MBA联考英语单词

飞雪寒冰

A

Ability-to-pay principle 能力纳税原则
The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden

Absolute advantage 绝对优势
The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity

Aggregate-demand curve 总需求曲线
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level

Aggregate-supply curve 总供给曲线
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level

Appreciation 升值
An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy

Automatic stabilizers 自动稳定器
Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action

Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output

Average revenue 平均收益
Total revenue divided by the quantity sold

Average tax rate 平均税率
Total taxes paid divided by total income

Average total cost 平均总成本
Total cost divided by the quantity of output

Average variable cost 平均可变成本
Variables costs divided by the quantity of output   
Accelerator 加速数
the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy

Acquired endowments 后天禀赋
resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population

Adaptive expectations 适应性预期
expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future

aggregate expenditures schedule 总支出曲线
a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures--the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports--and the national income, at a fixed price level

antitrust laws 反托拉斯法
laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition

arbitrage 套利
the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns

adverse selection 逆向选择
principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all

asset 资产
any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it

assistance in kind 实物援助
public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash

asymmetric information 信息不对称
a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer

autonomous consumption 自主消费
that part of consumption that does not depend on income
average costs 平均成本
the total costs divided by the total output

average productivity 平均产量
total quantity divided by the total quantity of input

lovehebei2009

真有一定难度啊！

475010267

辛苦了

张无忌

难度不是一般的小阿

lujianliang

good。

飞雪寒冰

Z

zero elasticity 零弹性
a demand (or supply) curve has zero elasticity if the quantity demanded (or supplied) does not change at all if price changes; the demand (supply) curve is vertical

飞雪寒冰

W

Welfare economics 福利经济学
The study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being

Willingness to pay 支付意愿
The maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good

World price 世界价格
The price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good

wage discrimination 工资歧视
paying lower wages to women or minorities

wage-productivity curve 工资—生产率曲线
the curve that depicts the relationship between wages and productivity

wholesale price index 批发价格指数
a price index that measures the average level of wholesale prices

work sharing 工作分摊
reducing all employees hours by equal amounts rather than firing some workers

World Trade Organization (WTO) 世界贸易组织
the organization established in 1995, as a result of the Uruguay round of trade negotiations, replacing GATT, designed to remove trade barriers and settle trade disputes

飞雪寒冰

V

value of the marginal product 边际产量价值
The marginal product of an input times the price of the output

Variable costs 可变成本
Cost that do vary with the quantity of output produced

Velocity of money 货币流通速度
The rate at which money changes hands

Vertical equity 纵向公平
The idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts

variable inputs 可变投入
inputs that rise or fall with the quantity of output

velocity 流通速度
the speed with which money circulates in the economy, defined as the ratio of income to the money supply

vertical merger 纵向兼并
a merger between two firms, one of which is a supplier or distributor for the other

voluntary unemployment 自愿失业
a situation in which workers voluntarily drop out of the labor force when the wage level falls

voting paradox 投票悖论
the fact that under some circumstances there may be no determinate outcome with majority voting: choice A wins a majority over B, B wins over C, and C wins over A

飞雪寒冰

U

Unemployment insurance 失业保险
A government program that partially protects workers incomes when they become unemployed

Unemployment rate 失业率
The percentage of the labor force that is not employed

Union 工会
A worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions

Unit of account 计价单位
The yardstick with which people post prices and record debts

Utilitarianism 功利主义
The political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in society

Utility 效用
A measure of happiness or satisfaction

union shops 工会化企业
unionized firms in which all workers are required to join the union as a condition of employment

utility possibilities curve效用可能性曲线
a curve showing the maximum level of utility that one individual can attain, given the level of utility attained by others

飞雪寒冰

T

Tariff 关税
A tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically

Tax incidence 税收归宿
The study of who bears the burden of taxation

Technological knowledge 技术知识
Societys understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services

Theory of liquidity preference 流动偏好理论
Keynes theory that the interest rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance

Total cost 总成本
The amount a firm pays to buy the inputs into production

Total revenue 总收益
The amount a firm receives for the sale of its output; The amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold

Trade balance 贸易余额
The value of a nations exports minus the value of its imports, also called net exports

Trade deficit 贸易赤字
An excess of imports over exports

Trade policy 贸易政策
A government policy that directly influences the quantity of goods and services that a country imports or exports

Trade surplus 贸易盈余
An excess of exports over imports

Tragedy of the Commons 公用地悲剧
A parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole

