famous quotes and collection of mottoes are the most important treasure of the society.名言集和格言集是社会最可贵的财富。Let us learn to treasure only good and reject the evil in everything.让我们学会只珍视善，而排斥一切事物中的恶。
disjunction （n.分离，***）即dis+junction，dis-否定前缀，junction（n.连接，连接处）。
anecdote  （趣闻，轶事）谐音：安妮(Annie)可逗她←用“趣闻”来逗女孩子开心。anecdote — a joke in evening dress 趣闻——穿着晚礼服的笑料。
profitability  （收益率）即profit+ability，profit（v.n.收益），-ability名词后缀；参profitable，1999年Passage 5。profitability — the sovereign criterion of the enterprise 有利可图——企业的至高无上的准则。
ineptly  （不相宜地；无能地）即in+ept+ly，in-否定前缀，ept(=apt)适宜的，-ly副词后缀。
revenue  （财政收入；税收）←re+venue，另可记avenue（林荫道；途径）←a+venue。Economy is of itself a great revenue.节约本身就是一大笔收入。
blunt 率直的；钝的；使钝。
consultant  （顾问）即consult+ant，consult（v.商量；查询），-ant表“人”；参consultancy，2002年Text 3。consultant — someone who will take your watch off your wrist and tell you what time it is 顾问——把你的手表从你手腕上摘下来，然后告诉你时间的人。
难句解析：
①What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
▲这个句子的主语和表语都是从句。主语是what引导的名词性从句，表语是whether引导的状语表语从句。在表语从句中，主语是the productivity revolution，核心句是Whether the productivity revolution is for real，其中productivity revolution后面跟了一个that引导的定语从句，这个从句中的主语是businessmen，谓语是assume，后面跟一个宾语从句，而that所替代的productivity resolution就是这个宾语从句中over这个介词的宾语。
△理解这个句子的关键在于要弄清其中环环相套的从句关系，就是revolution后面that引导的定语从句，以及从句中assume后面的宾语从句，这样就找出preside over的宾语其实就是productivity revolution。
②The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
▲这个句子有一个很长的表语从句，由that引导。从句中有两个分句，中间用and so连接。第一个分句中又有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰的是rebound，第二个分句的主语与第一个分句的主语一样，都是part of the recent acceleration。这样我们可以得到这个句子的主干部分：The trouble is that part of acceleration is due to rebound, and is not conclusive evidence.
△理解这个句子的关键在于要清楚表语从句中第一个分句所套的修饰rebound的定语从句，再者就是第二个分句的主语与第一个分句的主语一致，并注意conclusive的意思。
③There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
▲理解这个句子先要找出它的核心句：There is a "disjunction" between the mass and the picture，中间的人名及其职位可以当作插入语。between后面的名词带有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰的是business anecdote，that在这个从句中充当的是主语；and后面的名词the picture后面跟的是过去分词reflected，表示的是一种被动关系。
△找出between和and的宾语（分别是the mass of business anecdote和the picture reflected by the statistics），这个句子就容易理解了。
④New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing — are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
▲这个句子看似庞大，分析之下就简单了。先找出核心句：New ways are one contribution，再来看其它部分：new ways后面of organizing the workplace限定了new ways的内容；破折号之间的部分是进一步说明new ways of organizing the workplace的一些具体内容；contribution后面的to接的是名词宾语，这之后有一个which引导的定语从句，修饰的是前面的名词an economy。在这个定语从句中by后面的宾语是factors，后面的such as跟随的三个名词短语就是列举的内容。
△找出主干句之后就不会受到长句所造成的混乱影响，关键是要弄清楚contribution to后面的内容，尤其是which引导的定语从句，修饰的是economy。
⑤His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
▲这个句子的主要部分在于谓语says后面的宾语从句，从句中的重要成分是在状语短语部分，即in a mechanistic fashion，因为后面跟的一个现在分词短语chopping out costs是进一步说明fashion的内容，without后面的动名词短语是补充成分，表示的是一种伴随状态。
△关键在于chopping out costs这个现在分词短语的理解，要明白这是in a mechanistic fashion的进一步说明。
试题解析：
55. [A] 意为：并不像表面看上去那样好。
　　第一段第三、四句指出，美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴(tales of corporate revival)，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实(for real)，这一点却很难确定。该句实际上是全文的主旨，从反面提出了下文旨在回答的问题，所谓生产率革命根本不存在，官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观；该段第四句指出，问题是；最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹(rebound)造成的，因此，不能将它看作是更深层的（当指生产率）振兴的证据。
　　最后一段引用了几个专家的评价，对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施进行了否定，特别是罗森伯格的评价，在他看来，目前负责调整经济的顾问们所做的工作，多数都是垃圾（没有成效），是典型的“于事无补”(ambulance-chasing)。
　　B意为：处于转折阶段。
　　C意为：比现状要好得多。
　　D意为；几乎要实现全面复苏了。
56. [B] 意为：与商人的预想不符。或：不像商人预想的那样好。
　　第二段指出，官方的统计数字也并不怎么乐观，如果将制造业和服务业算在一起(lump... together)，1989年以来生产率平均增长了1.2％，比前十年的平均指数略有增长；1991年后，生产率每年增长约2％，是1978年至1987年这十年平均指数的一倍多。然而问题是：最近显示出的增长部分是由商业领域里此时出现的正常的反弹造成的，因此，不能将它看作是更深层的（当指生产率）振兴的证据。正如财政部长鲁宾所说的那样，一方面，大量的商业神话似乎表明生产率的激增(leap)，另一方面，（官方的）统计数字又是另一番景象，二者之间存在着一个“差距”(disjunction)。
　　A意为：排除了商业领域里出现的正常的反弹。
　　C意为：与商人预想的一致。
　　D意为：没有准确地反映经济的状况。
57. [B] 意为：他认为所谓的生产率革命并未奏效。
　　第一段指出，人们常说：不劳则无所获，但是，要是劳而无获呢？美国到处都在谈论所谓公司的振兴，但是，商界自认为正在进行的所谓生产率革命究竟是否名符其实，这一点却很难确定。作者的观点在此其实已表达得很清楚。
　　另外，从第三段来看，所谓的生产率革命包括了改组企业(business restructuring, reengineering)等一系列措施，正如第四段所指出的，近年所进行的一些重组措施也许并未奏效，而且，即使有所成效，效果也没有人们想像的那样广泛。在最后一段，作者引用了几个专家的评价，这几位专家对目前进行的促进生产率发展的措施更是持否定态度。作者的引用当然带有很大的倾向性，用以支持自己的观点。
　　另请参考第55、56题题解。
　　A意为：他对“不劳则无所获”的真实性提出质疑。该选择项过于局限于字面意思。
　　C意为：他认为官方的统计数宁可能有错。正好相反，他们认为所谓的商业振兴仅仅是假象。
　　D意为：他获得了商业振兴的确凿证据。
58. [A] 意为：激进的改革对生产率的提高极其重要。
　　这是本文所未提到的，作者只指出促进生产率革命的措施并未奏效，未达到人们想象的效果，而并末提到应该如何才对。
　　B意为：用新方法改变工作场所可以提高生产率。第三段第二句指出，重新改变工作场所仅是加快一个国家的国民经济综合生产率水平(overall productivity of an economy)的一种措施，促进生产率发展的因素还有许多，如：设备和机器投资、新技术、教育和培训投资等都会带来生产率的提高。
　　C意为：降低成本并不能保证带来长期利润。根据第五段第三句，在比尔看来，许多公司机械地(in a mechanistic fashion)应用改革措施，降低了成本，但对长期盈利却考虑不够。可见，降低成本和长期盈利并非总是成正比。
　　D意为：顾问们是一伙饭桶。文章最后一段指出，在罗森伯格看来，目前负责经济调整的顾问们所做的工作，多数都是垃圾（没有成效），是典型的“于事无补”。
全文翻译：
　　人们说，不劳就无获。但是，如果有劳却无获又会怎样呢？在美国，无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。商人们自认为的他们所领导的生产力革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。
　　官方的统计数字却有点不让人乐观。这些数据表明，如果把制造业和服务业合起来算，1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2％。这比前10年的平均增长速度略快。自1991年来，生产力每年约增长2％。这比1978年—1987年的平均增长速度高两倍以上。问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的结论性证据。正如财政部长罗伯特•鲁宾所说的，生产力发生飞跃的商业传奇与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在着一种“脱节”。
　　这其中的一些原因很容易解释。企业重组的新方法——所有那些重新设计和缩小规模的做法——只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献，而这种经济的发展还收到许多其他因素的驱动，如设备、机械上的联合投资，新技术，以及教育和培训上的投资。另外，公司的大部分改革是为了赢利，而达到赢利的目的不一定非要提高生产力：转入新的市场或改善产品质量也会有同样的功效。
　　其他两种解释带有很大的猜测性。一种解释是近年来所进行的公司重组也许并未奏效。另一种则说，即使有所成效，效果也不像人们所设想的那样广泛。
　　哈佛学者，快速增长的面包连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁莱昂纳多•施莱辛格说，许多“重组”是粗糙的。他认为很多情况下，企业收益的损失超出了成本的降低。他的同事迈克•比尔说，太多的公司已用机械的方式进行重组，在没有充分考虑到长期赢利能力的情况下降低了成本。BBDO的艾尔•罗森夏恩更加直率。他把许多重组咨询专家所做的工作视为垃圾——“典型的劳而无获”。


1998 Passage 3

　　Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
　　Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics — but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "anti-science" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
　　Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.
　　Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
　　A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
　　Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
　　The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
　　Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things," notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."
59. The word "schism" (line 3, paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.
　　[A] confrontation
　　[B] dissatisfaction
　　[C] separation
　　[D] contempt
60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.
　　[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power
　　[B] show the author's sympathy with scientists
　　[C] explain the way in which science develops
　　[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities
61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
　　[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
　　[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
　　[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.
　　[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti-science" is justifiable
62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ________.
　　[A] impartial
　　[B] subjective
　　[C] biased
　　[D] puzzling

重点词汇：
relationship  （关系）←relation关系+ship抽象名词后缀（如：friendship友谊）。The incestuous relationship between government and big business thrives in the dark.政府与大商人之间的乱伦关系在黑暗中繁盛着。There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage.世上没有一种关系、交流或陪伴比美满的婚姻更愉快、友好和迷人。The relation of genius to talent is the same as that of instinct to reason.天赋与才能的关系一如本能与理智的关系。
aspect  （外表；方面）；参spectacle（场面；奇观），2000年Passage 5。A real genius possesses talents in many aspects, but they are brought into play only by chance and in a single field.真正的天才具有多方面的才能，只是处于偶然而仅在单一的领域中得到施展。
rebelling （n.反叛）看作re+bell+ing，re-反复，bell铃，-ing表“现在进行时”，联想：监狱里警铃大作→犯人们“****”了！rebel（v.反叛n.反叛者）。As long as the world shall last there will be wrong, and if no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever.只要世界继续存在就会有不公正，如果没有人反抗，这些不公正将永远存在下去。No one can go on being a rebel too long without turning into an autocrat.没有人能一直做叛逆者而不变成独*者。rebel — a man who says no 反叛者——说“不”的人。
Catholic （天主教的；天主教徒）看作Cat+hol(e)+ic后缀，“天主教的”“天主教徒”像“猫”一样住在“洞”里刻苦修行。As a Roman Catholic I thank God for the heretics. Heresy is only another word for freedom of thought.身为天主教徒，我为异端者的存在而感谢上帝，异端不过是思想自由的别名。
harsh  （粗糙的；刺耳的；严厉的）意同hard，因发音为“哈嘘”，故又表示“刺耳的”。Harsh counsels have no effect: they are like hammers which are always repulsed by the anvil.刺耳的劝告不会收效：它们就像总是被铁砧弹回的锤。
schism  （组织的***；派系）←sch+ism，sch看作scholar（学者），-ism抽象名词后缀，学者之间是分“派系”的。
superstition  （迷信）即super+sti+tion，super-前缀=over，sti词根=stand，-tion名词后缀，“超出站的地方”→在理性观念之外→迷信。Superstition comes from fear, while fear in turn comes from ignorance.迷信来自恐惧，恐惧又来自无知。Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition.科学是狂热和迷信这两种毒害的最佳解药。superstition — ①someone else's religion ②a premature explanation that overstayed its time 迷信——①别人的宗教 ②逗留过久的不成熟的解释。
creationism （神创论）←creation+ism。
elimination  （消除）即e+limin+ation，e-(=ex-)出，limin词根“门”，-ation名词后缀，“拒之门外”→排除；动词形式为eliminate←e+limin+ate。同根词：preliminary（预备的，初步的）←pre在前+limin+ary形容词后缀。Envy is more difficult to eliminate than hate between two people.在两个人之间，忌妒比仇恨更难消除。
smallpox  （天花）即small+pox，small小，pox看作box（据说古人老外书写字母无方向性，故对称字母常可替换而词义不变），感染天花者所发的皮疹像一个个凸出皮肤表面的“小盒子”。guangxian注：天花是首个在全球范围内被人类所消灭的传染病，现天花病毒仅存在于少数科学实验室中，对于是否彻底销毁这些病毒植株曾引起极大争论，故真题原文中提到“提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士”。
dispute  （v.争论）即dis+put+e，dis-否定前缀，put看作单词“放”，e小词，有人说“放”有人说“不放”→争论。A long dispute means that both parties are wrong.持久的争论意味着双方都是错的。
Unabomber （邮寄炸弹的恐怖分子）是FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation)造的新词，由university and airline bomber缩略而成，原指某位专向高级行政或科研人员邮寄炸弹的遁世大学教授，后泛指类似行为者。关于Unabomber尚需补充两点：一、今年出版的某品牌考研辅导书竟将Unabomber译作“反原子弹组织”，想必是把un理解为否定前缀，在对译者丰富想象力表示由衷倾佩的同时，考研资料之良莠不齐亦可见一斑。二、那位被称作Unabomber的早年毕业于哈佛的教授于1995年出版了著名的Unabomber's Manifesto（网上到处有原文下载），书中作者将environmentalists视为同盟，并表达了scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia的观点，于是可理解真题文章中为何人们将“环境主义者”与“反科学”联系起来。
manifesto （n.宣言）←manifest+o，manifest（v.表明，见2000年Passage 1），o看作张大的嘴，“用嘴表明”→宣言。Manifesto of the Communist Party 《共产党宣言》。
scorn  （v.n.轻蔑）可看作s+corn，s象形“蛇”，corn谷，蛇因不吃谷物而对之“蔑视”。Silence is the perfect expression of scorn.沉默是轻蔑的充分表达。In the very books in which philosophers bid us scorn fame, they inscribe their names.正是在教导我们蔑视名声的书籍中，哲人们题下了自己的大名。
depletion  （损耗）即de+plet+ion，de-(=away)，plet充满，-ion名词后缀，“离开充满的状态”→损耗。
ozone （臭氧）←o+zone，o看作“洞”，zone区域，联想：由于全球变暖，“臭氧”层出现一个大洞。
epithet  （称号，绰号）看作epi+the+t，epi-前缀=up，the定冠词，t他，“在他名字上面加个东西”→绰号。
exemplify  （v.举例说明）即exempl(e)+ify，exemple=example（元音替换词义不变），-ify动词后缀。
难句解析：
①Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.
▲这是一个类似祈使句的无主语句。think of后面的宾语部分比较繁杂，主要有两个宾语，主干部分其实是Think of Galileo's trial or Blake's remarks。剩下的就是关于这两个宾语的修饰限定成分。trial后面for his rebelling解释的是trial的原因，before短语解释的是trial的地点；harsh remarks后面跟的against短语解释的是remarks的内容。
△注意think of后面并列的双宾语，以及介词for，before，against等在语义上的作用。另外注意作者举的这两个例子，前者是科学正确，而后者是人文学科正确。
②Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason", held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information", which assembled last June near Buffalo.
▲这个句子有一个较长的介词宾语，主干句并不复杂：Defenders have voiced their concerns at meeting。后面such as所跟的成分主要是举例说明meetings，引号里的是两个meeting的名称。第一个引号后用逗号隔开的过去分词短语是修饰前面引号里的内容，指出这个会议召开的地点和时间；第二个引号后面跟了一个which引导的从句，补充说明的是第二个会议召开的时间和地点。
△先要知道voice their concerns的意思，然后就是such as后面列举的是两个会议的名称，其后各有限定成分说明会议召开的时间和地点。另外，注意the Age of (Mis)information有双关的意思，the Age of information表示“信息时代”；而the Age of Misinformation表示“充满了错误信息的时代”。
③A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
▲理解这个句子的关键在于对that引导的宾语从句的剖析，主干句就是A survey reveals that...。宾语从句中的核心句比较简单：The tag has been attached to many groups。剩下的就是对用逗号部分隔开的最后部分进行分析：这是一个是from... to...连接的两个并列名词，每个名词后面都有一个较长的定语从句。第一个名词是authorities，第二个名词是Republicans，后面跟的都是一个who引导的定语从句，who在从句中作主语。
△先要解决整个句子的基本句型，然后是宾语从句的句型，接着把from... to...结构找出来，搞清楚其中的定语从句就可以了。在阅读中，考生不一定要关注那些细枝末节的信息，比如smallpox的意思对于本句的理解就不构成障碍，因此只要知道是一种病就可以了。
④Few would dispute that the term applied to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.
▲这个句子也有一个that引导的、较长的宾语从句。从句的核心句是：The term scorns science and longs for return。需要注意的是term后面跟了一个过去分词短语，这个分词短语的宾语部分the Unabomber跟了一个whose引导的定语从句；return这个名词后面跟的是一个介词to引导的地点（生存状态）——a pretechnological utopia。
△找出宾语从句中的主谓宾成分，明白主语后所跟的过去分词结构和定语从句的作用，就会对整个句子有了清晰的理解。
⑤The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
▲这个句子主语和谓语成了类似插入语的成分，插在了句子中间，表明的是发表这个观点的是什么人（姓名与身份）。而该句的主要内容在于argue所跟的宾语从句。这个宾语从句中的宾语those有一个who引导的较长的定语从句，其中who是主语，question是谓语，the evidence是宾语，宾语后面跟的现在分词短语修饰的是evidence，这个现在分词supporting后面跟了三个并列宾语。
△要弄清suporting与evidence的关系：supporting引导的短语修饰evidence，规定了evidence的内容。
试题解析：
59. [C] 意为：***，分歧。
　　该句可译为：本世纪如果有什么变化的话，只是科学和人文学科的分歧加深了。本段第一句可以为理解该词提供线索，该句可译为：长时间以来，科学和文化的其他领域的关系一直不谐调(uneasy)。不谐调即对抗，即分歧。
　　实际上，第一段第一句和第三句是全文的主旨，所以对全文的理解也可以帮助考生理解该段第三句的意思。
　　A意为：对抗。表面看起来，这似乎与C没有多大差别，但是，考生在理解句子的意思的同时，也应该稍微注意一下该句的措辞：该句的主语是schism，谓语是deepen，只有裂痕才能“加深”，而对抗只能“加强”。
　　B意为：不满。
　　D意为：蔑视。
60. [D] 意为：（举例）说明科学和人文学科的分歧。
　　其实，不仅第二、三段是第一段第三句的展开论述，其他各段也不例外。
　　第二段指出，直到近期，科学界(the scientific community)力量壮大，没有必要理睬其批评者，但是，现在情况不同了(but no longer)。由于科学经费减少，科学家开始著书抨击“反科学”倾向；第三段指出，科学的维护者也在聚会上表达他们的担忧。这两种表现都是二者矛盾公开化、加深的表现。
　　A意为：探讨科学的威力减少的原因。
　　B意为：表示作者对科学家的同情。
　　C意为：说明科学发展的方式。
61. [A] 意为：一篇文章指责环境保护者为反科学者。
　　第六段第二句指出，但是，这当然不意味着为工业的无限制的扩展而担忧的环境保护者都是反科学者，（美国新闻与世界报道）五月刊的一篇文章似乎是想把他们归做反科学者。对该句的理解可以在第七段第一句中找到线索，该句可译为：环境保护者当然对这种批评进行了还击。如果没受到攻击，当然也没有必要还击。
　　B意为：政治家没有被贴上反科学的标签。第五段指出，1996年发表的新闻调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在许多其他人的身上，包括主张消除所存的最后的天花病毒样本(the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus)的权威机构，和主张减少基础研究经费的共和党人。这两种人——尤其是第二种人都是政治家。
　　C意为：“更开明的人士”经常给别人贴上反科学的标签。
　　D意为：给环境保护者贴上“反科学”的标签是有道理的。
62. [A] 意为：客观的。
　　作者似乎只是客观地叙述了科学和人文学科之间的分歧，而并未评价孰是孰非。
　　B意为：主观的。
　　C意为：有偏向的。
　　D意为：令人困惑的。
全文翻译：
　　科学与文化的其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看，17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人威廉•布莱克对艾萨克•牛顿的机械的世界观所发表的尖锐批判。本世纪，（自然）科学与人文科学之间的***更深了。
　　以前，科学界如此之强大以致可以对批评者置之不理——但现在不同了。由于科研经费减少了，科学家出了几本书来抨击“反科学”势力，其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗•R•格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼•莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔•萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。
　　科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995年在纽约举行的“远离科学和理性”会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“信息（迷信）时代的科学”会议。
　　显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他与科学世界观相左的人。
　　1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，从提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。
　　将该词用在仇视现代文明的恐怖主义者身上，也不会引起多大争议，它在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代理想社会的声明。当然，这并不意味着，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环境主义者也是反科学的，而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。
　　毫无疑问，环境主义者要对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗•埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和工业增长带来的其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。
　　的确，一些观察者担心反科学这个词会失去意义。“‘反科学’这个词可以涵盖很多截然不同的东西”，哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德•霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学和反科学》中写道：“它们惟一的共同点就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人。”


