【原创】[经验之谈]：翻译方法和技巧

haohao2046_2

来源：www.xarenxin.com
由于英汉两种语言文化的差异，很多表达方式很难说是一一对应。在英汉之间采取适当的变通手段是很必要的。这也就是常说的“翻译技巧”。
（1）词性转换
和英语相比，汉语中动词很活跃用得较多，这是它的一大特点。例如：
He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.
他对总统声明为保住其职位而奋斗的决心表示钦佩。
在该句中，英语的谓语动词只有一个admires, 而汉语却是几个动词连用。可见，英语里有些介词、副词、名词、形容词、前置词等等，在汉译时通常可以转译为动词。例如：
The road to development is long but we are on it.
发展的道路是漫长的，但我们已经坚定地走上了这条路。
The term laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
“激光”这个术语原意是利用辐射的受激发射来放大光波。
以上两例中介词改译为动词，又如：
Time is up.
时间已用完。
The force due to the motion of molecules tends to keep them apart.
分子运动引起的力能使分子分离。
以上两例子中副词改译成动词。
Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years, because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.
激光是近年来最轰动的科学成就之一，因为它能够应用于诸多科学领域，适合实际应用。
The 1976 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli’s right to exist.

1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉件承认以色列的生存权利基础上解决中东冲突。
由动词派生的形容词以及多数现在分词和过去分词，常可译成动词。例如：
They are ignorant of the performance of this type of transistor amplifier.
他们对这类晶体管放大器的性能一无所知。
Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. (1992年试题)
既然对智力的评估是相比较而言的，那么在对我们的对象进行较时，我们必须确保所使用的尺度提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
（2）增、减词法
由于英汉两种语言表达方式上的差异，有时为了符合句法或逻辑，需要通过增添、重复或者省略某些词语从而使译句更通畅。下面举例来说明：
As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a by-product of their machines—namely, noise.
随着人口密度的不断增大以及由于各种机构设备的使用而使人们获得闲暇，但他们发现他们的闲暇甚至他们的工作时间都受到了机械设备所产生的副产品的影响。 这个副产品就是噪音。
在本句增添了“这个副产品”几个词语，从而使整个句子浑然一体，显得很有条理。再比如：
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
本句中增添了“认为”一词承上启上。
英语中物主代词his, her, their, those, they, it等，翻译时为了更加明确所指，可以重复主语的名词。例如：
Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle like those you see on a ring—they just look like small, blue-grey stones.
钻石在被切割和磨光以前，人像钻戒上的钻石那样闪闪发光——它们看看起来更像一块块深灰色的小石头。
Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康胜于财富，因为财富能给人们带来的幸福不如健康带来的多。
对于在译文中可有可无，有了反显啰唆的词要注意省略。例如：
University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.