写作套路与查错方法

嘎嘣脆

作文套路：
套路 1。
There are many reasons / causes  for ….. but in general, they come down to three major ones.
   For one thing,…..  For another, ..  Perhaps the prime reason / cause is that….
   From the foregoing,   …..
  
2. Like everything else, ……has /have favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.
  First …..  Besides,  …Most important of all,   .,,,,.
  But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with ,…. To make matters worse, … Worst of all,….
  Now the conclusion is self-evident. The positive aspects outweigh the negative ones. Therefore, … and try to change the negative aspects into positive ones.
  
Different people have different views on…..It is held that ….But it is also held that..
But it is also held that…..
Those who hold the first opinion…  In contrast,…those who hold the second view….
As to me, I agree with the latter opinion … Admittedly, …but this is not to say that….
For instance,… what’s more, it should be understood that …. For example….
In a word……
  
When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions….  Is no exception. Some people take it for granted that ….  However, others hold that….
As far as I am concerned , I’m in favor of the second view . . The reasons are as follows.
First, there is an element of truth that…. , but it doesn’t that…. A case in point is that ….. As another instance,...   Therefore, the first view doesn’t hold water.
In conclusion,
  
  
  
Charts and graphs
A.  It is a/table/chart/diagram/graph which describes that...
     It is a table/chart/diagram/graph of...
     This chart/table/pie diagram/graph points out/indicates/shows/illustrates that...
     As we can see/As can be seen from/in the chart/table/pie diagram/graph that...
     According to/As is shown in Table 1/Figure 2/Chart 3/Diagram 4 ...
B.      A and B are totally/completely/entirely/quite/strikingly different in every
     way/many ways
     The difference between A and B is (lies in/consists in/exists) ...
Their differences can be described as follows: ...
  
三、英语写作核查清单
为了提高找错效率，整理一个写作中常见错误的核查清单(checklist)是很有益处的。这
样就能做到有的放矢，根据核查清单所列举的错误，迅速地查找错误。
1．是否漏掉动词“to be"   
  一般来说，每个句子(或分句)必须有一个动词作谓语。看一下每个句子中是否都有
动词。如缺少动词，那么很可能漏掉的就是动词“to be"。   
  2．在第三人称单数后的动词是否漏掉s(指现在时)
  很快地浏览一下你的作文，找到每一个动词，再找该动词的主语，决定动词后面是
否要加S.
  3．复数名词后面是否漏了s
  查看所有的名词，看一下它们是否需要加s。
  4．每二个单数可数名词之前必须有限定词(determiner)
  这些限定词有冠词：a，an，the；指示代词：this，that；所有格：my，your，Mary’s，
etc. 对于不少考生来说，判断究竟在什么地方需要加冠词非常困难。但是有一种相对
较简单的规则，即每个单数可数名词之前必须有限定词。
  5．作文中的时态有无变化。如有变化，看一下是否有正当理由
  有些考生在写作文时，时常会毫无道理地改变动词的时态。查看一下每个动词，看
看它是否同前一个动词在时态上一致。如果不一致，查看一下时态的改变是否有依据。
  6．是否漏掉连接词
  一般来说，一个句子只能有一个限定动词，如有两个或两个以上动词，那么它们就
会由并列连接词连接，或出现在由从属连接词引导的从句中。考生可以数一下每句
句子中的限定动词和连接词。动词数应该比连接词数多1个。为了便于检查，在写作
过程中，不要省略任何从属连接词，特别是“that"。   
  
  四． 主题和结构
英文写作的要求是“根据所规定的情境或所给出的提纲，写一篇短文”。这里的
规定情境或所给出的提纲，实际上已经规定了文章的整体结构。
考生需要将这些信息转换成正确的英语语言。在每个要点项下，再加上一些支持
性的英语语句；为了使文章富有可读性，考生还必须注意卷面的美观和书写的工整。                                 
从宏观结构层面考察研究生英文作文，我们应注意的另一个问题是一致性问题，
也就是点和支持论点的论据之间必须具有逻辑性。除此之外，论点之间应注意主
次之分，必须做重点突出。恰当地将文章分成不同的段落，有助于体现各部分的
逻辑关系和层次。                             
一篇150个左右单词的英文短文基本按照开头段——中间段——结尾段的框架搭
建。其中间段比开头段和结尾段要长些。开头段必须用能够吸引读者注意力的语
言点明主题，使者了解文章的主旨(Thesis)。中间段落经常是作文的主干内容。可
以由一个或一个以上段落组成。其主要功能在于支持说明或论证上段提到的文章
的主题。在每一个段落的首句般为段落主题句(Topic sentence)。跟着主题句的是支性句子，其内容可以是事实、数故事或专家意见等，主要功能用来帮助段落主
题句说明文章主题。结尾段落用来归纳概或重新说明主题观点，也可以用来说明
观点，提出建议，做出评论或针对文章提出的问题出具体的办法。

五．文章的开头和结尾
我们知道，在篇幅为120个字的英文作文中，其开头和结尾的作用是很明显的。
运用得当，文章会富有逻辑性，重点突出。
(一)开头
  文章的开头很重要，如果处理得当，一开始就能吸引读者的注意力。下面是几
种典型的开头写法。
  1．主题句法
  提出一个论点或论据作为文章要阐明的主题，使读者了解你写作的理由或主要
目的。
    例：
    This report summarizes the results of our fourth—quarter sales.
    One Of the most notable phases Of the industrial revolution was the rapid growth of cities。
    2．问题法
    用提问的方式来引发文章的内容，吸引读者的注意力。例：
    Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries?  
    What does it take to succeed in one’s studies or career?
    3．数据法
    用某些统计数字来引出文章的内容，例：
  The fact that less than 5％ of the British population graduate from universities may seem surprising when compared with the American percentage of over 30％．
    4．概要法
    开宗明义地让读者了解文章的主要观点，然后通过举例或逻辑推理等方法加以佐证，
    例：   
    This memo covers five steps in the new procedure.
    This report is divided into three main sections：(1) what equipment you need，(2) how to use equipment
，and (3) how to maintain equipment．
    (二)结尾  
    在写英文作文时，结尾是值得考生重视的另一个关键的地方。如果写得好，往往能给
读者留下深刻印象。下面介绍几种常见的结尾写法：
1．    重复文章的主题句
重复文章的主题句的目的在于强调作者的主要论点，例：
    With the foregoing three points in mind，one can be a true good student．
    If any items mentioned above arouse your interest，please 1et us know．
2．概括结论   
用几句话概括上文内容来加深读者对文章观点的理解，例：
From what has been discussed above，we may draw the conclusion that no success can be achieved
without laboring．
In summary，we should create such an environment in which each child in his or her own way follows
his curiosity where it leads him，develops his ability and talents，pursues his interests and likes．
3．提出展望或期望
    表示对将来的期待或是鼓动读者采取行动，例：
    It is essential that effective measures should be taken to redress such inequality.
    It is high time that we should urge an immediate end to this phenomenon．
4．强调意义   
    从更高或更新的角度来强调上述论点的重要性或其深远的意义，例：
    Admittedly，science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution．But it
has transformed the lives of millions of people．
  

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