1998 Passage 4

　　Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
　　This development — and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead — has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
　　Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people — numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
　　Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.
　　Three sun-belt states — Florida, Texas and California — together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio form 15th to 10th — with Cleveland and Washington DC dropping out of the top 10.
　　Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
　　Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances —
　　● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate — 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
　　● Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people — about 9 per square mile.
　　The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
　　Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.
　　In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they choose — and still are choosing — somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
　　As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent — little more than two-thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.
　　[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
　　[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population
　　[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
　　[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II
64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.
　　[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution
　　[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants
　　[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living
　　[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"
65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.
　　[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US
　　[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West
　　[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration
　　[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population
66. The word "demographers" (line 1, paragraph 7) most probably means ________.
　　[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy
　　[B] advocates of migration between states
　　[C] scientists engaged in the study of population
　　[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life

重点词汇：
standstill  （n.停止；停顿的）←stand+still。
enthrone （使登基；给予最高地位）即en+throne，en-前缀“使”，throne（宝座；王权）。
numerically  （在数字上）即numer+ical+ly，numer=number（b脱落），-ical形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀。
prevail  （v.取胜；盛行）←pre+vail。I believe that man will not merely endure. He will prevail.我相信人不会仅仅是忍受，他终将胜利。Culture has one great passion — the passion for sweetness and light. It has one even yet greater, the passion for making them prevail.教养有种强烈地对友善的渴望，还有一种甚至更强烈的渴望，即渴望使友善盛行。
nonstop （不断的；不停地）←non+stop。
demographer （人口统计学家）即demo+graph+er，demo词根“人”，graph词根“写”，-er表“人”；参democracy，2000年Passage 5。
overcrowdedness  （过于拥挤）←over+crowd+ed+ness。Ant says, nothing can beat the crowd.蚂蚁说，群体是不可战胜的。
plague  （瘟疫；灾害）谐音：怕累咯←怕“瘟疫”累及自身。Bad habits are as infectious by example as the plague itself is by contact.恶习易于由实例传播，就像瘟疫的传播借助于接触。One was never married, and that's his hell; another is, and that's his plague.一个人从未结婚，这是他的痛苦；另一个结了婚，这是他的灾难。1957年获诺贝尔文学奖的FaGuo现代存在主义思想家加缪(Camus)的代表作之一就是长篇小说——The Plague（《鼠疫》）。
urbanization （都市化）即urban+iz(e)+ation，urban都市的，-ize“使……”，-ation名词后缀。
discern  （v.认出；辨别）←dis+cern。The beginning of all war may be discerned not only by the first act of hostility, but by the counsels and preparations foregoing.一切战争的开端不仅可由首次敌对行动区分，也可由事前的策划和准备识别。
distinguish  （v.区别），参extinguish，2003年Text 2；indistinguishable（a.不能区别的）←in+distinguish+able。We drink without thirst, and we make love any time, madame. Only this distinguishes us from the other animals.我们不渴而饮，随时示爱，夫人。使我们与其它动物相区别的只有这一点。Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.任何足够先进的技术都与魔术难以区分。
unanimously  （无异议地）即un(i)+anim+ous+ly，uni-“一”，anim词根“生命；精神”（如animal→anim+al→动物），-ous形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“在精神上一致地”→无异议地。
难句解析：
①Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
▲这是主从复合句，逗号前面是主句，是个倒装句，主干句其实是The picture is emerging from the 1988 census。倒装的原因是这个句子的主语the picture后面有一个of引导的很长的修饰成分，其中nation后面跟随的分词短语表述了nation的某种状态；逗号后面是as引导的从句表示伴随，基本结构是population growth reaches a standstill。
△认识到第一个分句的倒装构成，nation后面的分词结构是对nation的表述；再者就是要搞清楚两个分句之间并列转折的关系。
②This development — and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead — has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
▲首先不看破折号之间的内容，找出这个句子的主干：This development has enthroned the South as region。再看各个部分的修饰成分：主语后面的破折号之间是对主语的补充，即this development产生的另一种暗示，注意其中介词for和in的用法；然后看region后面的状语for the first time in the history（有史以来第一次）。
△注意破折号之间的插入部分在意义上是主语的补充部分；enthrone和head counting对这个句子的理解很关键。注意head counting是census通俗的说法。
③Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
▲这是由两个分句组成的并列句，只不过第二个分句简化了一下。第一个分句很简单，主干是immigrants played a role。主语immigrants前面是其修饰成分。第二个分句是个主从复合句，主句是倒装形式，还原过来应该是Bigger crops of babies also played a role。因为前面已经提到了played a role，为了简洁，用so前导，后跟助动词did加主语就可以了；as引导了一个原因状语从句，指出这种情况发生的社会原因。
△关键是要理解破折号后面倒装句的构成与意义，这样就会明白这个句子要说明的就是影响人口增长的两个原因：immigrants和bigger crops of babies，crop在这里是“大量，大批”的意思。
④Often they choose — and still are choosing — somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
▲我们先来分析这个单句的主干结构：They choose and are still choosing colder climates in order to escape...。注意破折号之间是谓语动词的补充，表示另一种时间状态。在climates后面跟的是such as引导的三个州名，列举的是较为寒冷的几个州；后面是一个由in order to引导的表示目的的短语，其中escape的宾语有三个：smog，crime and other plagues，of短语修饰plagues，说明plagues发生的原因。
△在时态上注意同一个谓语动词choose的两种时态，表示的两个时间概念；短语the Golden State是美国加利福尼亚州的别称。
⑤As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent — little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
▲这个句子的结构是由数字的比较构成。第一处在于dropped to 18.5％（下降到了18.5％），不要理解成下降了18.5％；再一个是two thirds the 1960's growth figure，指的是60年代生长率的三分之二；below后面的that代替的是growth rate，目的是与其它西部各州相比较。
△对数字的理解是这个句子的关键，注意其中比较的是70年代与60年代、加州与西部其它各州的生长率。
试题解析：
63. [B] 意为：人口向西南部迁移。
　　第二段指出，这一变化对美国未来几年(in years ahead)的政治和经济都有很大影响，同时，在人口统计史上，美国南部第一次成为人口最稠密的地区；第四段指出，自第二次世界大战以来，美国人一直有南迁和西迁的趋向，现在还是如此(and the pattern prevails)，所谓西迁，主要是指向位于西南部的加利弗尼亚州迁移（见第五、九段）；另外，本文所提到的人口增长速度较快的加利弗尼亚、亚利桑那、内华达等州都在美国西南部。
　　A意为：是历史上人口净增长最低的十年。第二段指出，70年代，美国共增长了2320万人，从增长数量上来看，该年代增长幅度居于有史以来第三高位；但这一数字仅为总人口的11.4％，除了大萧条时代以外，这是美国有史最低的。
　　C意为：是有史以来人口增长最快的十年。
　　D意为：自第二次世界大战以来的迁移趋向告一段落。参阅第四段。
64. [C] 意为：它显示了美国人寻求宽阔的生活空间的新倾向。
　　第七段指出，除了继续的南迁和西迁趋向外，人口统计学家还发现了一个相关的新现象：美国人迁移的目的不仅是寻找工作，而是越来越明显地寻找人口稀少的地区居住；第八段指出，离开拥挤的地区同时也改变了过去美国人一味逃离寒带、迁向气候温和地带(more-bearable climates)的做法；第九段也指出，1980年的统计最清楚地表明：美国人迁向最西部地区，是因为他们想寻找宽阔的生存空间(spacious living)。
　　A意为；它强调了气候对人口分布的影响。参考第八段。第六段第一句也指出，统计官员们说：并非所有的迁移都是因为想脱离寒带。
　　B意为：它强调了不断的移民热对人口增长的影响。第六段第二句指出，不断的移民热潮(nonstop waves of immigrants)也起了一定作用，另外还有出生率的增长，因为上一轮“出生高潮”(baby boom)出生的一代已经到了生育期。这里虽然提到了移民因素的影响，但作者并未强调它的作用。
　　D意为：它（详细地）说明了上一轮“出生高潮”的后期效果。
65. [D] 意为：在所有州中，亚利桑那州的人口增长率名列第二。
　　第七段第二句指出，在所有州中，内华达州和亚利桑那州人口增长最多，分别为63.5％和53.1％。
　　A意为；加利弗尼亚州曾经是美国人口最稀少的州。
　　B意为：人口增长最快的十个州全在西部。第七段第二句指出，除了佛罗里达州（位于东南部）和得克萨斯州（位于中部）以外，人口增长速度最快的前十个州都在美国西部，人口750万，每平方英里约9人。
　　C意为：气候好的城市普遍受益于人口的迁移。
66. [C] 意为：研究人口的科学家。
　　该词意为：人口统计学家。
　　A意为：支持**运动的人。
　　B意为：主张州际迁移的人。
　　D意为：坚持旧生活模式的保守分子。
全文翻译：
　　1980年美国人口普查显示出这样一幅图像：随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停止，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。
　　这一发展——以及它对今后几年美国政治和经济的强大影响——使南部在美国人口普查史上第一次成为人口最密集的地区。
　　20世纪70年代，美国人口总共增长了2320万——从数字上看，这是有纪录以来10年期人口增长的第三高峰。即使如此，人口总数也只增加了11.4％，除了大萧条时期，这是美国年度记录最低的增长率。
　　第二次世界大战以来，美国人大量向南部和西部迁移，而且这种趋势如今仍很盛行。
　　佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚这三个阳光充沛的地区，1980年的人口比前10年增加了近1000万。在大城市排行榜上，圣地亚哥从第14位上升到第8位，圣安东尼奥从第15位升到第10位，而克利夫兰和华盛顿特区却被挤出了前10位。
　　普查官员说，并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。不断涌入的移民潮，还有以前“生育高峰”出生的那些孩子也已到了生育年龄，这些都发挥着作用。
　　而且，人口学家发现，向南部和向西部的不断迁移还伴随着一种相关却又较新的现象：越来越多的美国人显然不再仅仅寻找有更多工作机会的地方，也在寻找人口稀少的地方。例证如下：
　　从区域上看，洛基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率——37.1％，而以前这片广阔的土地上的人口仅占美国总人口的5％。
　　从各州情况看，内华达和亚利桑那是增长最快的两个州：其增长率分别为63.5％和53.1％。除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州外，处于人口增长率前10位的都是西部各州，共有750万人——每平方英里约9个人。
　　离开人口过度稠密区的做法影响了以前那种离开寒冷地带去气候宜人之地的趋势。
　　没有哪次调查比1980年美国人口普查更能突出显示美国人迁往最西部是为了找到更广阔的生存空间。正因为如此，加利福尼亚州在70年代人口增加了370万，比其他任何州都多。
　　70年代也有大量的人离开加利福尼亚，大多数去了西部其他的地方。他们常常选择——现在依然这样选择——一些气候较冷的地区，如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加，为的是躲开“金州”加利福尼亚）的烟雾、犯罪和其他城市化进程中的问题。
　　结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在70年代降到了18.5％——略高于60年代增长率的2/3，但大大低于西部其他各州。


1998 Passage 5

　　Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
　　That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
　　The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
67. The author believes that ________.
　　[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior
　　[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true
　　[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions
　　[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart
68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.
　　[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions
　　[B] they have been found to share certain geological features
　　[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years
　　[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe
69. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.
　　[A] the structure of the African plates
　　[B] the revival of dead volcanoes
　　[C] the mobility of the continents
　　[D] the formation of new oceans
70. The passage is mainly about ________.
　　[A] the features of volcanic activities
　　[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates
　　[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
　　[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes

重点词汇：
interior  （内部的；内部）←inter+ior，inter“在里面”，-ior后缀。Laughter, n. — An interior convulsion, producing a distortion of the features and accompanied by inarticulate noises.笑，名词——一种体内痉挛，造成面容的变形并伴有说不出话的阵阵难听的声音。
milestone  （里程碑）←mile+stone。The invention of the wheel was a milestone in the history of the world.发明轮子是世界历史上的重大事件。
reminder  （n.暗示）←remind提醒+er。The music at a marriage procession always reminds me of the music of soldiers marching to battle.结婚行列行进时的音乐总是使我想起士兵们投入战斗的音乐。
construct  （v.建设，构造）即con+struct，con-“一起”，struct词根“建造”；同义同根词：structure（v.n.构造）←struct+ure后缀。Taking to pieces is the trade of those who cannot construct.拆卸是那些不会建造的人的行为。
readily  （容易地；乐意地）即ready的副词形式，已经准备好的事情做起来当然是“容易地”，于是做事的人当然是非常“乐意地”。Nothing is so easy as to deceive one's self; for what we wish, that we readily believe.再没有比欺骗自己更容易的事了，因为对于希望的事，我们总是乐于相信。
opposite （对立的；对立面）即op+pos+ite，op-“反”（ob-在p前变形为op-），pos词根“放”，-ite后缀，“反过来放”→对立的。Almost every wise saying has an opposite one, not less wise, to balance it.几乎所有的格言都有意思相反的一句，其智慧并不逊色，以便使之平衡。The opposite of love is indifference.爱的对立物是冷漠。
instrument  （工具，仪器，乐器）即instru(ct)+ment，instruct指导，-ment后缀，“能帮人们做事的东西”→仪器。Circumstances are the rulers of the weak, instruments of the wise.弱者受制于环境，智者利用环境。
significance （意义；重要性）即signify（y变形为i）表示+cance名词后缀，“表示出来的东西”→意义。形容词形式为significant，见2002年Text 3。The whole significance of life lies in the unremitting efforts to explore the unknown and increase knowledge.生活的全部意义在于不懈努力探索未知事物与增加知识。It is undesirable to try to damage the significance of all life simply for love.仅仅由于爱情就试图抹杀全部生活的意义是不可取的。
confine  （v.限制）即con+fine，con-“一起”，fine词根“界限”，于是“全部有界限”→限制。参define（2002年Text 4）；finite（2000年Passage 3）等。The world owes all its onward impulses to men ill at ease. The happy man inevitably confines himself within ancient limits.世界的全部前进动力都归功于对现状不满的人们，感到愉快的人必然把自己限制在旧框架之内。
reference  （涉及；参考）←refer参考+ence。We live in reference to past experience and not to future events, however inevitable.我们参照过去的经验而非未来的事件生活，不管那些事件如何必然发生。
propel  （v.推动，驱使）即pro+pel，pro-向前，pel词根“推”。同根词：compel（v.强迫）←com+pel；repel（v.击退；DIZHI）←re(=back)+pel。
fissure  （v.裂开n.裂隙）看作f+is+sure，“裂开”的东西上面有“缝”(f)是(is)肯定(sure)的。
formation  （构成）←form构成+ation名词后缀。The self is not something ready-made, but something in continuous formation through choice of action.自我并非现成之物，而是通过行为的选择不断形成的。
mutability  （易变性）即mut+ability，mut词根“交换”，-ability名词后缀表性质，“具有交换的性质”→易变性。参commute，2000年Passage 4。mutability of human affairs 人世沧桑。
难句解析：
①Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.
▲这是一个由两个分句组成的并列句，中间由分号隔开。前一个分句的第一个部分是一个形容词性的短语，修饰的是这个句子的主语they，在plates的后面有一个that引导的定语从句，that所替代的plates在这个从句里作主语；第二个分句用on the contrary开始，表示与前面的情况形成对比，这个句子较简单，注意这里them指的是前文所说的hot spots。
△注意两个分句的对比关系，弄清哪个特征是they(hot spots)所具有的。
②The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.
▲这个单句的主语是the complementary coastlines and certain geological features，后面带了一个定语从句，从句中that充当的是主语；表语名词reminders跟了一个of加上where引导的名词性表示地点从句的短语。where从句中用的是过去时，表示的是过去存在的结合状态。
△找出句子的主语、谓语(are)和表语(reminders)，再看主语和表语的修饰成分。并注意reminders的意思是“值得注意的地方，具有提醒作用的地方”。
③The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.
▲在这个用but连接的两个并列分句中，前一个分句主语的限定成分the plates带了一个现在分词短语，起修饰作用；后一个分句中注意谓语be translated into意为“被解释为”，这里的another指的是another plates。介词whit respect to出现了两次，意思是“相对于……”。
△对介词的理解是这个句子的关键，注意motion这个词在本句中指的是相对运动。
④It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.
▲这个简单句的主语it是个形式主语，真正的主语是后面to引导的不定式短语。这个短语中，determine后面跟的是whether... or whether...引导的选择关系的从句。注意后面whether从句中有两个分句，用and连接，其中the other指的是the other continent。
△找出该句真正的主语（不定式形式），注意两个whether从句的选择关系，以及后一个从句中两个小句所描述的相对关系。
⑤As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.
▲这个句子是由四个小分句组成，前两个分句是一个主从复合句，其中it指的是the dome；分号后面的句子有一个状语短语in at least a few cases，逗号后面是so that引导的表示结果的从句。
△在理解这个句子时，最好是能按时间的先后排列地质变化的过程。
试题解析：
67. [B] 意为：地质学上的板块漂移说证明是正确的。
　　第二段第一句指出，对于板块漂移说目前已不存异议(beyond dispute)。例如，非洲和南美洲正在漂离，新物质不断注入二者之间的海底裂痕。
　　A意为：板块的移动与地球内部的移动是相对应的。第一段指出，地球有100多个地质学家称之为热点的互不相邻的(isolated)火山活跃区。与地球上多数火山不同的是：它们并非都处在构成地球表面的巨大漂游板块的连接处，相反，它们多深埋在板块之下(lie deep in the interior of a plate)。这些热点移动缓慢，有时，当板块从它们上面移动过去时，就会留下死火山痕迹(trails of dead volcanoes)。热点及其火山痕迹标志着板块漂移而过。可见，二者的移动并没有相应处。
　　C意为：热点和板块缓慢作反方向移动。根据第一段，二者的移动并没有相应处。参阅上文题解。
　　D意为；热点的移动证明：大陆板块正在漂离。根据第一段最后一句，热点及其火山痕迹证明板块是移动的。
68. [B] 意为：它们有某些共同的地质特征。
　　第二段指出，对于板块漂移说目前已不存异议。例如，非洲和南美洲正在漂离，新物质不断注入二者之间的海底裂痕；虽然有大洋（大西洋）相隔，二者的海岸线（形状）是互补的(complementary)，共有某些地质特征，说明它们曾经是联在一起的。
　　A意为：这两个大陆还在向相反方向移动。根据第二段最后一句，通过对热点区域的研究发现，非洲板块似乎是静止的(stationary)，至少3000万年未移动了。
　　C意为：非洲板块至少3000万年未移动了。这也许是事实，但不是非洲和南美洲曾经是一个板块的证据。
　　D意为：地球有100多个热点。这也许是事实，但这也不是非洲和南美洲曾经是一个板块的证据。
69. [D] 意为：新的海洋的形成。
　　最后一段指出，热点说的意义不限于提供了一个参照点，它看来对推动板块移动的地质物理学过程也提供了解释。当板块处于热点之上时，底层物质会将板块顶起，形成(develop)巨大的弧线(a broad dome)，弧线变高时，板块出现深深的裂痕。当有些地方裂痕迸裂后，就形成新的海洋。
　　A意为：非洲板块的结构。
　　B意为；死火山的复活。
　　C意为：大陆板块的移动性。热点只能说明板块是移动的，但板块为什么是漂移的，本文却并没有解释。
70. [C] 意为：地质物理学中热点说的意义。
　　本文提到了这种学说的几方面的意义。见上文题解。
　　A意为：火山活动的特点。
　　B意为：板块漂移说的重要性。
　　D意为：火山的形成过程。
全文翻译：
　　地球上散落分布着100多个互不相连的小火山活动区，被地质学家称为热点。和世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现；相反，许多热点处于板块较深的内部。大多数热点移动非常缓慢，有时，板块滑过这些热点便留下了死火山的痕迹。热点及其火山痕迹是板块移动的标志。
　　板块漂移这一理论现在是毋庸置疑的。例如，以非洲和南美洲为例，由于有新的物质注入二者之间的海底，两大洲距离越来越远。但互相吻合的海岸线和某些似乎跨越海洋的地质特征会使人想到这两个大陆曾经是连在一起的。携带这些大陆的板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地阐述出来，但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。人们不能确定两个大陆是在朝相反的方向运动，还是一个大陆停止不动而另一个从它身边漂移开去。位于地球更深层的热点提供了解决该问题的测量仪器。从热点地区的人口情况分析来看，非洲板块似乎是固定的，在过去3000万年里也没有移动过。
　　热点的重要性不仅限于它们作为参照体系的作用。现在看来，它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。当大陆板块漂移到热点上方，来自地球深层的物质便形成了巨大的圆顶状隆起物。随着这个圆顶的增长，板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完全裂开了，因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。这样，正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样，热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。

