语态 时态 主动 被动 现在分词 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having donehaving been done 过去分词 done 从上表中可看出，现在分词的一般式和完成式各有主动式和被动式，而过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词和过去分词在用法上的区别为前者表示正在进行的主动动作，后者表示已经完成的被动动作，而现在分词一般式的被动式和完成式的被动式则表示分词在作状语时，分词的逻辑主语与句子主语之间的关系(这一点将在“分词的用法”中讲到)。现在分词一般式表示动作与谓语动词动作几乎同时发生，而现在分词完成式则表示动作在谓语动词之前已经发生或完成，如上述例句中“飞机取消在我们决定乘坐火车之前”，即having been canceled的动作发生在谓语动词decided之前。另外，分词在作状语前提下，现在分词完成式的被动式即having been done等同于过去分词done， 所以上述例句中如果有canceled选项同为正确选项，等同于D选项having been canceled。
例句： The ruling party could even lose its majority in the lower house of parliament， starting a period of prolonged struggling.(starting所表示动作与lose所表示动作几乎同时发生) (2000年第13题)
分析： 该句是简单句。分词starting a period of prolonged struggling在句中作状语，表示原因，相当于because the ruling party started...。
译文： 由于开始了一场持久之战，执政党可能会失去下议院大多数议员的支持。
例句： Having been robbed of economic importance， those states are not likely to count for very much in international political terms.(having been robbed of在are not likely to count for的动作之前已经发生) (1998年第14题)
分析： 该句是简单句。Having been robbed of economic importance在句中作状语，表示原因，由于它与主语those states之间是被动关系，所以使用现在分词完成式的被动式，相当于because those states have been robbed of...。
译文： 失去了经济上的重要地位，那些国家也就不会在国际政治事务中举足轻重。
例句： Walking along the street， I saw a high building.(walking和saw的动作几乎同时发生)
分析： 该句是简单句。分词短语Walking along the street在句中作状语，表示时间，相当于when I was walking...。
译文： 当我沿着马路走时，看见一座高楼。
例句： Having done his homework， the boy went to bed with his little brother.(having done 在went to的动作之前已经发生)
分析： 该句是简单句。分词短语Having done his homework在句中作状语，表示时间，相当于after the boy had finished...。
例句： How many of us attending(=who are attending)， say， a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
分析： 该句是复合句。主干部分为How many of us would be interesed in the discussion。 that is irrelevant to us是修饰a meeting的定语从句， say作插入语，可译为“比方说”， attending... a meeting作定语修饰us。
译文： 假如我们参加了一个与我们无关的会议，有多少人会对讨论感兴趣呢?
例句： It is easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place(=which takes place)in our everchanging world.
(1999年第3题)
分析： 该句是复合句。it是形式主语，to blame the decline of...是真正的主语，分词短语taking place in our everchanging world修饰changes。
例句： On the other hand， he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that， while he was a good observer， he had no power of reasoning.
(2008年第48题)
分析： 该句是复合句。在英语中，谓语动词后如果跟了篇幅较长的宾语，往往会将宾语补足语前置到宾语前面。此句的正常语序是：he(主语)+did not accept(谓语)+the charge(宾语)as well。本句中，分词短语made by some of his critics修饰charge，that引导的是一个同位语从句在说明和解释charge，其中又包含了一个while引导的让步状语从句。
译文： 另一方面，某些人批评他虽然善于观察，却不具备推理能力，而他认为这种说法也是缺乏根据的。
例句： The emphasis on data gathered firsthand (=which have been gathered), combined with (which have been combined with) a crosscultural perspective brought to (= which has been brought to) the analysis of cultures past and present， makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.(2003年第 63题)
分析： 该句是简单句。主干部分为The emphasis makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science， a unique and distinctly important social science在句中作宾语this study的补足语，gathered firsthand及combined with a crosscultural perspective作定语修饰data， brought to the analysis of cultures past and present作定语修饰perspective。
例句： Mrs. Green has been living in town for only one year， yet she seems to be acquainted with everyone who comes to the store. (1996年第23题)
分析： 该句是复合句。who comes to the store是修饰everyone的定语从句，短语be acquainted with sb.意思为“与某人相识，熟悉”。
译文： 格林女士住在城里仅一年，可是，她似乎认识来到这个商店的每一个人。
例句： Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been pursuing the goal of a practical and economical way to use sunlight to split water molecules. (1996年第25题)
分析： 该句是简单句。介词短语of a practical and economical way作定语修饰goal，不定式to split water molecules作状语表示目的。
译文： 全世界几十个科学团体一直在寻求利用太阳光分解水分子既实用而又经济的方法。
例句： Consumers seem only mildly concerned， not panicked， and many say they remain optimistic about the economys longterm prospects even as they do some modest belttightening. (选自2004年Text 3)
分析： 该句是复合句。they remain optimistic about...在句中作say的宾语从句，even as they do some modest belttightening是一让步状语从句。
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发表于 2012-5-25 12:03:27
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