来看看最新的考博英语写作攻略 刚整理好的

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段落是文章的重要组成部分，就像裁缝制衣，有了合适的布料（文章素材），还需精心剪裁，裁出合适的前后片、领子袖笼（不同的段落），最后才能缝制出漂亮合体的衣服（文章）。
根据目前研究生考试的情况看，考生若能把握住试卷中所提供的每一段落的主题句或中心句（Topic Sentence）,将其扩展成主题鲜明、思想表达充分、无重大语法错误的段落，那么，他/她的文章就可以算是大功告成了。因此，段落的写作技巧与方法是基础训练部分中最为关键的一步，本章将着重介绍这方面的知识，希望学习写作者能从以下的介绍、范文及练习中有所获益。
一）    展开段落的常用方法
1．    段落的基本构成  
段落一般有三个基本组成部分：主题句（Topic Sentence）、扩展句（Developing Sentence）和结论句（Concluding Sentence）。主题句在段落中起引导或序论（Introduction）的作用，是表明全段要描述什么或论述什么的中心词；扩展句是用来说明、解释或论证主题句所表述的主题或中心思想的，起到了引申和扩充的作用；而结论句则是在经过说明、解释或论证的基础上得出的结论，起到了总结全段主题或中心思想的作用。   
（一）    主题句  
（1）    主题句位于句首。在考试中，主题句通常位于段首，它的优点在于开门见山、直接点明主题，有助于应试者把握段落的中心思想，紧紧扣住主线自然展开，不至于误入歧途。例如：
本帖隐藏的内容
① The most striking difference between home life and dormitory life is that students must begin to take responsibility for their own actions. Students must depend on themselves to get up in the morning in time for class; they must depend on themselves to eat properly, to keep their clothes and bodies clean, and to set aside appropriate amounts of time for study and relaxation. Students must also begin to take care of how to spend their money, making sure to preserve enough for things that are essential rather than for fun. All of these responsibilities do a great deal toward preparing students for adult life.
② Some people think that there is relationship between automobile accidents and suicide. Many accidents happen because the driver has been drinking. Many others occur because of speed of other reckless driving behavior. Drivers could avoid all of these factors if they wanted to. Therefore, many people suggest that such “accidents” are really self-destructive behavior on the part of the driver.
③ Responsible for a car of my own has shown me that car owner-ship shouldn’t be taken lightly. Before I owned a car, I would use my friend’s cars frequently and thought that all there was to having a car, putting gas in it and driving away. Now, however, I know about car notes and insurance premiums, which you have to pay if you want to keep driving. I am more concerned about checking things like tires, the battery, and the brakes because if I don’t do this, no one else will. I am also more careful about my driving habits since I could have an accident otherwise, causing my insurance rates to increase. And if I were to dent my car, I would get less money for it if I wanted to sell it.
(2)主题句位于段中。主题句位于段落中间的目的主要是要求应试者对两种事物或观点（见例①）或同一种事物两个方面（见例②）进行比较或对照，以此指出不同的或相反的论点，以便加以论证。例如：
① Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility-both physical and psychological-has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.
② Some people like to say. “Let bygones be bygones.” This is especially the case for misanthropes who hate to recall their past events. They hate their fellow-men; they hate everybody, perhaps themselves too. They never fall back on the happy memories of their past. In time of loneliness, instead of enriching their minds by enjoying their happy memories, they blame this world for being cold. Yet we may have something very funny in the past. Why not warm up your coldness by recalling them?
(3)主题句位于段尾。主题句出现在段尾时，通常起到制造悬念（见例①）和总结归纳（见例②）的作用。例如：
① Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.
② Give students a chance to grow. Do not mold them from one of a thousand patterns. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience, do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all, do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.
(4)主题句位于其它位置。这样的实例有：主题句位于段首和段尾，起到重复主题，强调段落中心思想的作用（见例①）；主题句隐含其中（见例②），就像研究生考试中有时要求的那样，每一段必须包含一定的内容或意思，但它不是以句子或主题句的形式出现，而要通过整个段落反映出一个主题。例如：