qingqing

1999 Passage 1

　　It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
　　Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprised!  — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."
　　While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
　　Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
　　[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
　　[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
　　[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
　　[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.
　　[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
　　[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
　　[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
　　[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern
53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.
　　[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law
　　[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
　　[C] product labels would eventually be discarded
　　[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.
　　[A] biased
　　[B] indifferent
　　[C] puzzling
　　[D] objective

重点词汇：
compensate  （补偿，赔偿）看作com+pens+ate，com-前缀“一起”，pens钢笔，-ate动词后缀，“把钢笔全都给你”→赔偿；名词形式为compensation ←com+pens+ation名词后缀。True tragedy may be defined as a dramatic work in which the outward failure of the principal personage is compensated for by the dignity and greatness of his character.真正的悲剧可以这样定义：一部剧作，剧中主人公的表面失败由其人格的高贵伟大予以补偿。
misfortune  （不幸；灾难）←mis+fortune，mis-否定前缀，fortune（运气；财产）见2003年Text 3。No misfortune can be as great as the loss of time.再大的不幸也比不上时间的损失。misfortune — the gift you receive after you criticize your superior in public 不幸——当众批评上司后收到的礼物。
anticipate  （预料，期望）即anti+cip+ate，anti-前缀“先前的”（如antique→anti+que后缀→古老的；古玩），cip词根“抓”（参participation，2001年Passage 1），-ate动词后缀，于是“在事情发生之前就在脑子里将其抓住”→预料。What we anticipate seldom occurs; what we lest expected generally happens.我们所预料的事很少发生，最预料不到的事却往往出现。
stepladder  （一种通常在顶端有个小平台的活动梯子）←step台阶+ladder梯子。
interaction  （互相作用）←inter互相+act作用+ion名词后缀。It is the interaction of his personality and period that results in the formation of a composer's style.作曲家风格的形成，是其个性与时代相互作用的结果。
regulation  （调整；校准；规章）即regul+ation，regul词根“规则”=rule（如regular→定期的；规则的），-ation名词后缀；动词形式为regulate（调整；校准；管制）←regul+ate。The use of travelling is to regulate imagination by reality, and instead of thinking how things may be, to see them as they are.旅行的价值在于用显示校正想象，目睹事物的本来面目，而非臆想它们可能如何。regulation — the substitution of error for chance 规则——用错误代替变化。
defendant  （辩护的；被告）←defend（防卫；辩护）+ant后缀。I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.我不同意你说的话，但我愿誓死捍卫你说这话的权力。←这是18世纪FaGuo启蒙运动领袖伏尔泰(Voltaire)的名言。
recommendation  （推荐）即re+commend+ation，re-反复，commend称赞，-ation名词后缀，联想记忆：考研辅导班上某名师反复(re)称赞(commend)某本辅导书，这一定是不怀好意的“推荐”(recommendation)。A good presence is letters of recommendation.良好的仪表就是推荐信。
guideline  （指导方针）←guide+line。
tort （民事侵权行为）与torture（v.n.折磨；拷问）一起记，“折磨拷问别人是一种民事侵权行为”。
bombard  （v.炮轰，攻击）为象声词。
triviality （琐事）←trivial琐碎的+ity名词后缀。In important matters, we expose our best sides; in trivial matter, we disclose ourselves as we really are.我们在重要的事件中显示自己最好的方面，在无关紧要的小事中露出自己的本来面目。
mention  （v.n.提及）看作men+tion，“提起了男人”。One measure of friendship consists not in the number of things friends can discuss, but in the number of things they need no longer mention.友谊的尺度之一不在于朋友们可以讨论的事情的数量，而在于他们无须再提及的事情的数量。
oblige  （v.迫使，责成）。My ideal of a picture is that every part of it should oblige the looker-on who has any real sense for a whole to see the rest.我理想中的画是这样的：它的每个部分都会促使具有任何真正整体感的观者去看其余的部分。
indifferent  （冷漠的；不积极的）即in+different，in-否定前缀，different不同，“无论怎样都感觉不到什么不同”→漠不关心的。The worst sin towards our fellow creatures is not to hate them, but to be indifferent to them; that's the essence of inhumanity.我们对作为同类的其他人所犯下的最大罪过不是憎恨，而是漠不关心，那是不近人情的本质。The true secret of giving advice is, after you have honestly given it, to be perfectly indifferent whether it is taken or not, and never persist in trying to set people right.提出忠告的真正秘诀在于：诚心诚意地提出之后，就不再关注它是否被采纳，并且决不固执己见地要求别人按自己的意见行事。
objective  （客观的；目标）去e加-ity即为objectivity（客观性）。After many years I have reached the firm conclusion that it is impossible for any objective newspaperman to be a friend of a President.许多年之后，我得出了这个坚定的结论：任何客观的新闻工作者都不可能成为一个总统的朋友。objectivity — subjectivity, expressed statistically 客观性——以统计数字表达出来的主观性。
难句解析：
①While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
▲在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句，这个从句由两个并列句组成，中间用and连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容，and后面的many省略了warnings，state与federal共用regulations。主句部分本身也是一个主从复合句，主句用了一个形式主语it，真正的主语是that引导的从句，注意这个从句中有个动词短语protect... from...，后面是一个if引导的条件从句。
△首先要把握这个句子的主旨，那就是主句中所阐明的warnings对manufacturers and sellers的保护作用还很不明朗。注意破折号之间的部分对warnings的解释作用以及it作为形式主语的替代作用。
②As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.
▲在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由as引导的伴随状语从句，注意这里的claims是个名词；主句的时态用的是现在进行时，表示的这种状况正在开始。这个主句有一个较长的状语短语，原因是cases后面跟了一个where引导的定语从句修饰cases，这个定语从句的主干是warning label not change anything，解释的是什么样的cases。
△主句依然是抓住句子大意的关键，该句所要表达的就是some courts beginning to side with defendants，再者要注意cases后面定语从句指出了哪类cases尤为如此。
③In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.
▲这个句子的主干是... president... successfully fought a lawsuit...。句子的主语是Julie Nimmons，后面逗号之间的部分是她的职位，宾语部分a lawsuit有一个较长的动词现在分词involving所引导的短语，involving的宾语是a football player，后面跟了一个who引导的定语从句，这个定语从句中有一个while引导的时间状语，还原成句子就是while he was wearing a Schutt helmet。找出其中的关键部分：... president of Schutt... successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player... paralyzed... while wearing a Schutt helmet。
④At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
▲这个看起来很长的句子其实是一个简单句，主干是... the... Institute... issued new guidelines for tort law...。其中破折号之间的内容说明的是这个Institute的人员构成，并且用一个whose引导的定语从句说明了这些成员的权威。law后面跟的现在分词stating有一个相当长的宾语从句，这个从句的主语是companies，而谓语有两个动词结构，一个是warn... of...，另一个是bombard... with...，叙述了guidelines的内容。
△这个句子的要点是在stating后面的that从句，对其中两个动词结构warn... of...和bombard... with...的正确理解决定了对整个句子的理解。
⑤If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
▲在这个复合句中，if引导的是一个条件从句，主句部分的谓语用了被动形式，谓语动词provide for有两个宾语，一个是the benefits of customers，另一个是protection against legal liability，not决定了两者的取舍关系：取前者，舍后者。
△从句给出了前提条件，注意has its way的意思是can be achieved；理解主句部分的关键在于provide for的两个宾语的取舍关系。
试题解析：
51. [B] 意为：受伤的顾客可望得到法律制度的保护。
　　第一段指出，外面是个危险的世界，如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿；如果点燃炉灶，可能烧毁整栋房屋。可幸的是，如果门垫或炉灶没有警告你可能发生的危害，你可以就自己所受的伤害诉诸法律，成功地获得赔偿。或者，更确切地说，自80年代初以来人们一直这样认为，从那时起，陪审团开始认为更多的公司应该对其顾客遭受的不幸负责。
　　第二段提到，为了保护自己，公司开始撰写冗长的标签，但是，正如第三段第二句所指出的那样，这种做法无济于事，因为，如果顾客与公司对簿公堂，大约一半的情况是公司败诉。然而，第四段第一句指出，这种潮流似乎正发生逆转。
　　A意为：顾客可以通过诉讼免除自己的灾难。relieve sb. of sth.意为“免除某人某事；解除某人某事；使某人摆脱某事”。relieve的意思与原文表达的内容不相符，根据对选择项B的分析，顾客通过法律获得的是对损失的赔偿。
　　C意为：公司将会通过提供新的警示标签避免被起诉。该选择项有两处主要错误：一是avoid的使用，二是new的使用，这两个词的使用使C与原文表达的内容很不一致。
　　D意为：陪审团倾向于对公司所承诺的赔偿严加挑剔。
52. [C] 意为：充分利用标签避免法律责任。
　　第二段指出，公司感到很大威胁，它们通过撰写比以前更长的警示标签保护自己，企图预料各种可能发生的事故。结果，现在的梯子上的标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外之外，还警告说你可能摔下来——这种警告真是莫名其妙！孩子的蝙蝠侠玩具的斗篷上也警告说：本玩具“并不能使拥有者飞行”。在作者看来，这样的警示语都是多余的、不必要的。
　　A意为：通过在产品上写长长的警示语满足顾客。根据上文对选择项C的分析，他们这样做的目的主要是避免承担责任，而不是满足顾客的需要。
　　B意为：在描述自己的产品的不足上表现得更诚实。
　　D意为：不得不将顾客的安全看作头等重要的事。
53. [A] 意为：某些因伤害提出的索赔再也受不到法律的保护了。
　　第三段指出，潮流似乎正发生逆转，虽然因人身伤害引起的索赔案像以往一样不断出现，某些法庭正逐渐开始站到被告一边(side with)，特别是在有警示标签也可能无济于事的案件中。在Schutt Sports的案件中，Schutt Sports公司被告生产了不安全的头盔，造成一名橄揽球队员(football player)的瘫痪，但是，陪审团认为，造成球员受伤的不是头盔，而是橄榄球这种运动本身的危险性(the nature of the game)。公司因此胜诉。这一例子用于说明第四段第一、二句提到的现象。
　　B意为：头盔不是设计来防止损伤的。戴头盔的目的当然是防止伤害，但是，头盔不可能是万能的。
　　C意为：产品标签最终将会被淘汰。discard意为：弃而不用。
　　D意为：运动员可能不再会热衷于某些体育运动项目。
54. [D] 意为：客观的。
　　这里所说的“问题”指索赔案中孰是孰非这一问题。文章探讨了索赔案所涉及的顾客（原告）、公司（被告）和陪审团三方的反应，重点指出陪审团态度的转变。文章叙述客观，作者没有表达个人观点。
　　A意为：有偏见的。
　　B意为：冷漠的。
　　C意为：迷惑不解的。
全文翻译：
　　外面是一个危险的世界。如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿。如果你点燃炉灶，可能会把房子烧掉。但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。大约自80年代初以来人们就不再（guangxian注：此处“不再”二字应删除！）这样认为了，当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。
　　公司因此感到了威胁，便做出了反应，写出越来越长的警示标识语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。现在，梯子上警告标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外情况外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！印在儿童蝙蝠侠披风上的标识语竟然也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。
　　虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的，如对药物副作用而产生的危险的警示语，并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于责任，这还很难说。被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半的情况是公司败诉。
　　现在看来这种趋势正在转变。尽管个人伤害的指控一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。五月份，伊利诺斯州的Shutt体育公司总裁朱利•尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。公司总裁朱利•尼蒙斯说：“他成了瘫痪，我们非常难过，但头盔的设计不是为了预防这类伤害的。”陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。与此同时，美国法学会——该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成——签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。如果该法律团体的这一适中的目的能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息实际上是用来保护消费者利益的，而不是为了避免公司承担法律责任的。


1999 Passage 2

　　In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.
　　Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.
　　Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
　　But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.
　　[A] has been striving to expand its market
　　[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion
　　[C] tried but in vain to control the market
　　[D] has been booming for one year or so
56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.
　　[A] the technology is popular with many Web users
　　[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
　　[C] there is a radical change in strategy
　　[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57. In the view of Net purists, ________.
　　[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture
　　[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web
　　[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set
　　[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests
58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.
　　[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
　　[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
　　[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
　　[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power

