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[free]一.近年英译汉考题内容
英译汉短文内容大体上涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、科普等方面的一般常识或社会、自然科学与技术常识的题材。体裁多为议论文。科学常识性的题材占了相当大的比重。
1990~2004年英译汉短文主题
1990年:个性形成的教育(434词);
1991年:能源与农业(444词)
1992年:智力评估的科学性(406词)
1993年:科学研究方法(443词)
1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系(308词)
1995年:标准化教育与心理评估(364词)
1996年:科学发展的动力(331词)
1997年:动物的权利(417词)
1998年:宇宙起源(376词)
1999年:史学研究方法(326词)
2000年:科学家与政府(381词)
2001年:计算机与未来生活展望(405词)
2002年:行为科学发展的困难(339词)
2003年:人类学简介(371词)
2004年:语言与思维(357词)
平均值:短文词数:370词;要求翻译的词数:160词
从英译汉试题内容分析,考生就应明确认识到,要想在英语考试中取得成功,必须在基本训练上狠下工夫。首先要扩大知识面,提高自身文化素质。考生如果熟悉试题内容,将有助于对短文的深入理解,增强信心,提高翻译水平。考生应利用各种渠道,特别是通过大量浏览中、英文报纸杂志,扩大相关的知识面。
二.近年英译汉考题的特点
从题型改革后、特别是1996年以后的试题分析,命题组更侧重考生综合运用语言的能力,题难度加大,趋向稳定。考题要求考生在理解全句、全段或全文的基础上,把语法、词汇的意思和上下文结合起来理解,表面看上去画线的句子语法不很复杂,词汇似乎也不陌生,但翻译时很多考生觉得难以动笔,难度增大体现在:不能采用就词论词、就句子论句子的简单直译方法,而要求把词和句子放在篇章里去理解,还可强调英语习惯用法、语感和翻译技巧的掌握。这样仅靠熟悉语法规则和孤立地背单词已远远不够了。这也是考生得分普遍不高的主要原因。近年来英译汉试题主要特点如下:
(1) 反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性、科学类和报刊评论文章占很大比例;
(2)考题难度加大;
(3)语法现象难度有所降低;
(4)突出简单翻译技巧,如:词、词组的省略及补译,译出it,they,this,that等代词的真正代表的含义,词义选择、引申、词性转换,长句的拆句与逆序翻译法等。考生应针对这些特点认真做好适当的准备。
三. 2005年英译汉考题的命题趋势
(1)体裁:议论文。
(2)题材:反映自然科学、社会科学的常识性报刊评论文章;特别是有重要现实意义的题材,如资源、环境、能源、教育、科技创新、经济全球化、科教兴国、民主与法制等常识及有生命科学、宇宙探索、信息技术和纳米科技等有现实意义的科普题材。
(3)写作特点:语言通俗规范,知识性强,内容新颖有趣,思想进步,有时代感和较强的现实意义。
(4)难度:2004年考题读起来相对简单,难点在于汉语表达的准确性,估计2005年考题的难度会适当增加。
(5)重点:词义的选择及引申,对原文理解的深度和语言的准确表达。
《新大纲》的变化将对英译汉考题产生了一定的影响。首先,新大纲新增了400多新词,删去了一些简单或重复的单词。尤其是新大纲中的词汇没有给出词性以及词义,这样,在英译汉考试中也相应增加了考生对词汇在上下文篇章中的猜测技能。同时新大纲删去了固定搭配的短语,考题中难度增加了。
总之,阅读的材料尽可能多的涉及各个领域,如经济、社会生活、文化教育、史地或科普知识等。近10年来的英译汉试题都是科普和社会生活方面的文章,平时应注意有的放矢的练习。在阅读中应仔细分析文章的结构,学会长、难句的切分和简化,尤其要注意累积单词短语,这样才能正确地理解划线部分句子的含义。以2000以来的英译汉试题为依托来复习,因为任何一种严肃的考试都有很好的延续性,每年试题中总会有一些重复考察的词汇和知识点。考生可以在历年的真题中找到命题中心比较偏好的考点和出题风格。
四.备考对策及翻译技巧
㈠、简要介绍
翻译部分由一篇400字左右的文章组成,其中划出5个句子,要求考生在30分钟内译完。2002年题型更改之前,每句3分,一共15分,现在每句2分,一共10分。评分标准如下:
2003年考题的评分标准为:
共5题, 每题2分, 共10分。 2004年考题评分标准为:
共5题,每题2分,共10分。
● 如果句子译文扭曲原文意思,该句得分最多不得超过0.5分。
● 如果某考生给出两种或两种以上译法,若均正确,给分;若其中一种译法错误,不给分。
● 汉语错别字,不个别扣分,按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下, 满三个错别字扣0.5分。 ● 如果句子译文完全扭曲原文意思,即使有些词语翻译正确,该句得分最多不得超过0.5分。
● 如果某考生给出两种或两种以上译法,若均正确,给分;若其中一种译法错误,按错误译法扣分。
● 汉语错别字,不个别扣分,按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下,酌情扣分。
例如:
2002年第65题:
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it
0.5分 0.5分 0.5分
possibly the only way to solve our problem.
0.5分
2003年第65题:
Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept
(1) (2) (3)
which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
(4)
(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)各0.5分
㈡、有无必要通读全文?
完全没有必要。只有在以下两种情况下,才需要回头看看前文:1.出现it, he, they等代词时,需要回读前文以确定它们所指代的人或物;2.出现某个单词有歧义,可作多种理解时。
㈢、如何做好翻译?