① It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.…The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
② One important purpose on blood is to carry the substances that maintain and repair the body tissues. In this way, blood serves as a provider. A second use of blood is to act as a disposer, carrying wastes and gases away from the tissues of the body. Blood acts in a third way as a defender. The white corpuscles in the bloodstream constantly guard against and try to destroy bacteria and other agents that threaten the body’s welfare.（隐含的主题为：Human blood serves the body in three important ways.）
（二） 扩展句
扩展句是对主题句或主题的引申，它主要通过事例或实例说明或解释主题句所表述的中心思想（见例①）；用论据来论证主题思想（见例②）；通过不同的角度、层次对段落的主题加以进一步的阐明（见例③）。例如：
① The great advantage of a reference book is that it serves as a shortcut.
By being familiar with reference books we can get the answer we are seeking with little waste of time. For instance, we might have to look through several books on World War Ⅱ before finding the exact date of the battle in which we are interested, but a dictionary of dates will yield the information in minutes. Therefore, if we take a library as a treasury of man’s knowledge, reference books are the key to the treasure.
② Travel has become more and more popular. Travel gives people much pleasure. Travelers can enjoy lots of beautiful scenic spots and historic relics. What is more, travel can do lots of good to people’s health; they feel relaxed and free from anxiety and worry. In short, they are happy and gay not only physically but mentally.
③ (主题句)The students of China are a new generation which has bright prospect.(扩展句)They are developed in a new environment provided by the great social reforms.(与前一句角度不同的另一扩展句)They study modern scientific and technological knowledge and train themselves to be the needed persons for the country. 
(三)结论句
由于结论句是用来总结或概括段落中心思想的，因此它通常位于段落的结尾处， 以使读者产生联想（见例①）或引起深思（见例②）。常用来表示结论的转承词有：in short, therefore, hence等等。例如：
① In ferreting the interests of people in space, we are aware that there are probably three reasons. Firstly, it is a plan of looking for other places to hold the overcrowded population on this earth. Secondly, it is the curiosity of mankind to urge the scientists for the research work, because they desire too eagerly the coming of the day when they can travel freely in space. Thirdly, we are reminded of the mineral resources which are not sufficient to provide for the needs on the earth. Therefore, we try every effort to go to other planets in the hope of searching for new resources.
② The convenience and economy of small cars account for their popularity. They are easy to park quickly and take smaller parking spaces. Small cars are also a means of conserving energy because they use less gas than big cars. They are also more economical to operate and maintain, and they cost less. Because of all these advantages, the next car I buy is going to be an Econo-Midget.
2． 展开段落的几种常用方法
（一） 按步骤
按步骤（by Process）就是根据事件发生的时间（见例①）或步骤（见例②）的先后来组织材料，它是展开段落的最简单的一种方法。例如：
① I still remember the day when I first came to the campus. I was then 17, longing for the new life as a university student.
That morning when the bus carried me to the gate of the university, I felt my heart beating excitedly and almost out of mouth.
In the afternoon, I took a walk around the campus together with my roommates.…
In the evening, we sat together, talking about the past and the future. We were so excited that no one wanted to sleep.
② My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination---Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put them in to my bag. To the tune of beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies of Beijing.