重点词汇：
pathway （小径；通路）←path+way。
establish  （建立；安置）即e+stabl(e)+ish，e-加强前缀，stable稳定，-ish动词后缀。We must establish the respectability of peace and get rid of the false glamour surrounding war.我们必须确立和平的崇高地位，除去萦绕着战争的欺骗性的魔力。
intranet  （内部互联网）←intra内部的+net。
customize  （按客户要求定制）←custom+ize动词后缀。There are three means of believing, by inspiration, by reason, and by custom.信仰有三种：神灵感应、理性思维，以及从俗。
contempt  （n.蔑视）可看作con+tempt，con-全部，tempt单词“v.诱惑”，对所有人都进行诱惑→这种行为是令人“蔑视”的。Familiarity breeds contempt.熟悉引起轻视。Many can bear adversity, but few contempt.许多人能忍受厄运，但极少人能忍受侮辱。contempt — the weapon of the weak and a defense against one's own despised and unwanted feelings 轻蔑——弱者的武器和抵御自己所蔑视的有害感情的自卫手段。
promotion  （促进；提升）即pro+mot(e)+ion，pro-向前，mote词根“运动”=move，-ion名词后缀；动词形式为promote←pro+mote。No true and permanent fame can be founded except in labors which promote the happiness of mankind.真正的、永恒的声望只能在增进人类幸福的劳作中求得。
prospect  （展望；前景）←pro向前+spect看；参spectacle（场面；奇观），2000年Passage 5。Prospect is often better than possession.预期往往胜于拥有。
resort  （求助于；胜地；手段）可看作re+sort，re-反复，sort单词“分类”，联想：某游客对众多“胜地”无所适从，只能“求助于”导游的反复(re)分类(sort)。I never resort to a prepared script — anyone who does not have it in his head to do 30 minutes extemporaneous talking is not entitled to be heard.我从不求助于事先准备的讲稿，任何想不出30分钟即席讲话内容的人就没有资格让人来听。Home is the resort of love, of joy, of peace, and plenty, where supporting and supported, polished friends and dearest relatives mingle into bliss.家是爱、欢乐、和睦与富足的胜地，养育者与被养育者，优雅的友人与最密切的亲属在这里共享天赐之福。
interactivity  （交互性）←inter互相+act作用+ivity名词后缀表“性质”；参interaction，1999年Passage 1。
hospitality  （好客；款待）看作hospital+ity，“医院是好客的”←医院为提高效益而唯恐别人不生病。When hospitality becomes an art it loses its very soul.待客殷勤一旦成为技巧，就失去了真正的精髓。
security  （安全）←secur(e)安全的+ity。Security is the mother of danger and the grandmother of destruction.安全感是危险的母亲、毁灭的祖母。
enterprise  （企业；进取心）看作enter+prise，enter进入，prise奖赏=prize，“进入奖赏”→以“进取心”办“企业”就会获得奖赏。There is no resting place for an enterprise in a competitive economy.在竞争的经济中没有企业休息的处所。What recommends commerce to me is its enterprise and bravery.在我看来，商业的可取之处在于它的进取与无畏。enterprise — the hope of our future 事业——对未来的希望。
难句解析：
①Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.
▲这个句子的主谓宾很明显，但是重要的是by后面的conducting引导的动名词短语，表示的是companies limiting the risk的方式方法。还要注意的是partners后面跟了一个who引导的定语从句，说明了partners所享受的待遇。
△找出其中的关键部分：... companies... limiting... risk by... transactions... with established... partners who... access to... company's... intranet。注意intranet与internet的差别：后者是国际互联网，前者是公司内部网。
②In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.
▲在这个简单句中，宾语tools带了一个that引导的定语从句，修饰tools，在这个从句中真正的主语是tools，由that替代，注意这个从句中谓语动词短语allow... to...的形式；后面跟了一个transmitting引导的现在分词短语，相当于that从句的补充成分，进一步说明push information to consumer的方式。
△这个句子的主要内容集中在develop tools以及tools后面的that从句，从句中关键信息在于几个动词的使用：allow，push，transmit等。
③Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.
▲这个句子的主句就是that前面的部分，注意动词短语think highly of的含义，但是理解这个句子的关键在于宾语notion后面所跟的that引导的同位语从句，就是说that从句解释的就是notion的内容。这个从句中的主语information后面跟了一个修饰性的flowing引导的现在分词短语。
△在抓住了主干think highly of the notion之后，理解这个句子的关键在于对that从句的理解，尤其是by specific request决定了notion的重要内容。
④The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.
▲这个句子的主干是... examples... show... a Web site... will attract... customers。抓住这个主干，再看其它成分：examples后面跟的of短语是限定成分，说明examples的内容；谓语动词show后面跟的是一个that引导的宾语从句，这个宾语从句的主语a Web site后面跟了一个现在分词短语作限定成分，这个短语的动词是selling，宾语是the right kind of products，再加上一个较长的表示方式的状语，注意介词宾语mix后面有一个of引导的三个并列名词表示mix的内容，后面will attract online customers是这个从句的谓语和宾语。
△找出句子的主谓宾，再看不同成分的修饰限定部分，再者要注意宾语从句的主语所带的现在分词结构的限定短语。
⑤And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.
▲这个句子的主句是逗号前的句子，容易理解，重要的是逗号后which引导的从句，这里which指代的是逗号前的这个句子，指的是这个句子所陈述的现象，which在这里充当的是从句的主语，enterprise后面有一个现在分词短语，起限定作用。
△重要的是弄清从句中which引导词所指的是前面整个句子，这样就可以得知a good sign的意思。另外注意setting up shop in silicon中silicon原意是“硅”，在这里指代的是“互联网”与“计算机”。
试题解析：
55. [A] 意为：一直在竭力开拓其市场。
　　第一段指出，在网络公司创办的最初一两年中，大部分措施是围绕着努力开拓(tap)消费者市场。最近，随着网络证明不仅是一种时尚而已，公司开始（在网上）相互买卖产品或提供服务，公司间的这种买卖方式是很有道理的，因为商人一般都知道自己所需要的产品。第一句和第二句都叙述了公司企图利用网上资源开拓业务的努力，第三句是对第二句提到的现象的评价。
　　B意为：打算遵循一种空幻的时尚。
　　C意为：企图控制市场，但徒劳无益。第一段仅提到了它们的努力，并未提到努力的结果。
　　D意为：在一年左右的时间里发展迅速。第一段仅提到了它们的努力，并未提到努力的结果。事实上，正如第二段所提到的，许多公司目前仍然因为怀疑网络的安全性而对网络的使用犹豫不决。
56. [C] 意为：在策略上发生了根本改变。
　　第三段第一句指出，网络商业模式的另一个重大变化是营销策略的变化。在这个句子中，technology的意思不是“技术”，而是“技巧”，这里指销售方法。根据第三段，这里所说的变化指从“推”到“拉”的变化。两种营销策略迥然不同。
　　A意为：这种技术（或方法）受到了许多网络用户的喜爱。虽然第三段提到了许多用户对pull策略的喜爱，但是，在这个选择项中，the technology即使被理解为“方法”的话，究竟是指push还是pull并不清楚。
　　B意为：公司对在线交易的可靠性充满信心。根据第二段第一句，许多公司对网络的可靠性表示怀疑，因此对使用网络仍然很忧虑。
　　D意为：它仅限于对固定合作伙伴使用。在这个选择项中，it只能理解为指代the technology。这样，这个选择项的意思就有些令人费解。
57. [D] 意为：没有要求就不应该有在线商业信息。即：没有主动要求就不应该提供在线商业信息。
　　根据第三段最后四句，“推”的策略受到了许多网上用户的厌弃，在线用户们极力推崇这种做法：信息应该根据特定要求载入（用户的）屏幕。商业信息一旦在没有要求的情况下就被推入用户的屏幕，那么，网络和电视的区别就不存在了，这种前景正是Net purists所惧怕的。这里，Net purists指主张保持网络特色的人。
　　A意为：在线领域不应该有销售信息。根据对D的分析，这些人反对的是销售信息的传送方式，而不是这种信息本身。
　　B意为：上网的首要目的应该是为了赚钱。
　　C意为：网络的功能应该像电视一样。这正是Net purist所反对的。
58. [B] 互动、礼貌、安全对在线客户来说很重要。这里互动（指网上人机对话功能）、礼貌（指网上热情服务）、安全都指网络信息的特点或提供方式。
　　在最后一段作者指出，网上的公司不使用“推”的策略也肯定能赚钱。Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com（两个网址的名称）以及其他开拓者的例子表明：销售对路产品的网址，加上互动、礼貌、安全等特点，将同样会吸引网上客户。
　　A意为：对网上商业来说，在网上“推”信息至关重要。根据上文的分析，事实恰恰相反。
　　C意为：一些大公司在几十年前就开始积极尝试在线服务。第四段最后一句指出，只要回顾一下过去5年至10年的历史人们很可能会感到奇怪：为什么如此少的公司尝试在线服务呢？
　　D意为：在计算机上建立销售点与（计算机的）运算能力无关。根据第四段第三句，计算机的运算能力成本不断下降，这对于企事业在计算机上建立销售点是个好的形势。所渭“计算机的运算能力成本不断下降”指计算机和网络上网价格变得便宜；所谓“在硅中设立商店”指在计算机（网络）上设立销售点。可见，二者是相关的。
全文翻译：
　　大约在网上交易的第一年当中，大部分业务活动都是围绕着努力开发消费者市场来进行的。最近，随着证明网络不仅是一种时尚而已，公司间便开始（在网上）交易产品和服务。这类公司之间的销售是很有道理的，因为商人通常都知道他们需要什么产品。
　　不过，由于怀疑网络的可靠性许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。Forrester研究所的资深分析家布兰•欧文说，“商家需要认识到他们可以信赖销售商和供应商之间的这种途径。”有些公司为了限制这种冒险，只与那些已经熟识的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易，给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。
　　网络商业模式的另一个重大变化体现在营销策略上。前些年，互联网上的营销活动还集中在如何将用户“拉进”网站的策略问题上。然而，在去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，这些技术使得公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将大量最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。用户可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价商品、产品推销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。但这种“推”销技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。网上文化推崇这样一个概念，即流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现的。一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。
　　网上公司并不是非得依靠“推销”策略方能挣钱。像Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com及其他开拓者的例子说明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将交互性、热情服务、安全性合理结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。计算能力的成本持续自由下降，这对任何建立了网上销售的企业来说都是个好的征兆。回顾过去的5到10年的历史，人们很可能会感到奇怪：尝试网上销售的公司为何如此之少呢？


1999 Passage 3

　　An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
　　An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for brining computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
　　There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
　　But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take — at the very longest — a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.
　　[A] far-reaching
　　[B] dubiously oriented
　　[C] self-contradictory
　　[D] radically reformatory
60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.
　　[A] is indicative of a pessimism is disguise
　　[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers
　　[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates
　　[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professional training is ________.
　　[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates
　　[B] worth trying in various social sections
　　[C] of little practical value
　　[D] attractive to every kind of professional
62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.
　　[A] included as an auxiliary course in school
　　[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
　　[C] mastered through a life-long course
　　[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise

重点词汇：
radical  （根本的；重要的；激进的）即radi+cal，radi词根“根”，-cal形容词后缀；副词为radically  ←radi+cal+ly。因为植物的“根”呈放射状排列，故radi作词根时亦表“放射”，如：radiate→radi+ate动词后缀→辐射；radium→radi+um后缀表“元素”→有放射性质的元素→镭；radius→radi+us后缀表“物”→从圆心放射出来的东西→半径。I never dared be radical when young for fear it would make me conservative when old.我年轻时从来不敢激进，因为害怕那会使我年老时保守。radical — ①anyone whose opinion differs from yours ②a person whose left hand does not know what his other left hand is doing 激进分子——①任何与你持不同观点的人 ②一个他的左手不知道他的另一只左手在干什么的人。
conception  （概念；构想）是conceive（v.构想）的名词形式，参perceive（察觉；感知），2002年Text 2；concept  （概念）。In the last analysis, it is our conception of death which decides our answers to all the questions that life puts to us.归根结底，是对死亡的看法决定了我们对生活所提出的一切问题的回答。No theory is as good as experience. No concept is as good as facts.理论不等于实践。概念不等于事实。
forsake  （v.抛弃）可看作for+sake，联想：为了(for)什么缘故(sake)而“抛弃”(forsake)我？←因考研而被女友抛弃的周星星说：给个理由先！To abstain from sin when a man cannot sin is to be forsaken by sin, not forsake it.在无法犯罪时放弃犯罪是被罪行抛弃，而非抛弃罪行。
betray  （v.背叛；泄露）可看作be+tray，be是，tray盘子，“是已经和盘托出了”→泄露（若向敌人“泄露”则为“背叛”）。When we fail our pride supports us, when we succeed, it betrays us.失败时自尊支撑着我们，成功时它使我们露出本来面目。There is nothing in which people more betray their character than in what they laugh at.你对之发笑的事物最能出卖你的性格。
pessimism  （悲观；悲观主义）参pessimistic（悲观的），2001年Passage 4。pessimism — ①a luxury a Jew can never allow himself ②the wisdom of the experienced 悲观——①犹太人决不会允许自己享受的一种奢侈品 ②有经验者的智慧。
presumptuous  （专横的，自以为是的）看作presumpt(ion)假设+uous形容词后缀，“只凭假设就给人下结论的”→自以为是的。
acquaintance  （认识；熟人）即ac+quaint+ance，ac-否定前缀，quaint离奇的（俞敏洪说：把quai看作guai，音“怪”），-ance名词后缀，“不奇怪”→见怪不怪→已经认识的→熟人。I look upon every day to be lost, in which I do not make a new acquaintance.哪一天不新结识一个人，我就把那一天视为虚度。acquaintance — ①somebody you nod to if he nods first ②a degree of friendship called slight when the object is poor or obscure, and intimate when he is rich or famous ③a person whom we know well enough to borrow money from but not well enough to lend to 熟人——①如果他先对你点头，你也会对他点头的人 ②某种程度的友谊，如果对方穷困或无名则称之为无足轻重，如果对方有钱或知名则称之为亲密无间 ③一个我们熟悉到可以向他借钱，但没有熟悉到可以借钱给他的人。
complementary  （补充的；互补的）←complement（v.n.补充；补足物）+ary形容词后缀。compliment（v.n.恭维）与complement一字母之差，i像一支燃烧的蜡烛→拿着蜡烛在神灵面前→“恭维”，e想成维生素E→“补充”维生素E。Guilt always hurries towards its complement, punishment; only there does its satisfaction lie.罪行总是匆匆赶向它的补充——惩罚，只有在那里它才能得到满足。
dubiously  （可疑地；怀疑地）←dub+ious+ly，dub怀疑=doubt，-ious形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀。
reformatory  （改革的）←reform改革+atory后缀。To reform a man is a tedious and uncertain labour; hanging the sure work of a minute.改造人是冗长而无把握的工作，绞刑则是举手之劳。Every man is a reformer until reform tramps on his toes.每个人在改革降临其身之前都是改革者。
disguise  （v.n.假装，伪装）可看作dis+gui+s+e，dis-否定前缀，gui拼音“鬼”，s复述词尾，e小词，以蒲松龄《聊斋志异》联想：真正的鬼总是要伪装(disguise)自己，说自己不是(dis)鬼(gui)。Praise undeserved is satire in disguise.溢美之词是披着伪装的讽刺。Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.机会通常伪装成艰苦的工作，所以大多数人认不出它们。
auxiliary  （辅助的）即aux+iliary，aux词根“增加”（同aug，如augment→aug增加+ment后缀→v.增加），-iliary形容词后缀，“起增加作用的”→辅助的。
highlight  （v.使显著n.最重要的部分）即high+light，用高(high)强度的光(light)照某物体→使显著。
on behalf of 为……的利益；go to the heart of 涉及……的核心问题。
难句解析：
①An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.
▲这是本篇首句，对于本文理解至关重要。在结构上这是个简单句，复杂之处在于divides后面所跟的两个作宾语的those。those后面跟的都是由arguing引导的作为限定成分的现在分词短语，结构相似。注意短语中介词用法，on the behalf of和本句最后一个for都有“因为……的原因”的意思。
△主要把两个those后面的限定成分弄清楚，就知道了两种论点的不同之处，还要注意的是本句的介词所代表的意思。
②An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.
▲首先看这个句子的主语an education，它带了一个that引导的定语从句，其中that在这个从句中作主语，谓语是aims at，后面跟了一个动名词短语作介词宾语；这个句子的谓语是is，后面作表语的是名词a technical education，在这之后是一个过去分词justified引导的短语修饰上句的表语名词，这个短语中作为介词宾语的reasons带了一个形容词different前导的短语，其中from后面跟的介词宾语是个why引导的从句。
△理解这个句子的关键，一是明白主语所带从句的含义，再是表语所带的过去分词短语，尤其是其中why引导的介词宾语从句。
③Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
▲这个句子的难点在于conception后面所跟的限定成分，尤其是citizen后面的部分，在这里a character复指的是the American citizen，其后是一个who引导的定语从句，是个主从复合句，其中主句是who is incomplete，从句是if引导的条件从句，这个条件从句中的谓语动词access跟了一个how引导的宾语从句。
△对这个句子的理解关键在于后半部分对the American citizen的解释，尤其是if引导的条件从句的含义，是整篇文章的重点内容。
④Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
▲这里的主语this指的是前面所说的professional training，后面不定式短语中动词produce的宾语是professional，前面的成分是修饰这个词的短语，接着是他点状语，其中country带了两个修饰成分，前一个是形容词词性的短语as large as ours，后一个是where引导的定语从句，这个从句的主语the economy有两个谓语动词：is和involves，后面都用了相似的结构so many，表示强调。
⑤But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
▲该句是个主从复合句，前面for引导的短语表示的是对象，注意主句的表语the way跟了一个不定式to go，从句由since引导，这个从句的主干结构是skills... can be the difference，其中difference带了一个介词短语between... and...，and后面的not可以补足为not having a job。再者就是中的插入成分，all other factors being equal，这是一个独立主格结构，在本句中作为插入短语，起到限制的作用。
△理解好since后面的原因状语从句是这个句子的关键，当然还要注意for后面所跟的对象，以及主句不太确定的语气：might be the way。
试题解析：
59. [B] 意为：目标不明确。
　　第一段指出，有人主张为学生的未来工作而进行计算机课堂教学，有人则主张为教育的根本改革这一更广泛的目的进行计算机课堂教学，在这两种人之间存在着一条看不见的界限。很少有人撰文论述这一区别——或更确切地说是矛盾，但是，这一问题恰恰是主张汁算机课堂教学这一运动的症结之所在。可见，在这两句中已经提到了计算机教学的目的不清的问题。
　　在全文的最后一句作者总结说：当然，应该指出的是，无论是职业学校还是普通学校，其办学目的不明确都是无益的。
　　A意为：意义深远的。
　　C意为：自相矛盾的。
　　D意为：根本改革的。
60. [D] 意为：起源于工业化国家的乐观主义态度。
　　第二段第三、四、五句指出，我们对一个美国公民的素质有一种既定的认识，认为，如果他不能充分地评价外在因素对其生活和幸福的影响，他的个性是不完整的。但是，情况不总是如此，在法律规定所有孩子必须上学到某个年龄之前（指义务制教育），有些人被普通认为本性上是不适于接受这种教育的。随着乐观主义的思想深入到所有工业化国家，人们开始认为每个人都适于受教育。
　　A意为：表明伪装下的悲观主义态度。
　　B意为：随着计算机的诞生而存在。
　　C意为：深深地植根于主张计算机教育的人们的思想中。computered是本文作者杜撰的一个词，根据第二段最后一句，computered advocate当理解为“主张计算机课堂教学的人”。
61. [C] 意为：几乎不具有实际价值。意即不适用于其国家。
　　第三段第三句指出，此外，对于像我们这样偌大一个国家（指美国）来说，经济遍布这么多的州，涉及如此多的跨国公司，这种做法（指欧洲式的职业教育）很难培养出所需要的各类专业人员。
　　A意为：取决于学员开始接受培训的年龄。candidate这里指参加培训的人。
　　B意为：值得在社会各界进行尝试。
　　D意为：对各种专业人员来说都具有吸引力。
62. [A] 意为：应该作学校的辅助课程。
　　第四段第六句指出，无论如何，在成为任何一类专业人员所需要的众多真才实学中，计算机基础技能只是一种辅助技能。这里的complementary和选择项A中的auxiliary是同义词。
　　B意为：在获得专业素质的过程中加以强调。在最后一段作者指出，学习计算机基本技能很简单，不需要花太多的时间。可见，作者并不认为从职业培训的角度来学习计算机基础知识多么深奥难懂，因此也不需要“强调”。
　　C意为；花毕生的时间去掌握。根据最后一段，在作者看来，现在掌握计算机基础技能非常简单，不需要花毕生的时间学习各种软件程序，掌握基础计算机技能最多只需要一两个月。
　　D意为：无论是职业学校还是普通学校都强调。有关文章最后一句话的意思参阅第59题题解。
全文翻译：
　　对于计算机课堂教学，人们在观点上存在着一条无形的界限：一种是以学生的就业前景为理由，另一种是以激进的教育改革为理由。很少有人就这一区别——事实上是矛盾——进行撰文探讨，但它却是促使计算机进入课堂的活动出问题的关键。
　　旨在使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大差别。根据法律要求，所有儿童都必须就学至十几岁，其目的并非简单地增加他们的谋职能力。我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，即他必须准确判断自身的生活和幸福是如何受到外界影响的，否则他的公民特征就是不完整的。但是情况并不总是如此；在法律要求所有儿童必须上学至一定年龄之前，人们普遍认为有些儿童天生就不适合接受这种教育。随着工业化给国家带来的特有乐观精神，我们已经接受人人都适合受教育的观念。倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，取而代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。基于将计算机引入课堂的“教育理由”和“谋职理由”的混淆，主张计算机教育的人常常只强调毕业生的就业前景，而忽略了他们的教育成就。
　　对适当的学生实行职业教育也有道理。欧洲的许多学校很早就引进职业培训的概念，以确保儿童具备欲从事的职业所需的技能。然而，去臆断科学家、商人、会计职位的数量是武断的。此外，在我们这么大的一个国家里，经济延展到这么多的州，涉及到这么多的国际公司，因而要按照数量培养出所需要的各类专业人员是不太可能的。
　　但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。当然，目前计算机的基本操作非常简单。不需要花毕生的时间去熟悉各种不同的软件程序的使用。当然如果想成为一名计算机工程师，事情就完全不同了。基本的计算机技能最长也只需一两个月即学会。不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是对成为专业技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充。当然应该看到的是，不管是职业学校、还是普通学校，混淆计算机教学的目的，都不会受益。


1999 Passage 4

　　When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group — the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) — has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.
　　NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells — routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
　　In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning." Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
　　NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
　　NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still "up in the air."
63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.
　　[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
　　[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
　　[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
　　[D] the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning
64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.
　　[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
　　[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
　　[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
　　[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.
　　[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning
　　[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
　　[C] an embryo's life will not be endangered in embryo research
　　[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law
66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
　　[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
　　[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time
　　[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC's appeal
　　[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled

重点词汇：
startle  （使吃惊）即start+le，start开始，le拼音“了”，监考老师说：考试“开始了”，于是同学们“大吃一惊”。Poetry should be great and unobtrusive, a thing which enters into one's soul, and does not startle it or amaze it with itself, but with its subject.诗歌应当既不寻常又不唐突，它深入人心不是以其本身，而是以其主题使心灵震动或惊奇。
husbandry  （n.耕作；饲养）看作husband+(d)ry，让丈夫(husband)口干舌燥(dry)的事→耕作；饲养。
feverishly （激动地，狂热地）←fever+ish+ly。
indefinitely  （不确定地）即in+de+fin+ite+ly，in-否定前缀，de-向下，fin词根“界限”，-ite形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“不能下定界限地”→不确定地。definite（明确的）←de+fin+ite。参define（下定义；限定），2002年Text 4。Liberty does not consist in mere declarations of the rights of man. It consists in the translation of those declarations into definite actions.自由并不仅仅是人权宣言，自由在于使这些宣言化为明确的行动。
restriction  （限制，约束）即re+strict+ion，re-一再，strict单词“严厉的”，-ion名词后缀，“一再严厉的事”→约束；动词形式为restrict←re+strict。Read your job description but never be restricted by it.读工作任务条例但不可受其限制。
molecular  （分子的）即mole+cul(e)+ar，mole单词“痣”，-cule后缀表示“小”，-ar形容词后缀，于是“像小痣一样的”→分子。分类记忆：molecule分子；atom原子；neutron中子；proton质子；nucleus原子核；ion离子。If the molecules in one drop of water could be converted into grains of sand, there would be enough sand to build a concrete highway, half a mile wide and one foot thick, from New York to San Francisco.假如一滴水里的分子可以变为沙粒，形成的沙子就足以建造一条半英里宽、一英尺厚的混凝土公路，从纽约直到旧金山。
legislation  （立法；法规）看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion，leg词根“法律”（参allegation宣称，2003年Text 2），is是，late迟的，-ion名词后缀，“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”。Inflation is the one form of taxation that can be imposed without legislation.通货膨胀就是那种无须立法便可实施的征税方式。
consensus  （意见一致）即con+sens(e)+us，con-一起，sense感觉，-us名词后缀，“共同的感觉”→意见一致。consensus — ①the security blanket of the insecure ②the negation of leadership 多数人的意见——①不安全的安全覆盖物 ②领导的对立面。
nuclear  （核的，原子核的）即nuc+le+ar，nuc=nut坚果，-le后缀表示“小”，-ar形容词后缀，“像小坚果一样的”→原子核的。nucleus（核心，原子核）←nuc+le+us名词后缀，复述形式为nuclei  或nucleuses。Pro football is like nuclear warfare. There are no winners, only survivors.职业足球有如核战争，其中没有赢家，只有幸存者。
embryo  （胚胎；胚胎的）即em+bryo，em-“使”，bryo词根“膨胀的”（联想bra），“正蓬勃生长的”→胚胎。
impose  （v.强加；征税）即im+pose，im-加强前缀，pose词根“放”，“强制性地放”→强加→引申为：征税。When one has had to work so hard to get money, why should he impose on himself the further hardship of trying to save it?已经是为了赚钱而不得不如此辛苦地工作，为什么还要把极力省钱这种更苦的事强加给自己呢？
ethical  （伦理的，合乎道德的）←eth+ical，eth词根“道德”，-ical后缀；ethics（伦理，伦理学）←eth+ics后缀表“学科”←研究道德的学问。ethics — aesthetics from within 伦理学——出自内心的美学。
explicitly  （明晰地；坦率地）即ex+plic+it+ly，ex-(=out of)，plic词根“折叠”，-it形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“没有折叠地”→完全显露地→清楚地。参complicated（复杂的；难解的），2002年Text 2。
panel of experts 专家小组；up in the air 悬而未决。
难句解析：
①Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
▲这个长句严格来说主语只有一个he和两个谓语（order和ask）。第一个逗号之前是一个表示伴随状态的现在分词短语，declaring后面是一个that引导的宾语从句，注意其中有一个use... to...的动词结构，然后是主句，第一个谓语ordered后面也是一个that引导的宾语从句，这个从句用了虚拟语气，在谓语动词be前面省略了should；破折号之间是个although引导的让步从句，是对前面的补充；and后面是第二个谓语asked，用了短语搭配ask... to...，ask的宾语其实是panel，这个单词的前后都是它的修饰成分，尤其是有过去分词chaired引导的短语，表明的是这个panel的领导者是谁；to后面的动词report接的是目的地the White House，时间要求in 90 days，内容recommendations，后面的for短语说明的是recommendations的内容。
△理解这个句子的关键在于找到主句的两个谓语，然后理清两个谓语动词后面的宾语成分；再者就是句子开始的现在分词结构和破折号之间的补充成分。
②NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.
▲这个句子的主语是NBAC，谓语ask后面是两个并列的宾语从句，从句都用了虚拟语气的谓语形式，即省略了should，谓语动词用原形be。第一个从句的主语是ban，这个词前后都是修饰成分；第二个从句还是用that引导，句式简单。要注意的是，如果把第二个从句补齐的话，应该是and possibly ask that it be made law。
△找出ask的两个宾语从句是理解这个句子的关键，同时注意虚拟语气的运用，明白谓语动词为什么用be动词原形。
③The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
▲这个简单句的宾语agreement跟了一个on引导的短语，说明的是agreement的内容，即a crucial question；question后面有一个whether引导的不定式短语，其中包含了一个宾语从句，从句的主语缺省，应该是legislation。在这个从句中有一个形式宾语it，真正的宾语是后面的for... to...结构。
△whether引导的不定式短语是这个句子的关键，注意其中的宾语从句以及it作为形式宾语所替代的真正宾语。
④In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning".
▲这个简单句的主干其实就是Shapiro suggested that从句。主语前面的部分是该句的状语，其中recommendations后面的过去分词结构是表明时间的修饰成分。主句的宾语从句中包含了一个consensus的同位语从句，解释的是consensus的内容，这个同位语从句中的it充当的是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning。
△该句的主要信息集中的两个地方，一个是the panel... found... consensus...，另一个是对于consensus的解释，尤其是对其中形式主语的理解。
⑤Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
▲在这个主从复合句中，前面是because引导的原因状语从句，这个从句的宾语是use，of短语说明了use的对象（federal funds），随后是两个并列的不定式短语，表明的是用途（create embryos；to knowingly endanger an embryo's life），其中括号里的内容是对embryos的解释，然后才是主句，注意介词on（关于）的用法。
△这个句子的关键在于use后面的修饰成分，尤其是两个to不定式的意义，说明了禁止的内容。再者注意括号里对embryos的解释。
试题解析：
63. [B] 意为：白宫对这一克隆技术方面的消息反应强烈。
　　根据第一段第一、二句，当苏格兰一个研究小组三个月前透露他们克隆了一只成年羊时，消息震动了世界，克林顿总统立即作出了反应，他宣布反对用这种特殊的畜牧技术克隆人，要求禁止使用联邦基金进行这样的研究——虽然尚未有人提出这样做，他要求成立一个由普林斯顿校长Shapiro领导的独立专家小组，就克隆人研究方面的国家政策问题拿出建议，在三个月内向白宫汇报。从这两句的内容来看，白宫的反应不仅迅速而且强烈。
　　A意为：联邦基金已被用于一个克隆人的项目中。见对B的解释。
　　C意为：NBAC被授权控制克隆技术的滥用。国家生物道德顾问委员会(NBAC)的职责是向白宫提出有关克隆人技术的政策性建议。
　　D意为：白宫已得到专家组有关克隆技术的建议。
64. [C] 意为：使用私人基金研究克隆人技术是犯罪行为。
　　在本文中，private funding区别于federal funds。根据第二段第三句，专家组还没有在一个关键问题上达成一致，即：是否建议立法，规定私人出资研究克隆人技术是犯罪行为。最后一段第一句也指出，NBAC成员们也表示，他们将呼吁私人资助的研究者和研究机构不要用细胞核移植技术来克隆人。
　　A意为：应该立法禁止使用联邦基金研究克隆人技术。根据第二段第一句，NBAC将要求克林顿总统有关使用联邦基金研究克隆人技术的禁令无限期延长，并且可能要求立法禁止。根据第四段，他们也计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核来克隆婴孩的企图。
　　B意为：不再对克隆人体DNA技术作更多的限制。根据第二段第二句，NBAC成员们计划对建议的内容严加措辞，以避免对涉及克隆人体DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）和细胞的研究增加新的限制——因为在分子生物研究中这种研究属常规研究课题。
　　D意为：克隆人类将是违背道德价值观的。第三段第一句指出，Shapiro在5月17日开会讨论的建议序言草稿中表示，专家组已取得广泛的一致意见，认为“试图利用成人细胞核克隆技术来创造人是不道德的。”
65. [D] 意为：有关这个问题法律己经作出了明确的陈述和规定。
　　根据第四段第二句，因为现行联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金创造供研究用的胚胎，或有意识地危害胚胎的性命，NBAC的建议将不再涉及胚胎的研究。
　　A意为：胚胎研究只不过是代表克隆技术的新发展。
　　B意为：婴儿的健康状况不是胚胎研究所主要关心的问题。
　　C意为：胚胎的性命在胚胎研究中不会受到威胁。
　　A、B、C提到的内容均与文章内容不符。
66. [A] 意为：某些NBAC成员对彻底禁止克隆技术的研究表示犹豫不决。
　　根据最后一段第二句，在是否进一步呼吁制定联邦法律彻底禁止克隆人技术研究方面，NBAC成员意见不一。虽然Shapiro和多数成员都赞成呼吁做这样的立法，但是，在一次电话采访中，他称这一问题仍然“悬而未决”。
　　B意为：禁止克隆人技术研究的法律将很快获得通过。
　　C意为：私人资助的研究者将会响应NBAC的呼吁。根据最后一段第一句，虽然不作出法律上的强行禁止，NBAC成员们也表示，他们将呼吁私人资助的研究者和研究机构不要用细胞核移植技术来克隆人。但是这里并没有提到——也没有足够的证据推测出私人资助的研究者对这一呼吁的态度。
　　D意为：克隆人技术研究这一问题将很快获得解决。
全文翻译：
　　当一个苏格兰研究小组透露三个月前他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速做出反应。他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——并责成成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极地工作，集思广益，并诉诸笔端；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。
　　NBAC将要求克林顿总统禁止使用联邦资金克隆人的90天禁令无限期地延长，并且还可能要求将之立法。但是，NBAC成员们正计划在建议的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多地限制——（这属于）分子生物研究中的常规课题。然而，该小组尚未在一个关键问题上达成一致，即是否建议立法机关把将私人资金用于克隆人的行为视为犯罪。
　　在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中，夏皮罗表示，专家组已取得广泛的共识，认为“试图利用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿将是违背道德伦理的”。夏皮罗解释说在与会期间，道德上的怀疑主要源于对婴儿健康带来危害的担忧。随后，该小组非正式地接受了几条一般的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。
　　NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核去克隆婴孩的任何企图。因为现行的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆研究用的胚胎（人类子代出生前的最早阶段）或有意识地危及胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研究这一问题上保持沉默。
　　NBAC的成员明确表示，他们呼吁由私人提供资金的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核转移去克隆人。但他们在是否进一步要求联邦立法强令彻底禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。夏皮罗和大多数委员赞成将此立法，但在电话采访中，他透露这一议题仍“悬而未决”。


1999 Passage 5

　　Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
　　How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree？ Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredicability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
　　In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
　　What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.
　　[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
　　[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
　　[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
　　[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
68. The author asserts that scientists ________.
　　[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought
　　[B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
　　[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
　　[D] should be confident about their research findings
69. It seems that some young scientists ________.
　　[A] have a keen interest in prediction
　　[B] often speculate on the future
　　[C] think highly of creative thinking
　　[D] stick to "scientific method"
70. The author implies that the results of scientific research ________.
　　[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected
　　[B] can be measured in dollars and cents
　　[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern
　　[D] are mostly underestimated by management

重点词汇：
supposedly  （大概；据推测）即suppose+(e)d+ly，suppose（猜想；假设），-ed形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀。My own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose.我个人隐约觉得，宇宙之奇异不仅超过我们所料想的，更超过我们所能够料想的。We can not suppose that some men have a right to be in this world, and others no right.我们无法假定一些人有权力活在世上而另一些人没有。
particularly  （特别地；显著地）即particul+ar+ly，particul(=particle)微粒，-ar形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“连细微处的性质都具备地”→特别地；形容词形式为particular←particul+ar。Particulars are not to be examined till the whole has been surveyed.在概括地考察整体之前先不要探究细节。In heaven an angel is nobody in particular.在天堂里天使不是什么特别的人物。
substitute  （v.替代n.替代物）即sub+stitute，sub-“在下”，stitute词根“放置”，于是“在下面放置的”→“准备用作替换的”→替代或替代物。参constitutional，2002年Text 4。There is no substitute for hard work.任何东西都代替不了勤奋工作。Democracy substitutes election by the incompetent many for appointment by the corrupt few.民主政治以无能的多数进行的选择代替腐败的少数作出的委任。
imaginative  （富想象力的）即imagin(e)+ative，imagine（v.想象），-ative“多……的”。Anything one man can imagine, other men can make real.一个人能够想象出的任何东西都会有别人把它变为现实。
conference  （会议；协商）即con+fer+ence，con-一起，fer词根“拿来”=bring，-ence名词后缀，“把意见拿到一起来协商”→会议。A conference is a gathering of important people who singly can do nothing, but together can decide that nothing can be done.会议就是重要人物的聚会，他们独自干不了什么事，但是在一起能决议什么事也干不了。Reading make a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.阅读使人充实，交谈使人机智，写作使人精确。conference — just an admission that you want somebody to join you in your troubles 会议——仅仅是一种加入权，即你遇到麻烦时，想要别人加入进来与你分担。
budget （v.n.预算）看作bud+get。The only good budget is a balanced budget.只有平衡的预算才是好的预算。budget — ①just another name for a family quarrel ②a detailed record of how you managed to spend more than you earned 预算——①家庭纠纷的代名词而已 ②表明你如何设法花掉比你所挣的钱还要多的一份详细记录。
worthwhile  （值得的）←worth+while。Love doesn't make the world go round. Love is what makes the ride worthwhile.爱情并不推动世界，它只是使人生值得。
speculate  （推测；投机）即specul+ate，specul词根“看”=spect，-ate动词后缀，联想：考研阅读题每个都不会做，对四个选项“看”来“看”去，希望看（推测）出答案，未果，最后只能看天由命（投机）了，于是悄悄拿出两枚硬币……There are two times in a man's life when he should not speculate; when he can't afford it and when he can.人的一生中有两个时候不应投机：投机不起的时候和投机得起的时候。
victim  （受害者，牺牲品）。Men who do not make advances to women are apt to become victims to women who make advances to them.不追逐女人的男人容易成为追逐他们的女人的牺牲品。
consistently （始终如一地）即con+sist+ent+ly，con-一直，sist词根“站”，-ent形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，“一直站在那里地”→始终如一地；形容词形式为consistent←con+sist+ent；名词形式为consistency←con+sist+ency名词后缀。Consistency is contrary to nature, contrary to life. The only completely consistent people are the dead.一成不变违反自然、违反生命，能够做到完全始终如一的只有死人。Consistency is the last resort of the unimaginative.一致性是缺乏想象力的人们的最后乐园。consistency — ①what requires you to be as ignorant today as you were a year ago ②the last refuge of the imaginative 前后一致——①要求你今天像一年前一样无知 ②富有想象力的人的最后避难所。
convince（使信服）。The best way to convince a fool that he is wrong is to let him have his own way.使愚人认识错误的最好办法，是让他走自己的路。
faithfully  （忠实地；守信地）←faithful+ly。Books are those faithful mirrors that reflect to our minds thoughts of sages and heroes.书籍是忠实的镜子，把圣贤英杰的思想反映到我们的头脑中。faithful woman — a woman who doesn't want two men to suffer as the same time 忠实的女人——不愿让两个男人同时受折磨的女人。
auditor （审计员）用熟词editor（编者）记：auditor与editor的工作都是审查，但auditor审查的是钱，故以au开头←金的化学符号即Au。
distract （v.分散；扰乱）即dis+tract，dis-(=away)，tract词根“拉”，“把注意力拉出去”→分散注意力。The reason why we are so pleased to find out other people's secrets is that it distracts public attention from our own.我们所以如此乐于发现别人的秘密，是由于它能分散大家对我们自身秘密的注意。
register  （注册；自动计数器）。History, which is, indeed, little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind.历史实在不过是人类的罪行、蠢事与不幸的记录。
conformity  （遵守；顺从）←conform+ity名词后缀。conformity — the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth 顺从——自由的狱卒，成长的大敌。
inquire  （v.调查；询问）=enquire。Luck stops at the door and inquires whether prudence is within.好运在节俭的门前止步，问讯它是否在家。
neglect  （v.n.忽视；忽略）即neg+lect，neg-否定前缀（如negative→neg+ative形容词后缀→否定的；负的），lect词根“选择”（如elect→e+lect→v.选举，e-前缀=ex-）。Paying attention to simple little things that most men neglect makes a few men rich.注意多数人忽视的简单小事使少数人致富。A little neglect may breed mischief,... for want of a nail the shoe was lost; for want of a shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost.微小的疏忽可能酿成祸害，……缺一根钉子就会掉一块蹄铁，掉一块蹄铁就会失去一匹马，失去一匹马就会失去一名骑手。
profitable （有益的，有利可图的）即profit+able，profit（v.n.收益；利润），-able可……的。Genuine ignorance is… profitable because it is likely to be accompanied by humility, curiosity, and open-mindedness.真正的无知……不无益处，因为它很可能伴有谦虚、好奇、及思想开放。That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.使人怀着期待打开、带着收益合上的书就是好书。Great men are those who profit the most from the fewest mistakes.伟人是由最少的错误获得最多益处的人。
underestimate  （v.n.低估）←under+estimate估计；反义词为overestimate→over+estimate→高估。Never underestimate a man who overestimates himself.切勿低估一个过高估计他自己的人。
cut and dried 千篇一律；odd ball 古怪的人。
难句解析：
①The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
▲这个句子的主干是The fact answered the question。复杂之处在于主语fact跟了一个同位语从句，解释的是fact的内容，注意这个从句中and省略了与前面相同的主语谓语the apple fell；后面的宾语带了一个定语从句，这个从句的引导词that或者which省略了，about短语是对question的解释，those larger fruits of the heavens指的就是the moon and the planets。
△找出这个句子的主干，再看主语和宾语的修饰性短语，再一个需要注意的是larger fruits of the heavens和后面the moon and the planets的复指关系。
②In talking to scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought.
▲这个句子的主干是you... gather the impression...，但是它的主要内容集中在impression后面的同位语从句中。在这个解释impression的从句中有一个动词结构find+n.+n.，意思是“觉得……是……”，在本句中是“觉得科学方法是一种替代品”，for后面的短语解释了是什么的替代品。句子开始的介词短语充当的是状语，表示的是这种形象形成的时刻。
△可以撇开前面的状语短语，只看主干，重要的是理解that从句中find后面跟两个名词的用法。
③If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
▲这个主从复合句中的前半部分是if引导的条件从句，这个从句中有一个as... as...的结构，比较施行中的和书面所说的试验的真实度（faithfully），注意后一个as后面跟的是一个句子，其中the report谓语是indicate；后半部分是主句，句中的it是形式主语，代替的是后面for... to...的结构，这是真正的主语。还需要注意的是results后面跟的形容词短语说明的是results的衡量方式。
△准确理解as... as...结构，弄清faithfully这个副词修饰的是动词planned and carried out，再就是主句中形式主语的用法，要找到作为真正主语的不定式短语。
④It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
▲这个简单句的主语用的是形式主语it，真正的主语是for后面的部分。believe后面跟的是一个that引导的宾语从句，主干是scientists... should not be distracted by...，其中的主语scientists跟了一个who引导的定语从句，这个定语从句的宾语分别是where和how引导的两个从句。by后面名词跟了一个of前导的动名词短语，后面还有一个while引导的伴随状语，表示同时发生的动作。注意动词词组keep an eye on的用法。
△抓住believe后面宾语从句的意义，尤其是主语scientists的限定性从句以及by后面名词短语的修饰作用。
⑤Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
▲首先注意这个句子是个倒装句，原因是否定词nor在句首，后面紧跟的是if引导的条件从句，注意其中有一个as... as...的用法，中间跟的是形容词desirable，比较的是科学家对regularity and conformity的希望和他们论文所反映的要求；这样的构成使得主句的主语和谓语is发生了倒装，介词for后面跟动名词短语的是blamed的理由，注意against和in favor of后面各跟了一种不同类型的researchers，最后需要注意的是thinkers后面跟的是who引导的定语从句，起修饰作用。
△理解主句的倒装结构是理解这句话的关键，在看这个句子的时候不要忽略了句首的nor，这个单词否定了整个主句。此句的主干是Nor is management to be blamed。
试题解析：
67. [A] 意为：好奇心比科学实验更重要。
　　第一段第一句指出，在实践中，科学（的进步）更多地依赖于实验的观察者（指做实验的人）的心理准备状况，而更少地依赖于科学所设置的实验。本段其他部分所举的牛顿的例子用于说明这一句阐明的道理；第二段又对这一个例子进行了更具体的总结概括，指出了为捕捉未预料到的现象而做好心理准备的重要性。
　　B意为：当进行有成果的研究时，科学就会进步。
　　C意为：很少有科学家忘记研究的本质内容。
　　D意为：在科学研究中，不可预测性不如预测重要。根据第二段第五、六句，不可预测性是科学研究的本质内容（不可缺少）的一部分。如果没有不可预测性，就无所谓研究。
68. [B] 意为：不应该忽视对不可预测现象的推测。
　　第二段指出，不可预测性是科学研究的本质内容（不可缺少）的一部分。如果没有不可预测性，就无所谓研究。科学家们在为科学杂志写作千篇一律的报告时往往忘记这一点，但是历史上充满了这样的例子（指像牛顿一样通过预测没有预料到的现象获得重大发现的例子）。
　　A意为：不应该用想像思维代替“科学方法”。第三段指出，在与某些科学家——特别是年轻一点的科学家交谈时，你也许会得到达样一个印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替想象思维。可见，有些科学家是遵循“科学方法”的，但是，在他们写作论文时却经常忽视了。
　　C意为：应该为科学杂志撰写更简明的报告。根据文章第三、四段，科学家在撰写论文时经常忽视科学实验中的不可预测性因素，写出的论文给人以错误的印象，似乎科学实验总是能取得预期的结果。可见，这里不是一个简明不简明的问题。
　　D意为：应该对自己的研究发现有信心。第三段举的例子旨在说明：科学家对待科学实验的态度和他们写作论文的方式很不一致，因此容易引起其他人的误解。
69. [D] 意为：坚持“科学方法”。参考第68题对选择项A的解释。
　　A意为：对预测很感兴趣。
　　B意为；经常预测未来。
　　C意为：崇尚创造性思维。
　　文章只在第三段第一句提到了年轻科学家的态度。
70. [A] 意为：可能不像预料的那样有利可图。
　　第四段第三句指出，假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的论文所显示的那样完全按事先的计划设计完成，那么，管理者如果期望实验会产生可以用美元和美分测量的结果就会是完全符合逻辑的。言外之意，科学实验中总是会存在一些难以预测的现象，因此所产生的结果有时难以预测到，因此，不能肯定地说某项实验必定会产生经济效益。
　　B意为：可以用美元和美分测量。
　　C意为：依赖于与标准模式的一致性。第四段最后一句话的意思是：假如像他们的论文所反映的那样科学家们也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么，如果管理者们歧视研究者中的“怪人”，而喜欢善于合作的、具有传统思维模式的人，这也是无可指责的。言外之意，科学实验中可能存在很多不可预测现象，如果实验者有充分的心理准备，及时把握住这些现象，突破传统的思维方式，就可能获得更有价值的发明。
　　D意为：大都被管理者低估了。
全文翻译：
　　在实践中，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于实验的观察者（即做实验的人）的心理是否有足够的准备。艾萨克•牛顿爵士通过苹果落地发现了万有引力。多少个世纪以来，苹果一直在许多地方落到地面，也有成千上万的人看到过苹果落地。多年来牛顿一直对月球和行星绕轨道运行的起因好奇不已。是什么使它们处于现在的位置呢？它们为什么不落到天空之外呢？苹果向下落到地面不是向上飞到树上，这一事实回答了他长期以来一直对天空中更大果实——月球和行星所存有的疑问。
　　多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性呢？牛顿考虑过，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。他只是怀有好奇心。他的思想在准备思考不可预测的事。不可预测性是科学研究不可或缺的一个重要特征。如果没有不可预测现象的产生就无所谓科学研究了。科学家们在为科学杂志撰写千篇一律的报告时常常忘记这一点，而历史上这样的例子却比比皆是。
　　在和一些科学家，特别是年轻科学家交谈时，你可能会有这样一种印象：他们认为“科学方法”可以代替创造性思维。我出席过一些科研会议，会上有人问一位科学家继续某项实验是否是明智之举。那位科学家皱了皱眉，又看了看图表，然后说：“数据还是不够充分。”预算部门的人说：“这点我们知道，但你的意见如何？你觉得值得做下去吗？你觉得我们可以期待什么呢？”这位科学家感到很震惊，他没有料到人们会让他做出预测。
　　当然，这几乎等于说：那位科学家成了他自己论文的受害者。他所提出的种种论断是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不仅他自己相信了，而且也说服了工商界的管理者相信其正确性。假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样完全按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。审计人员也完全有理由相信，确切知道自己的目标并知道如何实现这一目标的科学家们根本没必要用一只眼盯着现金计数器的同时，还要用另一只眼睛盯着显微镜。如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“善于合作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指摘的。