Transaction costs 交易成本
The costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain

tacit collusion 暗中勾结
collusive behavior among the firms of an oligpoly based on an implicit understanding that it is in each firms best interest not to compete too vigourously; they tacitly understand that it is undesirable to undercut each others prices, but there is no open discussion about price fixing

takeover 收购
when one management team (one firm) takes over the control of another

target savings motive 目标储蓄动机
people save for a particular target, for example to make a down payment on a house or to pay college tuition

tax expenditures 税收支出
the revenue lost from a tax subsidy

tax-favored assets
the return on these assets receives favorable tax treatment, such as tax-exempt municipal bonds

tax subsidies 税收补贴
subsidies provided through the tax system to particular industries or to particular expenditures, in the form of favorable tax treatment

technological risks 技术风险
risks facing a firm associated with technology, such as whether a new technology will work or be reliable

theorem 定理
a logical proposition that follows from basic definitions and assumptions

theory 理论
a set of assumptions and the conclusions derived from those assumptions put forward as an explanation for some phenomena

thin markets 薄弱市场
markets with relatively few buyers and sellers

tie-ins 搭售
a restrictive practice in which a customer who buys one product must buy another

time constraints 时间约束
the limitations on consumption of different goods imposed by the fact that households have only a limited amount of time to spend (twenty-four hours a day). The time constraint defines the opportunity set of individuals if the only constraint that they face is time

time value of money 货币的时间价值
the fact that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future is called the time value of money

total factor productivity analysis 总生产要素分析
the analysis of the relationship between output and the aggregate of all inputs; total factor productivity growth is calculated as the difference between the rate of growth of output and the weighted average rate of growth of inputs, where the weight associated with each input is its share in GDP

trade creation 贸易创造
new trade that is generated as a result of lowered tariff barriers

trade diversion 贸易多样化
trade that is diverted away from outside countries as a result of lowering tariffs between the members of a trading bloc

trade-offs 交易
the amount of one good (or one desirable objective) that must be given up to get more of another good (or to attain more of another desirable objective)

trade secret 商业秘密
an innovation or knowledge of a production process that a firm does not disclose to others

trading blocs 商业集团
groups of countries that agree to lower trade and other economic barriers among themselves

traditional monetary theory 传统货币理论
the theory (first developed by John Maynard Keynes, and therefore sometimes referred to as Keynesian monetary theory) that the nominal interest rate is the opportunity cost of holding money, that the demand for money decreases as the interest rate rises, and that the interest rate is determined to equate the demand and supply of money

transactions demand for money 货币的交易需求
the demand for money arising from its use in buying goods and services

transfer programs 转移支付计划
programs directly concerned with redistribution, such as AFDC and Medicaid, that move money from one group in society to another

transplants 移植
plants constructed in one country by firms based in another. U.S. factories producing Mazdas and Toyotas are Japanese transplants

Treasury bills (T-bills) 短期国库券
bills the government sells in return for a promise to pay a certain amount in a short period, usually less than 180 days

trough 波谷
the bottom of a recession

trusts 信托公司
organizations that attempted to control certain markets in the late nineteenth century; they were designed to allow an individual or group owning a small fraction of the total industry to exercise control

two-tier wage system 双重工资系统
wage systems in which newly hired workers are paid lower wages than established workers are paid

飞雪寒冰

S

Sacrifice ratio 牺牲率
The number of percentage points of annual output that is lost in the process of reducing inflation by one percentage point

Scarcity 希缺性
The limited nature of societys resources

Shoeleather costs 皮鞋成本
The resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings

Stagflation 滞胀
A period of falling output and rising prices

Stock 股票
A claim to partial ownership in a firm

Store of value 价值储藏
An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future

Strike 罢工
The organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union

Substitutes 替代品
Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good

Substitution effect 替代效应
The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution

Supply curve 供给曲线
A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

Supply schedule 供给表
A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

screening 筛选
the process of differentiating among job candidates, when there is incomplete information, to determine who will be the most productive

shadow price 影子价格
the true social value of a resource

signaling 信号
conveying information, for example by earning a college-degree, to persuade an employer that a prospective worker has desirable characteristics that will enhance his productivity

slope 斜率
the amount by which the value along the vertical axis increases as a result of a change in a unit along the horizontal axis; the slope is calculated by dividing the change in the vertical axis (the "rise") by the change in the horizontal axis (the "run")  

Smiths "invisible hand" 斯密“看不见的手”
the idea that if people act in their own self-interest, they will often also be acting in a broader social interest, as if they had been directed by an "invisible hand"

smoothing consumption 均匀消费
consuming similar amounts in the present and future, rather than letting year-to-year income dictate consumption

social marginal cost 社会边际成本
the marginal cost of production, including the costs of any negative externality, such as air pollution, borne by individuals in the economy other than the producer

socialism 社会主义
an economic system in which the means of production are controlled by the state

soft budget constraints 软预算约束
budget constraints facing a firm in which the government subsidizes any losses

static expectations 静态预期
the belief of individuals that todays prices and wages are likely to continue into the future

sticky prices 粘性价格
prices that do not adjust or only adjust slowly toward a new equilibrium

sticky wages 粘性工资
wages that are slow to adjust in response to a change in labor market conditions

stock statistics 存量统计
measurements of the quantity of a certain item at a certain point in time, such as capital stock, the total value of buildings and machines

sunk cost 沉没成本
a cost that has been incurred and cannot be recovered

supply-constrained equilibrium 供给约束的均衡
the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level below that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply; in a supply-constrained equilibrium, output is equal to aggregate supply but less than aggregate demand

surplus labor 剩余劳动
a great deal of unemployed or under employed labor, readily available to potential employers