（二） 按空间

按空间（by Space）就是按事件发生的地点位置及相互之间的关系来叙述或描述事件。例如：
① In the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees, all in full bloom. A little girl was hopping among them collecting fallen petals.…At one end of the courtyard a group of youngsters had gathered behind an artist painting a flourishing limb.…At the opposite end a few elderly men and women stood admiring the leafless flowering trees.…(从中间到两头)
② Joey looked at the scene from the summit of Mt. Jolmo Lungma. In the distant north he saw Tibet. A bit closer, he saw some of the lower peaks of the Himalayan range. On a ledge about one thousand feet below him, he saw the figures of some of the men who had helped him prepare for his final climb to the top.(由远及近)
（三）定义法
定义法(Definition)就是采用定义法可将某一事物（见例①）或某一抽象概念（见例②）的含义、性质和范围解释得淋漓尽致，使读者能更全面地理解这一事物或概念的特点。例如：
① A wristwatch is a mechanical device which is used for telling time. Its main advantage over other types of time-telling devices is that it is small enough to be worn on the wrist, so that one can easily know the time by looking down. Wristwatches come in various shapes and sizes, but all have one thing in common: a band or strap with which they may be attached to the wrist.
② A“liberated woman”is simply a woman who controls her own life, rather than allowing it to be controlled by other people, traditions, or expectations. A“liberated woman”can be found pursuing any line of work, including housework, or no work at all. She may or may not be married; she may or may not have borne children. She may belong to any race; she may have attained any age. She may be poor or wealthy, educated or illiterate. She need have only one trait in common with her “liberated sisters”; She makes her own choices, whether they be the colors on her walls or the advanced degrees she seeks. She acts of her own volition, responsible to herself, and not out of fear of what her mother, lover, or neighbor might say. ----Klamer W.Harp
（四）分类法
分类法（Classification）就是将某一事物或概念整理归纳为不同的种类。用分类法应当注意的是：将某一事物或概念进行整理归类时，要保证被归纳的一类事物或概念之间应有明确的界限，或应相互排斥，也就是说一旦某物或概念已被归纳为A类，那它就不能同时又属于B类。例如：

①Clouds are classified according to how they are formed. There are two basic types:1. Clouds formed by rising air currents. They are piled up and puffy. They are called“cumulus”which means pile up or accumulated. 2. Clouds formed when a layer of air is cooled below the saturation point without vertical movement. These are in sheets or fog-like layers. They are called“stratums”, meaning sheet-like or layered.
②There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers—unread, untouched. (This deluded individual owns woodpulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books—a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many—every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.) ` ----Mortimer J. Adler
（五）比较对照法

1） 比较法（Comparison）是用来显示或辨别出那些通常被认为是不同的人物或事物之间所存在着的相同之处，常用的转折词或关连词（或词组）有：both, each, like, as, at the same time, accordingly, similarly, just as, compare with, such as 等。例如：
The same qualities that make people good houseguests make them good hospital patients. Good houseguests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining, unpleasant, unappreciative .
house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. Houseguests who expect Ni
vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly
nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about
patients in their care. Just as houseguests must make adjustments to make
their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.
2)对照法（Contrast）是用来指出通常被认为相同或相似的人物/事物之间存在着的不同之处。常用的转折词或关连词（或词组）有: although, but, however, whereas, while, unlike, yet, in contrast with, instead of, on the other hand, on the contrary等。例如：
The students in our class are quite different from each other. For instance, my roommate is interested in literature. He doesn’t care about his grades in math. But our monitor is a good runner. No one in our college can catch up with him at track meets. The girls spend most of their spare time at dancing parties. They seldom appear on the playground. Some of my classmates are talkative and social; others quiet and shy. However, in spite of our
differences, we’re good friends.