qingqing

2000 Passage 1

　　A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.　
　　It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
　　All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
　　How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The US achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because________.
　　[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
　　[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
　　[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
　　[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
52. The loss of US predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American________.
　　[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
　　[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
　　[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
　　[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
53. What can be inferred from the passage?
　　[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
　　[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
　　[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
　　[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.
　　[A] turning of the business cycle
　　[B] restructuring of industry
　　[C] improved business management
　　[D] success in education

重点词汇：
handicap  （v.阻碍；使不利）←hand+i(n)+cap，据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。cultural handicap 文化障碍；language handicap 语言障碍。
unparalleled （无可比拟的）←un+parallel+ed；parallel（n.v.a.平行；相似）即para+llel，para-前缀“在旁边”=beside，llel三个l看作是“平行线”。parallel points in the characters of different men 不同人的个性的相同之处。
prosperous （繁荣的）←prosper（v.繁荣）+ous；prosperity  （繁荣）←prosper+ity名词后缀。The problems to be resolved demand, and create, spiritual resources which the prosperous ease of a golden age will never inspire.等待解决的问题需要并且造成了黄金时代的繁荣安逸不可能激发的精神资源。The prosperity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed.国家的繁荣与有效使用的人手和头脑的数量成比例。If we did not something taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.如果不偶尔遭遇不幸，幸福就不会如此甜蜜。prosperity — something the businessmen create for the politicians to take credit for 繁荣——实业家发明出来让政客居功的某种东西。
predominance  （优势）即pre+domin+ance，pre-“在前”，domin词根“支配”（如dominate→domin+ate动词后缀→支配；占优势），-ance名词后缀；predominant（占优势的；起主要作用的）←pre+domin+ant形容词后缀。the predominant feature of sb.'s character 某人性格的主要特征。
sensational （感动的；引起轰动的）即sens(e)+ation+al，sense词根“感觉”，-sation名词后缀，-al形容词后缀。sensational literature 令人激动的作品；a sensational crime 骇人听闻的罪行。
attribute  （属性v.归因于）即at+tribute，at-(=to)，tribute词根“给”，于是“把属性给某物”→归因于；contribute  （v.贡献；捐献；投稿）即con一起+tribute，“一起给”→捐献→引申为“投稿”。参distribution，2003年Text 1。I attribute the little I know to my not having been ashamed to ask for information, and to my rule of conversing with all descriptions of men on those topics that form their own peculiar professions and pursuits.我把自己这点知识归因于不耻于提问，归因于常常与各种各样的人谈论那些造成了他们各自专业与行当的主题。The value of a man is decided by what he has contributed, not by what he has obtained.人的价值取决于他所贡献的，而非他所获取的。
executive （执行的；执行官）可看作exe+cut+ive，exe即“可执行文件”后缀名，cut切，-ive后缀，“执行(exe)官的任务是——如果你不听话，就把你cut掉”。The business system is blessed with a built-in corrective, namely, that one executive's mistakes become his competitor's assets.商界有一条天然的校正法则，即：决策者的失误会变成竞争对手的资产。executive — a person who always decides; sometimes he decides correctly 管理人员——总在做决定的人；有时候他也能做出正确决定。
productivity  （生产率）即produc(e)+tiv(e)+ity，produce生产，-tive形容词后缀，-ity名词后缀。raise the labour productivity 提高劳动生产率。
impetus  （n.推动；推动力）可看作im+pet+us，im-即in-（in-在p前变形为im-），pet宠物，us我们，宠物(pet)里面(im)有我们(us)的动力(impetus)。the primary impetus behind the economic recovery 促使经济复苏的主要推动力。
manifest （明白的；v.表明）看作man+if+est，man男人，if是否，est形容词最高级，“男人是否最明白”。No amount of manifest absurdity... could deter those who wanted to believe from believing.无论明显的荒唐有多大……都无法阻止那些由于相信而相信的人。
withdraw  （v.撤销；缩回；提取）←with+draw，with-(=back, against)，draw拉，“拉回来”。This is no time for any man to withdraw into some ivory tower and proclaim the right to hold himself aloof from the problems and the agonies of his society.现在对于任何人都不是缩进某座象牙塔并声明自己有权置身于社会问题与痛苦之外的时候。
restructure  （v.重组）←re+structure，re-再=again，structure（v.n.构造）。The past has revealed to me the structure of the future.过去向我揭示了未来的结构。
at a loss 不知所措；on the ropes 岌岌可危；take sth. for granted 认为理所当然；quick-witted 机智的；think-tank 智囊团。
难句解析：
①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.
▲该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。but与后一个分句之间又插入一个由if引导的条件状语if properly handled，该状语原来是一个if引导的条件状语从句，即if it(a history of long and effortless success) is properly handled，其中的it is由于和该分句的主句部分主谓语一致而被省略掉了。
△本句结构比较简明，只需注意but与it may become a driving force之间的if结构是一个插入语，并且是一个省略了主语和系动词的被动语态。此外handicap意为“不利条件”。
②Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
▲前一句中its workers the most skilled是一个伴随状语，省略了其中的being，补齐成分后应为its workers being the most skilled。后一句中beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians作prosperous的状语，beyond为介词，是“超越，超出”的意思。而whose economies the war had destroyed作定语从句修饰the Europeans and Asians，原形是the war had destroyed the economies of the Europeans and Asians。
△注意beyond一词的意思，它表示“在……之外”。
③For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
▲该句带有一个表语从句，其表语从句中又套有两个并列的定语从句。全句主句部分的主谓结构是it looked...，as though（即as if好像）引导的从句是looked（看上去）的表语。表语从句中主语为the making of semiconductors，谓语为was going to be，而逗号之间的两个which从句是the making of semiconductors的非限定性定语，同时又是插入语。
△注意理解the next casualty的含义，casualty本意为“伤亡”，此处是“被国外产品击败的美国本土产业”。
④Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
▲英语的句式词汇一般都比较简练，如果将本句用中国人习惯的语式讲出应该如下：Their sometimes surprising findings about the causes of American's industrial decline are full of the warnings about the growing competition from overseas nations.
△sensational即surprising。另外注意本句的中心意思在句末的the growing competition from overseas。
⑤Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.
▲attribute... to...将……归功或归咎于……。solely作状语修饰attribute，this指代上一句中的five years of solid growth，此外as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle作宾语such obvious causes的补语。
△yield to是“向……屈服”，即“被取代”。此处使用了现在完成时，证明这种状态到现在已成型。
试题解析：
51. [C] 意为：战争摧毁了多数潜在的竞争国的经济。
　　提问中predominance意为“优势”。
　　第一段指出，第二次世界大战以后，美国进入一个欣欣向荣的(glowing)发展时期，它拥有八倍于其他任何一个竞争国家的市场，工业经济发展到空前规模，它拥有世界上最优秀的科学家和技术最高的工人。美国的繁荣和美国人的富裕水平，是欧洲人和亚洲人做梦也达不到的，因为战争摧毁了他们的经济。
　　A意为：它已经为实现这一目标付出了艰苦的努力。
　　B意为：其国内市场比以前大八倍。
　　D意为：其劳动力（数量）空前的规模促进了经济的发展。
52. [D] 意为：汽车工业失去了部分国内市场。
　　第二段第六句提到，进口车和纺织品涌进（美国）国内市场。
　　A意为；电视工业萎缩回到了国内市场（即：该工业失去了国际市场）。根据第二段，到80年代中期，面对其工业竞争力的日益衰退，美国人感到无计可施(at a loss)，美国某些大的行业——如电子消费品——在园际竞争的压力下，面临萎缩或消亡的威胁。到1987年为止，美国仅存的电视制造商只有Zenith一家了（现在已荡然无存：Zenith于7月份（指文章写作年代的7月份）被韩国LG电子有限公司购买）。这里并没有直接提到美国电视失去国际市场，事实上，它连国内市场也保不住了。
　　B意为：半导体行业被外国公司接管。第二段最后一句提到，在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者，虽然美国是半导体的发明者，而且半导体又处于新的计算机时代的核心位置（即：在新的时代中起着关键作用）。本句中casualty意为“伤亡”、“受害者”，与上一句中be on the ropes（美语俚语，意为“即将完蛋”）相照应。这里所说的是半导体制造商似乎(as though)要失去国内外市场．而不是被国外企业接管。
　　C意为：机床制造业自取灭亡。第二段提到了机床制造业“即将完蛋”(on the ropes)。这显然也是说它正在失去国内外市场，并未提到它的灭亡是由其自身原因造成的。
53. [B] 意为：激烈的竞争可能促进经济的发展。
　　第三段提到，严峻的现实（this指上一段中提到的诸多现状）使美国人失去了自信，他们不再认为繁荣是自然而至的事，他们开始认识到自己的经营方式存在严重问题(failing)。在80年代中期，他们开始挖掘美国经济衰退的原因，他们有时有些惊人的(sensational)发现，其中往往提示人们警惕外来竞争。第四段提到了90年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在80年代进行了自我反思和产业结构调整，因此带来了90年代的经济复苏。
　　A意为：在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摆来摆去是人的本性。（即：人倾向于在这两种心态之间摇摆）。
　　C意为：经济的复苏取决于国际间的合作。
　　D意为：长期的成功可以为进一步的发展铺平道路。
54. [A] 意为：经济周期的转机。
　　在第四段，作者指出，截止到1995年，美国已经经历了五年的稳定（经济）增长，而日本却在困境中挣扎，但是，美国人并不将这一增长看做是美元贬值或经济周期的转机等明显的因素直接带来的，而是由自我怀疑变为盲目的骄傲。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评，认为，90年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。
　　B意为：产业结构的调整。根据Richard Cavanaugh的看法，美国经济的持续增长是由产业结构的调整造成，他认为美国的产业正在“节食”(go on a diet)，正在变得更加理智。但这并不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。
　　C意为：经营管理的改善。根据Stephen Moore的看法，美国的经济正在提高其生产率。但这也不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。
　　D意为：教育上的成功。
全文翻译：
　　一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。
　　随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。（现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。）外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。
　　所有这一切导致了信任危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。80年代中期，人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。
　　情况的变化真快！1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。到如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德•卡佛纳的看法。华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬•莫尔说：“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。”哈佛商学院的威廉•萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。


2000 Passage 2

　　Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.
　　There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
　　For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years — even the past 100 years — our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
　　[A] A lack of mates.
　　[B] A fierce competition.
　　[C] A lower survival rate.
　　[D] A defective gene.
56. What does the example of India illustrate?
　　[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
　　[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
　　[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
　　[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because________.
　　[A] life has been improved by technological advance
　　[B] the number of female babies has been declining
　　[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
　　[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
　　[A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution.
　　[B] Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.
　　[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.
　　[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.

