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二.文章的中心词带动段落话题的理解
中心词对话题词往往是支配作用，中心词通常是在首段和每个自然段的首句重复出现。很多题表面看是考细节，但实际上就是在变相的考中心词。所以抓住字里行间重复的中心是检验答案的有效武器。有的文章是单一重复一个中心词，文章是围绕一条主线来写作。但有些文章既谈客观中心词，又谈主观中心词(对客观对象的看法)，这些文章是围绕两条线来写作。所以要注意区分客观中心和主观中心，主观中心往往是作者的看法，客观中心是作者议论的靶子。所以考生应该识别主观中心。 主观中心往往包含作者的情感色彩，比如说“overlook”, "emhasize”, ”opitmistic”, “pessimistic”, “panic”, “objective”, “cautious”等等(比如说“忽视”，“重视”，“乐观”，“悲观”，“恐慌”，“客观”，“谨慎”)
Exercise:( 文章的客观中心为字母歧视，主观中心为忽视，也就是被大家忽视的字母歧视，其中五道题都在考这个关键词，选自2004年的考研阅读题第2篇。)
Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
本段话题：字母歧视(客观)，忽视(主观)(也是文章的中心词) 关键词：alphabetism, unaware
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.
本段话题：忽视(主观) 关键词： less well known。注释： It has long been known that..指的是大家的观点，作者写文章时标新立异，所以这种句型的观点通常是批判性的，也就是说“A cars 比 Zodiac cars”有优势是批评的。 “suspiciously”意思是不敢相信，也是在讲人们由于对这种现象的忽视而导致的，所以也可以帮助大家理解“忽视”这个词。
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).
本段话题：成功人士和姓名字母靠前 关键词：richest, surname
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
本段话题：老师忽视了字母歧视 关键词：teachers, insensitive=less individual attention,注意否定前缀词是主观情感词。
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
本段话题：讲Zysmans的不幸经历还在持续。关键词：humiliation，后面是分类论述将不幸的例子，实际也是在说Zysmans的不幸经历被人所忽视。
1. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?
［A］ A kind of overlooked inequality.
［B］ A type of conspicuous bias.
［C］ A type of personal prejudice.
［D］ A kind of brand discrimination.
2. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
［A］ In both East and West, names are essential to success.
［B］ The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoě Zysman.
［C］ Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
［D］ Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
3. The 4th paragraph suggests that
［A］ questions are often put to the more intelligent students.
［B］ alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class.
［C］ teachers should pay attention to all of their students.
［D］ students should be seated according to their eyesight.
4. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZ Z” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?
［A］ They are getting impatient.
［B］ They are noisily dozing off.
［C］ They are feeling humiliated.
［D］ They are busy with word puzzles.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
［A］ People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often illtreated.
［B］ VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.
［C］ The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
［D］ Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
启发思维：
注意文章的中心不仅是被同义替换，而且被下文的细节不停解释，话题词是为了中心词服务的，文章的前两段是在讲字母歧视被人们所忽视，第三段是从反面举例证证明很多成功人士的姓名的开头字母都是在字母表的上半区。最后两段是通过讲Zysman的不幸经历来证明姓名开头字母靠后面的人在学校和社会都被歧视。
答案注释：
1.［答案］［A］
［分析］这是一道例证题，涉及作者提及AAAA和Zodiac公司的意图，意图在 第一 段。例证题是通过论据来证明论点，所以不能选择论据本身的内容，论点通常在论据的上方，因为论据在第二段的首句，所以论点在第一段的末句。选择时仍然围绕中心词“歧视”和“忽视”来选择。
理解第一段后可知A项(是为了阐述一种被忽视的不平等现象)为正确答案 。
2.［答案］［D］
［分析］ 这是一道推论题。综合前三段，可以认为：有些歧视现象令人难以察觉。D项符合此意，为正确答案。 注意[D]的too subtle to recoginze 表示否定，是说难以认识到，最接近文章的中心“忽视”，而[A]意思是名字对成功必不可少，过于绝对，文章说有些人成功又有好名字，没有说所有人都这样。[C]的意思是顾客重视公司的名字，很显然偏离中心，文章讲的是忽视。
3.［答案］［C］
［分析］这是一道推论题，问第四段暗示了什么。第四五六句暗示，老师对学生的歧视不敏感，言外之意是老师应该多关注学生，注意选项情感动词的使用，“should”表示应该做的事情并没有做。［B］学生逃脱上课，文章说了逃脱，但宾语是逃脱被提问，这种错误是逻辑错误，保留了原文的关键词，但在宾语做了手脚。
4.［答案］［B］
［分析］这是一道句意题。在英文中，ZZZ常被用来描述人打瞌睡时发出的声音，因此，该句句意为B(他们就睡着了)。A是一个干扰性很强的选项，意思与上下文连贯，按一般的句意题设计规律，其实也可接受。选B不选A，跟本篇阅读文章的命题者的命题 习惯有关。
5. ［答案］［D］
［分析］ 这是一道是非判断题。综合全文，不难发现 D项(按字母顺序排列 一切会导致意想不到的歧视)为正确答案。"unintentional” 的意思是无意识的，最接近文章中心词 ”忽视”，而[A]姓名的字母排列是N-Z的人经常被歧视，过于绝对应该加上“有些人”来限制，更加符合原文。同样，[B]西方世界的重要人物从字母歧视中受益，也过于绝对，应该是“有些人”。[C]消除字母歧视有很长路要走，文章根本没有提及。
参考译文：
过去一百年中，各种不公正和歧视要么遭到谴责，要么被视为非法，(46)然而，有一种歧视 却潜伏下来，继续蔓延，那就是：字母主义。许多人迄今还不了解这种现象，它指的是姓氏 首字母位于字母表下半部分的人们所遭受的歧视。
众所周知，当顾客翻寻电话号码簿的时候，名为AAAA的出租车公司就比名叫Zodiac的公司占 有优势。有一点还不太为人所知，Adam Abbott在生活中比Zoe Zysman拥有优势。英文名在 字母表中前后分部均匀，但许多上层人士的姓的首字母都在A至K之间，令人感到离奇。
因此，美国总统和付总统的姓名分别为B和C；乔治.布什的前任中(包括其父)有26位的姓在 字母表的上半部，只有16位在字母表的下半部。更令人称奇的是，七大工业国的七位首脑中 有六位的姓在字母表上位列上部(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien, Koizumi )。世界三大央行行长(Greenspan, Duisenberg, Hayami)也是如此，即使其中一位用的 是日本字。世界五位首富(Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison,Albrecht)也是一样。
这难道只是一个巧合？有一种理论(那些字母表上列位不佳者闲时构造出来的)认为情况从 一开始就很糟。(48)早在幼儿学校的第一年，老师就按字母顺序给学生排座位，以便能记住 孩子们的名字，因此，近视眼小日斯曼(Zysman junior)就永远坐后排，并且很少被那些 粗心的教师提问，而这些提问对孩子的成长有益。当时，那些姓氏字母不佳的孩子会为逃避 提问而暗自庆幸，但结果是使他们素质欠佳，因为他们得到的个人关注少，在公众场合说话 也信心不足。
这种不幸还在持续。大学毕业典礼上，姓氏为ABC字母的学生首先得意洋洋的拿到奖状，轮到Zysman的时候，(49)多数人都在打瞌睡了。就业面试，选举投票，会议发言或列席等诸多表格，也都是按字母顺序排序，人们费劲地翻阅，越往后翻兴趣也越少。
Exercise:(本文的客观中心是经济衰退，主观中心是人们乐观) |
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发表于 2006-9-16 11:11:55
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