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（六）因果法
因果法（Cause and Effect）是按事件的起因及产生的后果之间的关系来展开段落的。采用此法写作时应注意：为了能清楚地说明段落中要说明的原因或结果，主题句最好放在段首（见例①）；如果某个结果是由多种原因引起的，通常先写结果，后交待多种原因（见例②）；如果某单一原因引起多种结果，一般先写原因后写结果（见例③）。例如：① One might wonder why, after the Norman Conquest, French did not become the national language, replacing English entirely. (主题句) The reason is that the Conquest was not a national migration, as the earlier Anglo-Saxon invasion had been. Great number of Normans came to England, but they came as rulers and landlords. French became the language of the court, the language of the nobility, the language of polite society, the language of literature. But it did not replace English as the language of the people. There must always have been hundreds of towns and villages in which French was never heard except when visitors of high station passed through.
② Students study English (结果)for different reasons. The first reason is that students may need English to be able to read articles and textbooks about their subject on Their English. The second reason is that many students study English because they have to! English is part of the school curriculum. Another reason is that they are attracted by the foreign culture. As a consequence, they are studying English hard to know more about the English-speaking people and countries. The last reason is possibly that a good knowledge of English will help students get a better job when they graduate from the university.
③ Smoking（原因）results in a series of negative effects. To begin with, it has been proved that poisonous nicotine contained in cigarettes can reduce your fitness. And what is worse, it can even cause lung cancer if you smoke constantly. Furthermore, passive smoking occurs in your family members and other people as a result of your smoking at home or in public places. In addition, smoking adds to your financial difficulty if you happen to be short of money. Therefore, giving up smoking is a good way to make you and your family happy.
（七）举例归纳法
举例法（Example）就是指用具体的事例（见例①）或细节（见例②）来阐述证实某一主题句中的中心思想概念的正确性、合理性等。通过举例法展开段落，可以使一般的或抽象的论述变得更加具体易懂，这也是用来展开段落最有效、最简单的方法之一。
如果先举出实例，而后再归纳主题，即从具体到一般，这种方法叫归纳法（Generalization）。采用归纳法往往能引起读者的兴趣，可增强文章的说服力（见例③）。例如：
① In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking. A lot of work can be done concerning this. For example, in some public places, such as in theaters, cinemas, smoking should be forbidden. Even on the train or plane people should not be allowed to smoke. Doctors, teachers, government leaders should take the lead not to smoke. Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV program. Also the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged. Only in this way can we effectively reduce the chances of smoking.
② My little niece, a ten-month-old baby, is the loveliest child I have ever seen. Her face is like a red apple and her eyes are like bright stars. When you carry her in your arms, she likes to put her arms around your neck. All the grown-ups in the family love her very much and often try to make her smile. But quite often it is she who makes us laugh. Once I winked at her and she smiled. When I did it again, she watched me attentively. Then she tried to imitate. While we closed one eye to wink, she had to close both eyes at the same time, and then quickly opened them again. And that was her way to wink. We all burst into laughter. When we looked at her again, she was staring at us, puzzled, as if she was asking:“What are you laughing at?"
③ A part-time job supplements a student’s education. It can provide valuable practical education such as training for do-it-yourself project, knowledge useful to future housewife, car owner. It can also provide field work related to the student’s major field of study, hospital work for future nurses, tutoring for future teachers, playing in a commercial band for music students. Further, it can provide valuable psychological training such as association with people from different backgrounds, taking orders from superiors.
习作者在练习时，除了应掌握以上所介绍的研究生考试中展开段落的一些方法以外，还应了解写好段落的基本要求并掌握一定的技巧，即切题、连贯和完整。下面的几节将着重讨论这三个方面的问题。
二） 切题
切题是写作中最首要的也是最基本的要求，不论用哪种语言进行写作，切题是衡量文章质量的主要标准。所谓切题就是要紧扣主题（句）或主题所要表达的思想，如若偏离主题，即使你写得再多、再长，遣词造句的能力再强也无济于事。研究生考试对切题、充分表达主题思想有较高的要求，考生作文失分的很大一部分原因就是因为偏题。因此，在展开段落时，我们一定要在段落主题句所限定的范围内，抓住段落的中心或要点，围绕其主导思想进行充分的展开。例如：
The development of English language falls into three reasonably distinct periods. Old English lasted from about A.D. 450, when the first Germanic tribes began to settle in England, until about 1100. Middle English extended from about 1100 to about 1475. And Modern English began about 1475 and has lasted to the present times. Of course the breaks were not as sudden and definite as these dates indicate…
以上段落的第一句是主题句，“英语发展的三个阶段”是其中心思想，作者根据此中心思想阐述了古代英语、中世纪英语、现代英语这样三个发展阶段。如若作者阐述的不是三个发展阶段，而是有关英语的其它情况，那就偏离主题了。 VbA[VMM}6;
The sentence in most well written paragraphs may be analyzed into four general functions. First, there are paragraph introducers, which are sentences that establish the topic focus of the paragraph as a whole. Second, there are paragraph developers, which present examples or details of various kinds that support the ideas set forth by the paragraph introducers. Third, there are viewpoint or contest modulators, which are sentences that provide a smooth transition between different sets of ideas. Fourth, there are paragraph terminators, which logically conclude the ideas discussed in the paragraph in a psychologically satisfying manner. Not all pieces of writing will conform to this analysis; however, most successful paragraphs usually contain some combination of these four sentence types.
这段文章的第一句是主题句，其中心思想是“段落中的句子有四种功能”；后面四句围绕中心思想展开，分别解释这四种功能；最后一句是全段的总结。这样整个段落紧扣主题，构成了一个有机的整体。
然而，有的习作者在展开段落时就没有注意到切题这个关键的问题。例如：
主题句：One morning I got up very early, and everything around was quiet.
段落：One morning I got up very early, and everything around was quiet. Because sports can keep us fit, fresh at work and study, I attended to take early morning