重点词汇：
maturity  （成熟）←matur(e)+ity，mature（成熟的v.成熟），-ity名词后缀。Love is quiet understanding and the mature acceptance of imperfection.爱情是静静的理解和对不足之处的成熟接受。maturity — ①behaviour determined by the plans other people have in mind ②a high price for growing 成熟——①按照别人脑子里的计划决定自己的行为 ②成长的高昂代价。
mortality  （死亡率）←mortal+ity，mortal（致命的；凡人），-ity名词后缀。If I laugh at any mortal thing, it's that I may not weep.如果我笑任何mortal事物，那是为了我可以免于哭泣。←此处mortal的中文意思guangxian不知如何表达。
survive  （v.幸存；比……活的长）即sur+vive，sur-(=super-)前缀“超”，vive词根“活的”，于是“超过别人活的长度”→比别人活得长→幸存；survival  （n.幸存；幸存者）←surviv(e)+al名词后缀。同根词：revive（v.恢复；复苏），见2003年Text 1。I have observed that only those plants in nature which are strongest survive and reproduce themselves. It seems to me that hardiness is the chief essential for success.我观察到，自然界中只有最强壮的植物才能存活并繁衍。看来坚韧是成功的基本要素。The survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.我在这里一直想要以机械论术语表达的适者生存，就是达尔文先生说过的“自然选择”，或者说是优越种族在生存斗争中的保存。guangxian注：英特尔前任总裁Andrew S. Grove的一本极具影响力的书就叫“Only the Paranoid Survive”。此书名一直被译作《只有偏执狂才能生存》，导致上世纪九十年代后期以来无数强烈渴望成功的创业者（IT界为甚）以将“偏激固执”作为人生信条而自豪。但就像很多人已指出的那样，“paranoid”不是指上述意义的“偏执狂”，而是指“****妄想狂”，其典型症状是——认为周围所有人都想加害自己而终日惶恐不安。Grove在书的前言中说：Business success contains the seeds of its own destruction. The more successful you are, the more people want a chunk of your business and then another chunk and then another until there is nothing left. I believe that the prime responsibility of a manager is to guard constantly against other people's attacks and to inculcate this guardian attitude in the people under his or her management.企业的成功包含着自身毁灭的种子。你越是成功，对你垂涎三尺的人就越多，他们会一块块地夺取你的生意，直到最后一点都不剩。所以管理者的首要职责就是始终保持警惕以防范他人袭击，并把这种防范意识灌输给下属人员。
evolution （n.进化；发展），动词形式为evolve ；evolutionary  （进化的）←evolution+ary形容词后缀；另revolution（见2003年Text 1）可看作r+evolution，r看作镰刀，于是“用镰刀使其发展”→“拿着镰刀闹革命”→革命。Evolution is not the force but a process, not a cause but a law.进化不是动力而是过程，不是原因而是法则。
opportunity  （机会）即op+port+un(e)+ity，op-前缀=to，port港口，-une后缀，-ity后缀，有港口的地方都是很发达的，因此人们都到港口去寻找“机会”。Opportunity makes the thief.大意失荆州。（←妙！）A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.智者创造的机会要比他发现的多。opportunity — a bird that never perches 机遇——一只不落的鸟。
diminish （v.缩小，减少）即di+min+ish，di-前缀“使”，min词根“小”=mini，-ish动词后缀。Absence diminishes little passions and increases great ones, just as the wind blows out a candle and fans a fire.离别减弱浅薄的感情而增强深厚的感情，正如风吹灭蜡烛而煽旺火焰。
poverty （贫穷）记其中有over←“人贫穷就完了”（即使物质贫穷，在精神上也不能贫穷）。Poverty is not vice, but an inconvenience.贫穷不是罪恶，而是一种不便。poverty — ①having enough money to buy all the things you ever wanted to have if only you hadn't got children ②the most effective way to keep out robbers and thieves 贫穷——①假如没有孩子，你的钱就能买得起你想要的任何东西 ②把强盗和小偷拒之门外的最有效方法。
mediocrity  （平常）可看作medi+ocr+ity，medi-前缀“中间”（如medium→medi+um后缀→中间的；媒介），ocr看作Optical Character Recognition（光学字符识别），-ity名词后缀，用中等(medi)识别率OCR的效果是平常(medicocrity)的。
upper-middle-class 上中阶层。
Utopia （乌托邦）是英国空想社会主义者托马斯•莫尔(Thomas More)所著书名的简称，书中描写了作者所想象的没有阶级的幸福社会——乌托邦，意即“没有的地方”。Utopia — ①a place where men are severely punished for all odours and noises they expel ②the place where all women get married, and all men remain bachelors 乌托邦——①在那个地方，人类因其散发的气味和制造的噪音而受到惩罚 ②所有女人都结了婚，而所有男人却仍然单身的地方。
involve  （v.陷入；涉及）←in+volve，in-前缀=into，volve词根“卷”，“把东西卷到里面”。参revolution词条（含revolve），2003年Text 1。Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the co-operation of many minds.伟大的发展和改进总是牵涉到许多富于才智的人的协作。The power of choice must invovle the possibility of error — that is the essence of choosing.选择的权力必须包括出错的可能——这是选择的精髓。
transform  （v.转变；改造）即trans+form，trans-前缀“改变”，form词根“形状”。Marriage is the miracle that transform a kiss from a pleasure into a duty, and a life from a luxury into a necessity.婚姻是个奇迹，它把接吻从快乐化为义务，把生活从享乐化为必需。
describe  （v.描述，形容）←de向下+scribe写，“写下来”，名词为description。A man never discloses his own character so clearly as when he describes another's.在描述另一个人的性格时，人最清楚地显露自己的性格。
descendant  （后裔）即de+scend+ant，de-向下，scend词根“爬”，-ant名词后缀表“人”。同根词：descend→de+scend→“向下爬”→下降；ascend→a+scend→“向上爬”→攀登。One of the best things people could do for their descendants would be to sharply limit the number of them.人们能为后代做的最好的事情之一大概就是严格限制自己的数量。
难句解析：
①There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.
▲该句是由三个递进关系的简单句组成的并列句，句法结构比较清晰。
△第一个分句的关键词在born，表明该比数是婴儿出生时的性别比例；第二个分句的关键词在near balance（接近持平）和at the age of maturity，表示性别比例的持平状态发生在成年时期；第三个分句的70-year-olds指代的是“70岁的人们”，作名词。
②Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.
▲注意differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it是两个并列的主语，千万不要理解成people与the opportunity是between的并列宾语。
△and连接的两个并列部分是differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it，而不是people和the opportunity。另外注意句中的it指代的是differences between people。
③The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
▲该句的主语是The grand mediocrity，谓语是means，其后跟着that引导的宾语从句that natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes，其中compared to the tribes是分词结构作状语，省略了if/when being。破折号中间everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring是典型的插入语，其中survival和number of offspring都是介词in的宾语。
△grand在此处不是“宏伟，壮丽”的意思，而是“程度很深”；mediocrity也非“平庸，平常”，而是“平均化”或“折衷”；offspring是“后代”。另外要理解natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India的意思，这里是指在原来的社会不平等的情况下，印度中上层阶级拥有一些能使自己在自然选择中处于优势的特权，而随着医疗和卫生条件的改变，下层人民也拥有同样的生存条件，因此中上层阶级就丧失了80％的自然选择中的优势。
④Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."
▲冒号后的句子是主句中a phrase的同位语。该同位语从句中的结构是A does something as B does something（A做某事的样子正像B做某事的样子）。
△those ignorant of evolution指对生物进化过程一无所知的人，其后的they也指代这些人。最后的his指代前面的a savage。beyond his comprehension超出了他的理解范围。
试题解析：
55. [C] 意为；较低的存活率。
　　第一段第一、二句指出，做男人总是有危险的。出生时男孩比例高于女孩，到成熟期时男女比例已持平，到70岁时男人仅剩女人数量的一半了。
　　A意为：配偶的缺乏。第一段第四、五句提到，现在，男孩的存活率几乎与女孩一样了，这意味着，到寻找配偶的关键年龄时，就会有多余的男孩（找不到配偶）。这两句话仅是论据，说明本段第三句指出的现象：过去普遍存在的男人死亡率高的现象正在改变。
　　B意为：激烈的竞争。
　　D意为：有缺陷的基因。第一段最后一句指出，既然其中的差别都是由基因造成的，另一个进化因素不复存在了。这里并未提到基因的缺陷造成男人的高死亡率。
56. [B] 意为：自然选择的法则基本不适用于穷富的差别。
　　印度的例子用于说明第二段第六句指出的观点：不同的人面对自然选择时所可利用的优劣势差别已经变小。根据下文．这一句应理解为：在存活率问题上，富人和穷人几乎面临着同样的机会，即富人已渐失其优势。另请参阅本段最后一句。
　　A意为：富人（家庭）一般比穷人孩子少。虽然这也许是事实，但文章井未提到这一点。
　　C意为：中产阶级人口数量比部落人口少80％。第二段最后一句的意思是：今天的总平均趋势——存活率和孩子数量的平均化——意味着自然选择在印度的中高层家庭人口中——与部落人口相比——已失去80％的控制力；即：中高阶层不再拥有绝对的生存优势。
　　D意为：印度是出生率很高的国家之一。这是文章没有提到的。
57. [A] 意为：技术的进步改进了生命（的质量）。
　　第三段第四、五句指出，在过去的10万年乃至100年中，我们的生活得到了改变，但是身体却没有改变，我们（的身体）没有进化的原因是机器和社会使其然。这里所说的“机器”当指技术。
　　B意为：女婴数量减少了。参阅第55、56题题解。
　　C意为：我们这种物种（指人）已达到最高进化阶段。虽然在第三段中作者的确提到了进化已经结束(evolution is over)，但是造成这种现象的原因却只有在第五句中才提到。
　　D意为：贫富差别正在逐渐消失。即使在第二段，文章也没有提到贫富差别的消失，提到的只是贫富家庭在婴孩存活率和孩子平均数量上差别正在缩小。
58. [D] 意为：人的进化已穷尽。
　　在第一段阐述男人死亡率降低的原因时，作者就指出了进化机制已不再起作用，第二段在讨论每个家庭孩子平均数量减少这一现象时，作者再次指出自然进化机制已不能再左右人口的出生率，即：人不再通过多生孩子来保持人口的均衡。在总结全文的第三段时，作者直截了当地指出，进化已经结束。
　　A意为：人的进化过程中性别比例的改变。这一点仅在第一段提到了，所以，该选择项不足以概括全文内容。
　　B意为：保持人类进化的方法。
　　C意为：大自然未来的进化。本文侧重点在于探讨人口的结构变化与进化过程的关系，而不是泛泛地谈论大自然的进化。
全文翻译：
　　做男人总是充满危险，出生时男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成熟期，这一比例几乎持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会不复存在了。50年前，婴儿（尤其是男婴）存活的机会取决于体重，过轻或过重几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎不起什么作用，因为大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。
　　进化自杀还有另一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生育力。除了在一些宗教社区之外，没有几名妇女有15个孩子。当今婴儿出生的数量同死亡年龄一样已趋于平均化，我们多数人的子女数量大致相同。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会再一次减少。印度可以说明正在发生的一切。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80％的效力。
　　对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束；生物学上的乌托邦已经降临。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有牵涉到身体上的变化，没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年——甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们“看有机的生命如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西”。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。


2000 Passage 3

　　When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.
　　This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.
　　Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
　　This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?
59. This passage is mainly________.
　　[A] a survey of new approaches to art
　　[B] a review of Futurist poetry
　　[C] about merits of the Futurist movement
　　[D] about laws and requirements of literature
60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to________.
　　[A] determine its purposes
　　[B] ignore its flaws
　　[C] follow the new fashions
　　[D] accept the principles
61. Futurists claim that we must________.
　　[A] increase the production of literature
　　[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress
　　[C] develop new modes of expression
　　[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs
62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is________.
　　[A] based on reasonable principles
　　[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people
　　[C] indicative of basic change in human nature
　　[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature

重点词汇：
farfetched  （牵强的）即far+fetch+ed，far远的，fetch拿来，-ed形容词后缀，叫别人到很远(far)的地方去把东西拿回来(fetch)，这个要求是很“牵强的”(fartetched)。
futurist （未来派的；未来派艺术家）即futur(e)+ist，future（未来；未来的），-ist后缀。If we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we have lost the future.我们如果在过去和现在之间展开争吵，就会发现我们丧失了未来。Every hour of lost time is a chance of future misfortune.失去的每一小时都构成未来不幸发生的可能。future — something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour 未来——每个人都在以每小时60分钟的速度接近的东西。future shock — the shattering stress and disorientation that we induce in individuals by subjecting them to too much change in too short a time 未来的冲击——我们通过让个人在太短的时间内承受太多的变化而施加给他们的破坏性压力和定向障碍。
undergo  （v.经历；承受）即under+go，“在下面走”→经历。You cannot create experience, you must undergo it.你不能创造经验，你必须经历它。undergo a long process of tempering 经受长期的磨练。
corresponding  （相应的；符合的）即cor+respond+ing，cor-共同（con-在r前的变形），respond反应（见2003年Text 2），-ing形容词后缀；动词形式为correspond（相应；符合；通信）。Two delusions fostered by higher education are that what is taught corresponds to what is learned, and that it will somehow pay off in money.高等教育造成了两种错觉，一是教的东西就等于学到的东西，二是它总会通过某种方式以金钱回报。Science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense-experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought.科学试图将杂乱纷繁的感官经验纳入思维的逻辑有序的体系中。
interpret （v.解释；口译）；interpretor（译员）←interpret+or后缀表“人”。The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.哲学家们只是以不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改变世界。interpretor — someone who lies in two languages 译员——用两种语言说谎的人。
essential  （必不可少的；本质的）；名词形式为essence（本质；精华），记谐音“爱深思”→只有爱深思(essence)才可能发现事物的“本质”和“精华”。As a researcher perhaps two characters are most essential, one is love for sciences, the other is curiosity.作为研究人员有两种品质也许是最基本的：一是对科学的热爱，一是对事物的好奇心。The essence of romantic love is that wonderful beginning, after which sadness and impossibility may become the rule.浪漫的爱的本质是奇妙的开始，随后注定是悲伤与不可能。
finite （有限的）即fin+ite，fin词根“完”（如finish→fin+ish后缀→v.n.完成），-ite形容词后缀，“有完的”→有限的。反义词：infinite（无限的；无限的东西）←in否定前缀+finite。参define（下定义；限定），2002年Text 4）。We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.我们必须接受有限的失望，但我们决不可失去无限的希望。a finite number of possibilities 有限的几种可能性。
explanatory  （说明的，解释的）即ex+plan+atory，ex-前缀=out，plan即plain（元音可增减），-atory形容词后缀，“简单明白地表达出来的”→解释的；动词形式为explain←ex+plain；名词形式为explanation←ex+plan+ation。Mediocrities can explain everything, and are surprised at nothing.庸人能够解释一切，他们对任何事都不感到意外。←mediocrity参2000年Passage 2。A little inaccuracy sometimes saves tons of explanations.少许的含糊有时能省去大量的解释。
fulfill （v.完成，履行）即ful+fill，ful即full“完全”，fill“填满”，故“完全填满”→完成。Only they who fulfill their duty in everyday matters will fulfill them on great occassions.只有在日常工作中尽责的人才会在重大时刻尽责。
determine  （v.决心；确定）即de+termine，de-加强前缀，termine词根“结束”（参terminal，2002年Text 2），故“使结束”→决定；名词形式为determination←de+termin+ation。The surest way not to fail is to determine to succeed.不致失败的最可靠方法是决心成功。When it is not in our power to detemine what is true, we ought to follow what is most probable.在无法认定何者正确之时，就应采用可能性最大的一个。The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.人生最重要的事就是确立一个伟大的目标，并有决心使其实现。
all the same 仍然；at will 随意。
难句解析：
①When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
▲该句是一个因果关系的并列句，表示结果的部分是When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at，表示原因的部分是for it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。而for与it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal之间是一个插入语，也是由however+形容词引导的状语从句，意为“不管他们（这群前卫艺术家们）的时尚原则在今天看来多么牵强无理”。
△句中attain原意为“达到”，此处应理解为“发展成”；advocates指倡导的人；however不是“然而”，而是“不论多么”。
②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.
▲该句也是一个因果关系的并列句。结果为With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult，其中however是插入语，表示此句与上一句之间是转折关系；原因为for之后的部分whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature，其中破折号之间的部分even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right是插入语，on which it is based是the theory的定语从句，it指代Futurist poetry。
△注意however一词是对上一句内容的转折信号，了解这一点，the case is rather difficult的意思就不难领会了。同时要抓住作者的态度，他对未来主义诗歌是持完全否定的态度的。
③We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.
▲该句中主句为We must pour out a large stream of essential words，而unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs是过去分词引导的伴随状语。
△注意or连接的qualifying adjectives和finite verbs与stops并列，而不与a large stream of essential words并列。
④But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
▲句中开始的it是形式主语，它指代的是to read及后面的定语从句和to find及其后面的宾语从句。that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river是read的宾语从句，其中off which they both fall into the river是bridge的定语从句；that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."是find的宾语从句。
△该句相对较复杂，一定要注意upsetting的意思，它是指当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个场景，便怀着新奇感去读原文，结果却发现原文如此枯燥拙劣，心中不免感到不舒服。
⑤All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.
▲此处的that从句是proposition的同位语，说明了其内容。
△注意句中的双重否定：no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition没有一个有思想的人能否决他们自己最初的主张，也就是“几乎人人都会坚持自己最初的主张”。
试题解析：
59. [B] 意为：对未来派诗歌的评述。
　　本文是一篇文学评论。第一段开门见山地对未来派诗歌进行批评，指出，无论未来派诗歌是什么东西——即使承认其理论根据是正确的，却很难将它归作是文学作品。第二段简述了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背景，第三、四段又转入对它的批评。注意第四段第一句对第一段第二句的照应。
　　A意为：对新的艺术理论的评价。这个选择项表达的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。
　　C意为：有关未来主义运动的优点。
　　D意为：有关文学（创作）的法则和要求。这个选择项表达的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。
60. [A] 意为：确认其目的。
　　第一段第一句指出，每当一个新艺术思潮达到一定流行程度时，（在评价它之前）最好先找出其倡导者的目的，因为，无论其（创作）原则在今天看来可能是多么不着边际、多么荒谬，但是在未来它也许会被看做是正常的东西。
　　B意为：忽视其缺陷。
　　C意为：追随这些新思潮。
　　D意为：接受其（创作）原则。
61. [C] 意为：挖掘新的表达方式。
　　第二段简述了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背果。未来派认为，一个世纪以来，生活状况一直在有条件地加速发展，以致我们今天生活在一个喧闹、暴力和迅变的世界里，结果，我们的感觉、思想和情感经历了相应的变化。未来派认为，这种生活（节奏）的加快需要一种新的表达方式（与之相适应）。
　　A意为：增加文学作品的创作（数量）。第二段第四句指出，为了诠释当今世界的（生活）压力，我们必须加快文学的创作。这里所说的speed up our literature的具体内容包括下两句提到的文学创作方法，并非指加大文学作品的创作数量。
　　B意为：用诗歌来化解当今的压力。见对选择项[A]的解释，interpret（解释）的意思不同于relieve（缓解；解除）。
　　D意为：不使用形容词和动词。第二段第五甸的意思是：我们（在诗歌中）注入大量的基本词汇，这一语流不为句号、修饰性形容词或限定性动词所打断。从这句来看，并没有提到不使用形容词和动词。
62. [D] 意为：与其说是文学（作品）不如说是一种暂时的现象。
　　在最后一段最后一句作者反问道：我们的时代真的发生了根本变化吗？言外之意，我们生活的变化被未来主义考夸大了，因此他们对历史和现实的认识是不正确的，所以其理论根据是站不住脚的。
　　A意为：基于合理的原理。
　　B意为：对普通人来说是新的、易于接受的。
　　D意为：表明人性的根本变化。
全文翻译：
　　当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。然而，就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物——即使承认其理论根据可能正确，也很难称之为文学。
　　简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活一直在有条件地急剧变化；现在，我们生活在一个充斥着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。未来派诗人声称，这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式。如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。我们不应描绘声音，我们必须造出模仿声音的词语；我们必须在同一张纸上使用不同型号和不同颜色的墨水，任意缩短或加长词语。
　　他们对战斗的描述确实让人很难理解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，则令人有点生厌，注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗，结果双双从桥上掉进河中——结果，诗把他们两人落水的声音和体重写在了一起：“扑通！扑通！185公斤。”
　　尽管这符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求，却很难被归入文学之列。实际上，没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个观点：即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗？


2000 Passage 4

　　Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.
　　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
　　While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".
　　But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
63. In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was________.
　　[A] under aimless development
　　[B] a positive example
　　[C] a rival to the West
　　[D] on the decline
64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
　　[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.
　　[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
　　[C] Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.
　　[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
65. Which of the following is true according to the author?
　　[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder
　　[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
　　[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
　　[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that________.
　　[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
　　[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the US
　　[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
　　[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life

