[笔记] 新航道李传伟考研阅读听课笔记

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李传伟考研阅读听课笔记之一

北京新航道学校  李传伟
           
             在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：
      1． 把握中心思想层
      2． 概括段落大意层
      3． 深入剖析文章层
      4． 摘录背诵佳句层
      5． 换位思考命题层
             现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。
      
      Passage 1
      The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

      An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
      The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
      
      1. In Line 7, Para. 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means .
      ［A］ Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
      ［B］ Americans tend to overstate their incomes
      ［C］ Americans want to have their incomes increased
      ［D］ Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
      2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that .
      ［A］ producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
      ［B］ consumers can express their demands through producers
      ［C］ producers decide the prices of products
      ［D］ supply and demand regulate prices
      3. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by .
      ［A］ private property and rights concerned
      ［B］ manpower and natural resources control
      ［C］ ownership of productive resources
      ［D］ free contracts and prices
      4. The passage is mainly about .
      ［A］ how American goods are produced
      ［B］ how American consumers buy their goods
      ［C］ how American economic system works
      ［D］ how American businessmen make their profits
      
      文章结构与内容
      文章结构：花开两朵型。作者在文章开始提出两个核心概念：private-enterprise（私人企业）和market-oriented （以市场为导向的），随后分段论述。这种文章的重点是两个概念的定义，以及它们之间的联系和区别。本文介绍了美国经济体系的主要特点：以市场为导向（其中供求关系决定价格），以私人企业为基础（其中私有财产包含生产资料和某些权利）。
      
      核心词汇（标记*下的词汇为课文后的问题与选项中的词汇，其他课文同此）
      1. private-enterprise 私人企业
      2. market-oriented 以市场为导向的（orient 以…为方向（或目的），重视；为…定位（或方向））
      3. strive 争取，奋斗
      4. under pressure 面临压力，在压力之下
      5. motive目的，动机（同根词motivate驱使---mot运动）
      6. coupled with 与…相结合（=combined with。couple 结合，连接）
      7. maximize 使…最大化（maximum 最大的；n. 最大值）
      8. determine 决定，确定；决心
      9. factor 因素，要素（同义词element）
      10. resources 资源，财力；应付办法，谋略
      11. mechanism 机制，机理；方法
      12. respond to对…作出反应（文中的be resonded to是被动形式）

李传伟考研阅读听课笔记之二

*
      北京新航道学校  李传伟
      
             在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：
      1． 把握中心思想层
      2． 概括段落大意层
      3． 深入剖析文章层
      4． 摘录背诵佳句层
      5． 换位思考命题层
             现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。
      
      Passage 2
      One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon—it’s already here.
      While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
      Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
      
      5. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to.
      ［A］ withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes
      ［B］ obtain more convenient services than other people do
      ［C］ enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper
      ［D］ cash money wherever he wishes to
      6. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that .
      ［A］ in the future all the Americans will use credit cards
      ［B］ credit cards are mainly used in the United States today
      ［C］ nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash
      ［D］ it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before
      7. The phrase “ring up sales”(Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means “”.
      ［A］ make an order of goods
      ［B］ record sales on a cash register
      ［C］ call the sales manager
      ［D］ keep track of the goods in stock
      8. What is this passage mainly about?
      ［A］ Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
      ［B］ Conveniences brought about by computers in business.
      ［C］ Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
      ［D］ Advantages of credit cards in business.
      
      文章结构与内容
      文章结构：层层递进型。这种文章各段分别阐述文中核心问题的一个方面，而且各段段首常伴有表示并列或递进的词，文章的中心由综合各段段首得到。本文论述计算机技术在经济领域的广泛应用，三个段落各讨论一个方面。首段貌似谈论信用卡本身的服务，但由二段首句可以看出首段也在谈论计算机带来的便利（conveniences），因为信用卡的使用也是借助于计算机。另外，注意二段与三段段首在结构上的作用。
      
      核心词汇
      1. issue 发行，颁布； n. 问题，发行（物），（报刊）期号
      2. credit 信用；功劳；学分（同根词incredible难以置信的---cred相信）
      3. automatic 自动的，无意识的（同根词automobile汽车---auto自动）
      4. available 可以利用的；可得到的
      5. withdraw 提取；撤销
      6. deposit 存入，付（保证金）；n. 存款，保证金
      7. scattered 分散的（动词scatter）
      8. cashless 无现金的（反义词cash 现金）
      9. on the horizon 即将来临的（horizon 地平线；眼界）
      10. convenience 便利，方便；便利设施（形容词convenient）
      11. cash register 现金出纳机，现金进出记录机（register 登记，