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walks. My folks slept deeply, so I left softly without making any noise.
此例主题句的关键词是“early ”和“quiet”，应该围绕这两点展开段落。可是，上例段落的作者却随心所欲，想当然地将早起与清晨锻炼及散步联系起来，这样就不切题了。
三） 连贯
一个好的段落除了要求切题外，还要求语意连贯，这样可使段落乃至整篇文章结构严谨、自然通顺，层次分明。所谓连贯，就是要求写作者在展开段落时符合自然规律或全乎逻辑地将前后句子街接起来。
使段落连贯的方法有很多，其实本章第一节“展开段落的常用方法”中所介绍的按时间顺序、空间顺序、比较对照、举例归纳等方法就是通常采用的行之有效的方法。
除此之外，我们还可以采取使用过渡词语，用代词街接和用递增法与递减法等三种方法。
1．使用过渡词语
英语中用来指明句子之间关系的过渡词语多种多样，以下只是最常见的部分英语过渡词语。
（1） 补充新的事实或看法：
again, also besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover…
（2） 确立空间顺序：
above, below, here, there, inside, outside, nearby, beyond, over, under…
（3） 确立时间顺序：
first, then, before, after, finally, at last, meanwhile, later…
（4） 说明或举例：
for example, for instance…
（5） 说明因果关系：
because, in the second place, most important, since, in as much as, accordingly…
（6） 用于限制、反驳或对照：
although, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, but, yet, while, whereas…
2．用代词衔接
代词可以使读者想起它所替代的名词。写作时使用代词既能避免不必要的重复，又可以将句子或词组紧密地连接在一起。例如：
Granny made a long journey outward, looking for Hapsy. What if I don’t find her? Her heart sank down and down, there was no bottom to death, she couldn’t come to the end of it. The blue light from Cornelia’s lampshade drew into a tiny point in the center of her brain, it flicked and winded like an eye, quietly it fluttered and dwindled. Granny lay curled down within herself, amazed and watchful, staring at the point of light that was she herself, her body was now only a deeper mass of shadow in an endless darkness and this darkness would curl around the light and swallow it up.
3．用递增法与递减法
所谓递增法就是按照段落中所要表达内容的重要性，由次到重、由弱到强地依次递增。采用此法可引人入胜，不知不觉地将读者引入高潮（见例①）。而与递增法相反的递减去，则是将段落中最重要的内容放在段首，然后围绕其思想或重要性进行分项，逐一进行分析（见例②）。例如：
① An author has many different ways to show what a character is like. Certain hand movements, ways of speaking, or style of dress tell something about a character. Other characters may talk about the characters, or the author may even make revealing comments. How a character reacts to something done to him or her is also important. But most information comes from what a character says and from what a character does.
② Laziness is a sin. It is not only considered as immorality and wastefulness but also a source of unhappiness. Because of their unwillingness to do things, they are usually unwelcome in any group task, which makes them feel lonely. Besides,…
但是，许多习作者由于不会运用上述技巧，他们的作文往往松散零落，杂乱无章，参加考试时就会失分。现分析以下两段考生的习作：
① Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. Today, many women have a profession. They worked as well as men, playing an important part in the factories. There are many women in government also. They lead other people, control, and make out plans. There are many women scientists. They invent new things to improve our lives. 以上段落中各句子的语法基本正确，但句与句之间缺少联系，整个段落显得零乱松散。将这段文字重新组织修改一下，就能得到较好的效果：
Women are playing an increasing important part in society today. Women make up a large portion of the labor force now. They are playing an important role in factories and in government as well. Like men workers, they can also run machines, drive buses, and hold administrative position. Moreover, there are many women scientists who perform inventions and make discoveries for our society.
② This device (tape-recorder) is useful in many ways. For example, in an interview, a journalist can use it to replace the taking of shorthand note. Also in learning English, students can use it in practicing their listening skills. Moreover, they can record their own voices and listen to them to improve their spoken English. Therefore, tape-recorders can be used widely in our work and study.