重点词汇：
postwar  （战后）←post前缀“在后”+war；prewar  （战前）←pre前缀“在前”+war。postwar architecture — the accountants' revenge on the prewar businessmen's dreams 战后的建筑——会计师们对战前商人们的梦想的报复。
harmony  （和谐，融洽）可看作har+mony，har谐音“哈”，mony即money，于是“哈！money！”→有钱很多事情都会变得“和谐”与“融洽”。No family harmony, no social stability.没有家庭的和睦，就没有社会的稳定。harmony — the husband likes fishing, the wife likes cooking fish, and the child likes eating fish 和谐——丈夫喜欢钓鱼，妻子喜欢烧鱼，孩子喜欢吃鱼。
sacrifice （v.n.牺牲；奉献）可看作sa+cri+fice，sa谐音似“杀”，cri看作cry（元音替换），fice看作face（元音替换），于是“因马上要被杀(sa)而泪留(cri)满面(fice)的东西”→牺牲。Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.得体的举止由许多细小的牺牲构成。Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.无论何时，只要有目标，你就要牺牲一定的自由以达到它。Success can be only one ingredient in happiness, and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients have been sacrificed to obtain.成功只能是幸福的一个因素，如果为了获得成功而牺牲其它幸福的因素，就未免得不偿失了。
counterpart （相似或对应的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前缀“对等”，part部分，“对等的部分”。
personality （人格；个性）←person+ality名词后缀。Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.个性之于人一如香气之于花。personality — everything that's false in a human, everything that's been added on to him and contrived 个性——人类身上所有虚假的东西，所有强加在他身上的不自然的东西。
assault  （v.n.攻击）即as+sault，as前缀=to，sault沪方言“烧掉”之谐音，于是“去把敌人的东西烧掉”→“火攻”→攻击。Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.没有东西能抵挡笑声的进攻。
conservative  （保守的；保守主义者）即con+serv(e)+ative，con-前缀“全部”，serve词根“保持”（=keep），-ative后缀；参conservation（2002年Text 3）。When a nation's young men are conservative, its funeral bell is already rung.当一个国家的青年因循守旧，这个国家的丧钟即已敲响。conservative — ①someone who wants to keep what he already had lost ②a man who wants the rules changed so that no one can make a pile the way he did ③someone who believes that nothing should be done for the first time 守旧者——①试图保留已经失去的东西的人 ②希望改变一下规矩，使任何人都不能再像他那样赚钱的人 ③相信什么事都不应当有第一次的人。
authorities  （当局，官方）；原形为authority（权力；权威；权威者）←author作者+ity名词后缀。All authority belongs to the people.一切权力属于人民。Authority is not truth, but truth possesses the authority.权威不是真理，但真理拥有权威。authority — a high hat under which every donkey can hide his ears 权力——一顶高帽子，驴子戴上它也能遮住耳朵。
endure （v.忍受；持续）即en+dure，en-前缀“使”，dure词根“持续”（如durable→持久的）。We have all sufficient strength to endure the misfortunes of others.我们具有极其充足的力量来忍受他人的不幸。Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but wise words endure.色彩会消退，庙宇会坍塌，帝国会崩溃，但智慧的话永存。
isolate  （v.隔离，孤立）←isol+ate，isol即isle“小岛”（元音可增减替换），-ate动词后缀，使像小岛一样被“孤立”。The word, even the most contradictions word, preserves contact — it is silence which isolates.话语，甚至最矛盾的话语也维持着人们的联系——是沉默使人们隔离。
generation  （产生；一代人）←generat(e)+ion，generate（v.产生），-ion名词后缀。Each generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the one that went before it, and wiser than the one that comes after it.每代人都想象自己比前一代聪明，也比后一代明智。
commute  （v.乘公交车上下班，乘车船往返于两地）即com+mute，com-前缀“一起”，mute词根“交换”，于是“一直在两地间交换位置”→乘车往返上下班。参mutually，2003年Text 1。
divorce  （v.n.离婚；分离）与diverse（多种多样的；不同的）一起记，“离婚”后双方就成为“不同的”人。Friendship is the marriage of the soul, and this marriage is liable to divorce.友谊是心灵的结合，这种结合是易于解体的。It is only in marriage with the world that our ideals can bear fruit; divorced from it, they remain barren.只有与现实联姻，我们的理想才能结果；如果脱离现实，理想将永无生机。divorce — ①a tragedy that after a while feels suspiciously like relief ②the best way to replace the first mistake by a second ③puts men back in circulation 离婚——①一场悲剧，片刻之后又似乎觉得像是一种解脱 ②用第二次错误代替第一次错误的最佳方法 ③将男人放回可流通领域。
cultivation  （耕作；培养）←cultivat(e)+tion，cultivate（v.耕作；培养），-tion名词后缀。To cultivate oneself in disposition is not for the others, but for strengthening his own capacity in life.修养性情不是为了他人，而是为了加强自己的生活能力。
tolerant  （宽容的）←toler+ant。The public is wonderfully tolerant — it forgives everything except genius.公众宽容得惊人——他们宽恕一切，除了天才。
难句解析：
①Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
▲whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定语从句。
△千万注意hardly是否定词，相当于not。
②The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
▲本句的主语是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语是have limited，宾语是the opportunities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是宾语的定语从句，该从句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的补语。
△age是“时代”，表示这一代已经成为社会的主力军；baby boom指在战后的“生育高峰，婴儿潮”；questioning的意思是“质问，质疑”；involved in指“与某事有关，由某事引起”。
③Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
▲本句主语是Mitsuo Setoyama，谓语是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister是主语的定语，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."是全句的时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是liberal reforms，谓语是had weakened，宾语是the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的补语。
△注意raised eyebrows是“瞋目”的意思，此处指“瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤”。
④With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
▲has come centralization是一个倒装结构，原形为centralization has come。Where引导的定语从句修饰cities。
△本句中须弄清一些词汇的含义，如：centralization集中化；community礼俗社会；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由…取代；households家庭。
试题解析：
63. [B] 意为：正面的例子。
　　第一段第一句指出，战后，日本的生产率与和谐的社会状态是美国和欧洲所羡慕的，其发展目标明确（主句的直译意思是：无目标性一直不是日本的特点）。
　　A意为：处于无目标的发展状态下。
　　C意为：是西方国家的劲敌。
　　D意为：正在走下坡路。
64. [D] 意为：生活方式受西方价值观的影响。
　　第一段指出，日本人越来越多地目睹着一场传统的工作道德价值观的沦丧。十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看作是生存(being)的重要动力；但是，日本目前在很大程度上满足了其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标了。
　　在第二、三段，文章探讨了造成这种现象的原因。在第四段第一句，作者指出，这（that指上一段提到的现象）也许更多地是与日本人的生活方式有关（have... to do with意为：与……有关）。
　　A意为：妇女参加社会活动受到限制。第二段第一句的意思是：随着战后进入高生育时期，并随着妇女进入过去男人占统治地位的就业市场，青少年的机会受到限制，他们已经表现出对为爬上严格的社会阶层——如进入好学校或获得好工作——所做出的巨大的个人牺牲提出质疑。
　　B意为：更多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。
　　C意为：过多地注重基础训练。根据第三段，虽然外国人经常称赞日本教育对基础训练的强调，日本的教育却倾向于强调考试和机械的学习，而忽视丁创造力和自我表达的培养。可见，强调基础的教育是好的，但是忽视创造力和自我表达的培养也是不对的。这里，强调基础是教育的目的，强调考试和机械的学习是日本实现这一目的的方法；目标并没有错（不会导致道德水平的下降），错误的是实现这一目标的方法。
65. [C] 意为：应该更多地强调创造力的培养。
　　参阅第64题题解。
　　A意为：日本的教育受到赞赏，因为它有助于年轻人爬上社会阶梯。日本的教育受到外国人赞赏的原因是它强调整础教育。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。
　　B意为：日本教育既强调机械的学习也强调创造力。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。
　　D意为：失学导致了对考试的反感。根据Toshiki Kaifu的看法，对这种东西（指上一句提到的强调考试，忽视个性、能力、勇气或人性教育）的反感使孩子们弃学，变得难以管教。可见，选择项[D]颠倒了因果。参阅第三段。
66. [A] 意为：年轻人更难以忍受生活中的困难。
　　根据Yoko Muro的观点，对日本人来说，问题一直不是一个他们能否享受工作和生活的问题，而是一个他们有多大的承受力的问题。例如，城市居民长期以来一直承受着上下班时间长和生活环境拥挤的折磨，但是，随着旧的价值观被摈弃，（与之相关的）困难开始表面化了（tell意为：产生影响；显现出来）。这里的意思是，日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的日本人觉得这种牺牲太大，对此产生了逆反情绪。参阅第四段。
　　B意为：日本人的离婚率超过了美国人。根据第四段最后一句，日本人的离婚率仍然大大地(well)低于美国人。
　　C意为：日本人比以前需要忍受的东西更多了。
　　D意为：日本人喜欢自己目前的生活方式。
全文翻译：
　　战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此漫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色。但是，日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本大体上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步的目标在哪里。
　　战后婴儿出生高峰期的到来及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑在进好学校，找好工作，攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所做出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。在最近一次调查中发现与62.7％的美国学生相比较，只有24.5％的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他10个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多。
　　虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调考试和机械学习，而不重视创造性和自我表现。“在考分中得不到体现的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说，“对这类事情灰心丧气，致使孩子辍学、放荡不羁。”去年日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中包括929起袭击老师事件。在一片抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前，强调道德教育；去年，当时任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出责难，他申辩说二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。
　　但是，那也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。“在日本，”教育家 Yoko Muro说，“问题绝对不是你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活，而仅仅是你能承受多大的负荷。”随着经济的发展，居住集中化也跟着来了，在日本1亿1900万人当中，足有76％住在城市，在那里社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，而取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，随着旧的群体家庭道德观的削弱，令人不舒服的结果开始显现出来。在过去10年中，日本的离婚率，尽管仍远在美国之下，已经上升了50％，而自杀事件则上升了近1/4。


2000 Passage 5

　　If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition — if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.
　　Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
　　The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.
　　[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices
　　[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power
　　[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material
　　[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous
68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is________.
　　[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
　　[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out
　　[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
　　[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because________.
　　[A] they think of it as immoral
　　[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth
　　[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits
　　[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained________.
　　[A] secretly and vigorously
　　[B] openly and enthusiastically
　　[C] easily and momentarily
　　[D] verbally and spiritually

重点词汇：
ambition  （雄心，野心）看作am+bit+ion，am是，bit一点，-ion名词后缀，考研的人都是(am)有一点点(bit)野心(ambition)，谐音“俺必胜”！形容词形式为ambitious  ←ambit+ious形容词后缀。All ambitions are lawful except those which climb upward on the miseries or credulities of mankind.野心是合法的，不过利用人们的痛苦或轻信者除外。ambition — ①the noble name one gives to his money problems ②the immemorial weakness of the strong 志向——①给经济困难取的高雅名字 ②坚强者的永久性虚弱。
destiny  （命运）看作de+s+tiny，de-否定前缀，s谐音“是”，tiny微小的，命运(destiny)不(de)是(s)小事情(tiny)。A tyrant's authority for crime, and a fool's excuse for failure.命运：暴君作恶的理由，傻瓜失败的借口。destiny — statistics by another name 命运——统计学的代名词。
vitality  （生命力）即vit(a)+al+ity，vita词根“生命”（如vitamin←vita+min，原义为“维持生命的胺类物质”，即“维生素”），-al形容词后缀，-ity名词后缀。vitality — the pursuit of life 活力——对生命的追求。
hypocritical  （伪善的）看作hypo+critical，hypo-前缀“在……之下、次于”（如hypothesis→hypo+thesis论点→次于论点地位的→n.假设），critical批评的，“在批评之下的”→伪善的；名词形式为hypocrisy  （虚伪，伪善）。hypocrisy — ①the lubricant of society ②the most difficult and nerve-racking vice that any man can pursue; it needs an unceasing vigilance and a rare detachment of spirit 伪善——①社会的润滑剂 ②人们所能学到的最困难、最刺激的恶习；它需要不懈的警惕性和精神的高度超脱。
escape  （v.n.逃跑；避免）看作es+cap+e，es-(=ex-)，cap帽子，“从帽子里出去”→“金蝉脱壳”→逃跑。Investing the future has been man's favourite game of escape.虚构未来一向是人类最喜爱的逃避把戏。Many have been ruined by their fortunes, and many have escaped ruin by the want of fortune.有许多人毁于幸运，还有许多人由于缺乏幸运而免于毁灭。
confess  （v.供认；坦白；忏悔）即con+fess，con-一起，fess词根“说”，“把知道的全都说了”。同根词：profess  （v.声称；教授）←pro向前+fess说，“走到前面对大家说”。I'm not ashamed to confess that I'm ignorant of what I don't know.我不耻于承认对自己不懂的事情的无知。
pushing  （有进取心的；急功近利的）←push推+ing形容词后缀。
acquisitive  （渴望获得的；贪得无厌的）即acquisit+ive，acquisit为acquire（v.获得）之变形，-ive形容词后缀。参acquisition，2001年Passage 4。In an acquisitive society the form that selfishness predominantly takes is monetary greed.在一个贪婪的社会里，贪财是自私自利的突出表现形式。
vulgar （粗俗的）谐音“浮哥”，“轻浮的哥哥”→粗俗的；名词为vulgarity（粗俗；粗俗的行为）←vulgar+ity名词后缀。Prejudices are what rule the vulgar crowd.支配庸人们的是偏见。vulgarity — the garlic in the salad of taste 粗俗——味觉色拉里的大蒜。
spectacle （场面；奇观）即spect+acle，spect词根“看”，-acle表“物”。同根词：spectator（观众，旁观者）←spect+ator后缀表“人”。Life is not a spectacle or a feast; it is a predicament.生活并非奇观，亦非盛宴，它是一种困境。
participatory  （供分享的）即parti+cip+atory，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓，-atory形容词后缀，“抓取其中一部分”→供分享的。参participation，2001年Passage 1。
democracy  （民主；民主制；民主国家）←demo+cracy，demo-人民，cracy统治，“由人民统治的”；也可把demo看作“演示”（如很多演示版软件就叫Demo），尚处于演示(demo)阶段的统治(cracy)手段→民主(democracy)。另可记：autocracy（独*统治；专制国家）←auto自己+cracy；autonomy（自治）←auto+nom+y。Democracy means simply the bludgeoning of the people by the people for the people.民主不过是意味着为了人民而由人民来强制人民。democracy — ①the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried ②hypocrisy without limitation ③a process by which the people are free to choose the man who will get the blame ④the recurrent suspicion that more than half of the people are right more than half of the time 民主——①除所有尝试过的形式以外最坏的管理形式 ②无限制的虚伪 ③人们自由选择该责备谁的过程 ④一个反复出现的疑问：大多数情况下大多数人都是正确的吗。
enroll （v.招收；入学；入伍）即en+roll，en-使，roll名册，“使登记入册”。I like your institute but I do not want to enroll.我喜欢你们学院，但我不想报名去那里。
impulse  （v.n.推动；冲动）看作im+pulse，im-加强前缀，pulse脉搏。There is one thing better than crushing impulse, it is using impulse.有一件事比压制冲动更可取，即利用冲动。
stir （v.搅动；激动；鼓动）与star（明星）只一元音字母之差，联想：star有stir的作用。Make no little plans: they have no magic to stir men's blood.不要作小计划，它们没有激动热血的魔力。
earnest  （热心的，诚挚的）看作earn+est，earn赚钱，est即最高级，“很多很多人非常非常热衷于赚钱”。An earnest desire to succeed is almost always prognostic of success.对成功的热切愿望几乎总是成功的预兆。
contemptible  （卑劣的）即contempt+ible，contempt蔑视，-ible可……的。
at an end 完结；get on in life 出人头地。
难句解析：
①If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf.
▲此句包含一个if引导的条件状语从句If ambition is to be well regarded，主句的主语是the rewards of ambition，谓语是must be deemed，而wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny既是插入语，又是the rewards的同位语。made on ambition's behalf是the sacrifices的补语。
△本句中需弄清一些词汇的含义，如：distinction声望显赫或出人头地；worthy of对得起或不辜负；on behalf of为了。
②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.
▲这是一个并列关系的并列句。前一个分句又包含由if引导的条件状语，主句中的主语it指代the tradition of ambition。后一分句中who are themselves admired修饰people，the educated not least among them是people的补语。
△注意people who are themselves admired指“自己也受人仰慕的人士”；not least意为“相当重要”。
③There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.
▲a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped是前面主句的补语，with the educated themselves riding on them是补语中的伴随状语。
△hypocrisy虚伪或伪善，理解了这个词，后面的比喻就简单了。要理解这个比喻，最好把句中的马理解为ambition的象征。注意这个比喻和“亡羊补牢”没有任何关系，它的意思更接近于“掩耳盗铃”；在这里是指受过良好教育的人在自己的野心实现以后，从追求野心的过程中受了益，但他们得了便宜还卖乖，反过来谴责野心，并说自己并没有追求野心。
④Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.
▲此处出现了两个比较级，less interested in success and its signs now than formerly和less in demand today than a decade or two years ago。
△千万注意两句中的双重否定：“do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly”means“seem at least as interested in success and its signs now as formerly, if not more”，后面的do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago也是如此。
⑤What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
▲what一词指代的是that引导的从句，从句中as easily and openly as once they could又是下一层的状语，此外lest引导带虚拟语气的假设状语从句。
△注意lest一词的含义（“唯恐”）和用法（引导虚拟语气）。而且在阅读过程中应该能够推测出pushing，acquisitive，vulgar三词都是贬义。
⑥Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
▲本句的主句是we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles。后面有一个非限定性的定语从句修饰spectacles。在冒号的后面是三个并列的名词性短语，其核心词分别是critic，publisher和journalist。
△要理解本句，首先要正确理解be treated to的意思是“被款待，被招待”；因此后面的spectacles就不是“眼镜”，而是“壮观景象”，此处有一定的反讽意味。后面即使不理解其具体含义，大致也应该抓住的是虚伪，说一套做一套的具体事例，从这个角度理解就比较清楚了。
⑦The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive.
▲此句是用分号隔开的两个并列句，后面的一个分句中有一个where引导的定语从句，从整体上来修饰its public defenders，只不过先行词用了where。
△要理解分号前后是从正反两个方面来说明人们对于ambition的态度，同时注意最后的定语从句中的那个双重否定，表达了作者的一种态度，说明作者对于野心的维护者是抱肯定的态度的，从而也能推出作者对于野心也是持积极态度的，而作者所不齿的是对于野心问题虚伪的、说一套做一套的做法。
试题解析：
67. [A] 意为：其收益足以抵得上做出的牺牲。
　　文章第一句指出，如果正确看待野心（雄心），由野心所带来的收益——如财富、名声以及对自己命运的控制力等——必须被看做是抵得上为（实现）野心所做出的牺牲的。言外之意，只有树立雄心壮志，并为实现雄心壮志做出努力和牺牲，收到的回报就会大于做出的牺牲，使你感到没有白白做出牺牲。作者在本文中谈到了如何正确看待树立“野心”，不要对“野心”避而不谈。
　　B意为：野心使人取得金钱、名誉和权力（或力量）。在第一句中，财富、名誉以及对自己命运的控制力只是作为取得回报的三个例子，并非仅包括这三方面而已。因此，选择项[A]更加确切地表达了第一句的意思。
　　C意为：其目标是精神上的而不是物质方面的。
　　D意为：野心是富人和名人共有的。第一段第二句的意思是：如果野心的传统要保持其生命力（指这一传统要持续下去），人们必须普遍拥有野心——特别是那些受过教育的人更是如此。然而，奇怪的是，恰恰是这些人回避这一话题，虽然他们从中受益匪浅。
68. [C] 意为：在目标实现后又不诚实地否认（拥有）野心（的重要性）。
　　第一段最后一句的前半句指责这些人是虚伪的(hypocrisy)，后半句是一个比喻。含意为：他们是野心的受益者，但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性。
　　A意为：受过教育者习惯于口头上摈弃野心。含意为：口头上否认自己有野心，但行动上实践之。原句中的“虚伪”并非指这些人口是心非，而是指他们是野心的受益者（也许他们自己都没有认识到这一点），但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性。
　　B意为：野心一旦被释放出来就无法控制。
　　D意为：对受过教育者来说，享受野心所带来的益处是不现实的。
69. [D] 意为：他们不想看起来贪婪、卑鄙。
　　根据第二段第三句，事实是：人们不坦陈自己的梦想（即指野心）——不像从前一样容易公开承认梦想，以防被人看做是爱出风头的、贪婪的(acquisitive)和庸俗的人。
　　A意为：他们将此看做是不道德的。
　　B意为：他们追求的不是名誉或财富。
　　C意为：野心与物质利益没有密切关系。
70. [B] 意为：公开并热情地。
　　根据最后一段第四、五句，由于人们不公开表达自己的野心，就产生一些不良后果，有些野心就成为暗中拥有的东西，使人变得狡黠。由此推论，作者认为，人们不应该隐瞒自己的“野心”，以免产生人对人的猜疑和阴谋。
　　A意为；秘密并严格地。
　　C意为：容易并暂时地。
　　D意为：在语言上和精神上。
全文翻译：
　　个人的雄心如果能被正确看待的话，那么它的回报——财富、声誉、对命运的掌握——则应该被认为值得为之付出牺牲。如果雄心的传统具有生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇，尤其应该受到那些自身得到他人羡慕的人们的高度重视，当然那些接受过良好教育的人也应包括在内。然而，恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人却不可思议地声称他们已经放弃了雄心壮志这一理想。奇怪的是他们已经从雄心壮志中获益颇多了——如果不是他们自己的雄心，那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这其中有着浓厚的虚伪色彩，恰如马跑后再关上马厩的门那样，而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上。
　　当然，现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并未比从前减弱，避暑别墅，欧洲旅行、宝马车——它们的位置、地名和商标可能会改变，但现在对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一二十年前减少。现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想，惟恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪、庸俗不堪。相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢避暑别墅；激进的出版商到三星级宾馆就餐；倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。对于这样的人，还有那些也许不太出色的人而言，“不惜一切代价获得成功，但避免让他人看出雄心勃勃”是对他们最好的诠释。
　　对雄心的攻击非常之多，出自各种不同的角度；公开为之辩解的则少之又少，虽不能说他们是完全没有吸引力的，但却未能给人们留下深刻印象。因此，在美国，作为一种健康的冲动，一种应该令人称羡并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，它所得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低。但这并不意味着雄心已经穷途末路，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣，更不愿公开地坦白了。当然这样就带来了很多不良后果，其中的一些后果就是雄心被赶入地下，或暗藏于胸。于是情况就成了这样：左边是愤怒的批评家，右边是愚蠢的支持者，而居中的通常是大多数认真而努力追求成功的人。