① 国内政治观众包括了反对党、竞争对手、国会议员、政治官僚、利益集团、大众(特别是在大众媒体崛起之后) 等等。 国际观众主要是指国家在危机中的对手,以及没有直接卷入危机的其他国家,例如盟友等等。参见J ames D1 Fearon , Domestic Political Audiences and The Escalation of International Disputes , A merican Pol i tical S cience Review , Vol188 , No13 , September ,1994 ,p.581.
① 这一研究的系统总结,可参见J eff rey Frieden ,Lisa L1Martin , International Political Economy : Global and Domestic Interactions , Ira Katznelson , Helen V1 Milner , eds1 Pol i tical Science : the S tate of the Disci pl ine , New York : W1 W. Norton & Company , Inc1 , 2002 ,pp.118 - 146.
② 事实上,奥兰·扬对国际合作的研究与费伦的这一模型颇有几分相似之处。但是她采取的是“制度谈判”(institutional bargaining) 路径,具体内容见Andreas Hasenclever , Peter Mayer , Volker Rittberger , Theories of I nternational Regimes ,Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ,1997 ,pp.68 - 82.
② Shelling , A rms and I nf l uence , p.1501 转引自Robert J ervis , The L ogic of Images in I nternational Relations , New J ersey : Princeton University Press ,1970 ,p.19.
① Schelling , The S t rategy of Conf l ict , pp.28 - 341 转引自陈宏《: 博弈论与战略互动》,载秦亚青主编《: 理性与国际 合作:自由主义国际关系理论研究》,第45 - 46 页,北京,世界知识出版社,2008 。
② Schelling , The S t rategy of Conf l ict ,pp.28 - 351 转引自陈宏:《博弈论与战略互动》,载秦亚青主编:《理性与国际 合作:自由主义国际关系理论研究》,第47 页,北京,世界知识出版社,2008 。
① Lisa L1 Martin , Democratic Commi tments : L egislatures and I nternat ional Cooperation ,New J ersey : Princeton University Press , 2000 ; Lisa L1 Martin , The President and International Commitment s : Treaties as Signaling Devices , Presi dent ial S tudies Quarterl y ,Vol135 , No13 , September 2005 ,pp.440 - 465.
② Kurt Taylor Gaubatz ,Democratic States and Commitment in International Relations , I nternational Organi z ation , Vol150 , No11 , Winter 1996 ,pp.109 - 139 ; Brett Ashley Leeds , Domestic Political Institutions , Credible Commitment s , and International Cooperation ,A merican J ournal of Pol i tical S cience , Vol143 ,No13 , October 1999 ,pp.979 - 1002.
③ J1 Lawrence Broz , Political System Transparency and Monetary Commitment Regimes , International Organi z ation , Vol154 ,No14 ,Autumn 2002 ,pp.861 - 887 ;David Stasavage , Open2Door or Closed2Door ? Transparency in Domestic and International Bargaining , I nternational Organi z ation , Vol158 , Fall 2004 ,pp.667 - 703 ; Kenneth A1 Shultz , Do Democratic Institutions Const rain or Inform ? Cont rasting Two Institutional Perspectives on Democracy and War , I nternat ional Organi z ation , Vol153 ,No12 , Spring 1999 ,pp.233 - 266 ; Kenneth A1 Shultz ,Barry R1 Weingast , The Democratic Advantage : Institutional Foundations of Financial Power in International Competition , I nternational Organi z ation , Vol157 , Winter 2003 ,pp.3 - 42.
③感谢惠耕田、朱杰进、刘丰、李巍、尹继武相继向笔者指出了这一点。
②感谢门洪华教授、肖欢容教授向笔者提出的这一批评意见。
③ 笔者在博士论文中对这一点进行了研究。具体可参见林民旺《: 选择战争:基于规避损失的战争决策理论》,外交学 院2008 届博士论文。
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[ 24 ] Edward D1 Mansfield , Helen V1 Milner , B1 Peter Rosendorff1Why Democracies Cooperate More : Electoral Control and International Trade Agreements [ J ]. International Organization , Vol. 56 , No. 3 ,Summer 2002.作者: sure777 时间: 2009-6-25 03:07
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