以上段落也选自考生作文。该文作者灵活地运用了连词和代词，如：for example, moreover, also, it, they, them, their, therefore等，使得文章通顺流畅，得分较高。
四） 完整
所谓的完整是指写作者在展开段落或阐述主题与中心时，应做到尽可能的全面和详细，使读者不会感到缺少什么或留有疑问。请看下列段落：
There are three reasons why John is not going to university. In the first place, his father is dead and if John went to university, his mother would be left all alone. She has a few friends, but they do not live near, and she would probably have to spend most evenings alone. Consequently, although he wants to go to university very much, John is going to take the job instead.
以上段落的主题句是“约翰不去上大学有三个原因”，而作者只提到“约翰如果去大学，就会留下母亲孤独一人”，那么其它两个原因呢？因此，此段落不完整，没有按照主题思想完全展开。现重新改写如下：
There are three reasons why John is not going to university. In the first place, his family is quite poor and his father is dead. Since he has four young brothers and sisters still at school, he feels that he should help his family financially as soon as possible. Secondly, if John went to university, his mother would be left alone to look after the young children. Finally, he has been offered a good job with excellent chances of promotion. Consequently, although he wants to go to university very much, John is going to take the job instead.
五） 展开段落的范文与点评
1． 按动作步骤或顺序展开段落
To build a wood fire flat requires minimum tending, you need paper, cardboard, kindling, a few small logs, and two or three large logs. First, you should wind up the paper into a tight ball or roll it into a cylinder and tie it into a loose knot. Next, fold some of the cardboard over the paper. Then lay the kindling over it, forming a pyramid. Use three or four of the small logs around the bottom edge to hold the cardboard in place. Then pile the remaining small logs and all the large ones onto the pyramid. Finally, light the paper. Once the fire is started, it will need only the occasional addition of another log to keep burning for hours.
从以上段落我们可以看出，按动作步骤或顺序陈述的段落中最常用的过渡词语为：“first”,“next”,“then”,“finally”等。这些词语表示一步步地向前推移的行为。
2． 按空间顺序展开段落
On one side, beginning at the very lip of the pool, was a tiny meadow, a cool, resilient surface of green that extended to the base of the frowning wall. Beyond the pool a gentle slope of earth ran up and up to meet the opposing wall. Fine grass covered the slope-grass that was spangled with flowers, with here and there patches of color, orange, purple and golden. Below, the canyon was shut in. There was no view. The walls leaned together abruptly, and the canyon ended in a chaos of rocks, moss-covered and hidden by a green screen of vines and creepers and boughs of trees. Up the canyon rose far hills and peaks, the big foothills, pine-covered and remote. And far beyond, like clouds upon the border of the sky, towered minarets of white, where the Sierra’s eternal snows flashed the blazes of the sun.
以上段落对峡谷的描述采取由近及远、由小大到的方式，从宁静的小湖（最小最近的景物）到塞拉山脉（最大最远的景物），犹如一幅山水画，徐徐舒展开来。过渡词语“on one side”，“beyond the pool”，“below”，“up the canyon”，“and far beyond”使得空间位置极为明确。
3． 用定义法展开段落
Natural resources are the supplies we draw from a bountiful earth, such as food, building and clothing materials, minerals, water, and energy…. There are two categories of natural resources: renewable resources and mineral resources. Resources derived from living matter such as food, clothing, and wood, are renewable resources because they are replenished each growing season. Even if one season’s crop is consumed, the next season brings a renewed larder. But mineral resources such as coal, oil, atomic energy, copper, iron, and fertilizers are not renewed each season. They are nonrenewable, one-crop resources, and the earth’s supplies are fixed.
以上段落先给自然资源下定义，然后对自然资源进行分类、分析。
4．用分类法展开段落
The recorded music on sale falls into three categories. The first is classical music; the second, easy listening music and the third, dancing music. Classical music is entirely traditional and formal. It is hard to follow. So it mainly catches the attention of the educated people. Easy listening music, also known as light music is structurally simple and pleasing to ears. The melody is beautiful and easy to understand. Most people like it. Dancing music is popular for dancing parties. It is lively and energetic and especially favored by the young.
以上段落对磁带音乐分为三类，先总述，后详述每一类的特点及其欣赏对象。
5．用比较对照法展开段落
I have two good friends. They are quite different in character and yet have something in common. One of them is a jolly fellow and fond of company, and the other is a quiet and rather unsociable sort of chap. The jolly one likes all kinds of games. He is clever, but he doesn’t care much for books. The other one, however, likes being alone and loves reading. He never plays games. In spite of all these differences, they are so really kind and sympathetic, so honest and straightforward, so loyal and true. They are both fine and unselfish fellows. I like them both.
以上段落既写出了作者两个朋友的相同点，又写出了他们的不同点，并分别对它们进行了比较对照。通过这种方法，把两个人的性格反差描述得非常生动。
6．用因果法展开段落
The blizzard last March disrupted many peoples’ lives. Thousands of households were without power for hours and, in some cases, days. Children could not get to their schools, and adults either could not get to their jobs or could not get home from their jobs. Motorists were stranded on snow-blocked roads and highways, and motels in a three state-area were filled to capacity. It took road crews and power company crews three weeks to undo what the three-day blizzard had done.
以上段落通过因果顺序进行扩展。文中一系列的连锁后果都是由一个原因引起的，即段首句中的“三月的暴风雪”。
7．用举例法展开段落
There are many kinds of programs on TV that people like to watch. Often, important political and social events can be watched on TV while they are happening. Many people like to watch them. Many people, for example, watched the landing of the astronauts on the moon. A second kind of program that people like to watch is called a talk show. On this kind of show, one person interviews several famous people. In the conversations, you can learn many interesting things about important people in theatre, politics, sports, and other fields. A third kind of program that people like to watch is a program in a foreign language. There are some TV channels that broadcast all of their programs in Spanish, French, or some other languages. Many people who speak those languages watch these programs. Students who are studying foreign languages sometimes watch these programs to learn the language better.
以上段落列举出三种电视节目作为例证，来说明段首主题句中“人们喜爱的电视节目”这一主题。
8．用归纳法展开段落
Marriage is certainly a gamble and so is the bringing into existence of children, who could prove sad liabilities. A journey, a business transaction, even a chance remark may result immediately or ultimately in tragedy. Perpetually we gamble—against life, destiny, chance, the unknown—call the invisible opponent what we will. In a word, most of life is a gamble, involving some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result.
以上段落先进行细节列举，然后由此归纳出段尾的一般性结论。

隐形直升机

还可以，关键是消化吸收

wf2695066126

段落是文章的重要组成部分，就像裁缝制衣，有了合适的布料（文章素材），还需精心剪裁，裁出合适的前后片、领子袖笼（不同的段落），最后才能缝制出漂亮合体的衣服（文章）。

博龙鹏圣

丰富

博龙鹏圣

谢谢分享。