翻译有三个步骤:正确理解原文;用地道的译入语表达原文;对译文进行修改润色。
百分之百正确地理解原文,是做好翻译的前提。考生在已有的英语理解基础上,应针对翻译部分着重注意以下几个方面:
1.句子中相对应的部分。请看例句:
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. (2002:62)
这一句很明显可以分为A,B,C三个部分,A为果,B,C为两个并列的原因。明白了这一点,可以解决两个问题:1.全句大的结构可以确立为:之所以有A,部分原因是B,部分原因是C;2. B部分中explanatory items比较难以翻译,尤其是item一词,但结合C部分,可以确定explanatory items实际上就是explanations的意思,短语other kinds of进一步验证了这一点。
2.时态。英译汉时,常需借助"着、了、过"等助词和时间副词来表达原句的时态。请看例句:
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, ...(2001:71)
翻译本句,需添加"届时"一词来表达原文的将来时态。再请看:
But even more..., for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. (1998:71)
本句官方给出的参考译文是:因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。我认为,这个译文翻译的实际上是"for what they saw"而不是"for what they were seeing",换言之,它不足以表达一般过去时和过去进行时的区别。
再请看:
...and digital age will have arrived. (2001:72)
有考生将其翻译成"数字时代将会来到",体现的是一般将来时而不是将来完成时。
3.词的单复数,大小写等细节问题。请看例句:
Whether the Government should... (1994:75)
官方给出的参考译文将the Government简单译成"政府",不确切。定冠词the以及government首字母大写这两点明显表明此处的government是特指。本句前一句为"Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute",可以确定,the Government指的是"(美国)联邦政府"。
再请看:
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (1994:71)
此处insights能否做"洞察力"讲?如果能,"洞察力"有复数吗?如果不能,它又当做何解释?
顺便说一句,not so much...as...引导的两部分是对应的,因此可以确定,此处的through与后面的because of同义。
注意词的单复数还有一个实际用途,就是可以比较快地确定代词所指为何。请看例句:
But even more important, it was the farthest..(1998:71)
根据现在的评分标准,it不能简单地译为"它",而应回读前文,找出它具体所指为何。在完成这一任务时,考生只应看前面的单数名词而忽视一切复数名词。
英语还有一些特殊的表达方式,如将两个同义词用and相连,强调表达一个意思,还有尽可能避免重复,这些都是考生应该注意的。限于篇幅,在此恕不赘述。
正确理解原文后,接下来就是翻译。翻译时,考生应着重注意处理好句子结构以及句序。翻译部分的句子,大多为复合句,汉语中没有从句,因此,正确处理句子结构以及句序,实际上就是正确处理从句。请看下表:
定语从句 状语从句 宾语从句 主语从句 同位语从句 表语从句 简单句 并列句
23 18 9 6 3 1 1 0
以上是对近十年真题的统计,可以看出掌握好定语从句和状语从句的翻译至关重要。
修饰润色这一工作,针对考研,只需看看有无明显的漏译错译即可。
㈣、翻译技巧
应付考研翻译,比较常用的翻译技巧是添减词和词性转换。
㈤、人名地名怎么译?碰到不认识的词怎么办?
不常见的人名地名可以保留原文。
万一有不认识的词,最好忽略不译,切忌胡乱翻译,因为一个错译远比一个漏译扎眼。
历年翻译真题汇编全译
Text1.2007年试题
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served as much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.
Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.
(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.
In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.
重点词汇:
phase / feiz / n. 1 阶段, 状态 2 相, 相位 v. 定相
[例] pass through three phases 经历三个阶段
[同义] aspect, stage, state
flexible / 5fleksEbl / adj. 柔韧性, 易曲的, 灵活的, 柔软的, 能变形的, 可通融的
[例] We can visit your company on Monday or Tuesday; our plans are fairly flexible.
"我们可以在星期一或星期二到你们公司来,我们的计划是相当灵活的。"
[同义]variable, adjustable
[反义] inflexible / in5fleksEbl / / adj. 不屈的, 不屈挠的, 顽固的
[派生] flexibility / 7fleksE5biliti / n. 弹性, 适应性, 机动性, 挠性
demonstrate / 5demEnstreit / vt. 1 示范 2 证明, 论证 vi. 示*
[例] He demonstrated how to use the new machine.
他演示怎样使用这台新机器。
[同义] clarify, display, illustrate ,show
[派生] demonstration / 7demEns5treiFEn / n. 示范, 实证
survive / sE5vaiv / v. 幸免于, 幸存, 生还
[例] Few survived after the flood. 洪水过后,生还者极少。
[同义] continue, outlast, outlive, remain
[派生] survival / sE5vaivEl / n. 1 生存, 幸存, 残存2 幸存者, 残存物
underline / 7QndE5lain / vt. 1 在...下面划线 2 作...的衬里 3 强调
n. 下划线
[例] Words with single underline are to be set in italics.
字下面有一条底线的字排斜体。
[派生] underling / 5QndEliN / n. 部下, 下僚, 下属, 走卒
fabric / 5fAbrik / n. 1 织品, 织物, 布2 结构, 建筑物, 构造
[例] She bought some fabric to make shirts from.
她买了做衬衫的布。
[同义] cloth ,goods, material, textile
[派生] fabricable / `fAbrIkEbl / adj. 能加工成形的
entail / in5teil / vt. 1 使必需;使蒙受, 使承担 2 遗传给 n. [建]限定继承权
[例] Writing a history book entails a lot of work.
写一本历史书需要下很大功夫。
[同义]require, demand ,call for
[派生] entailment / in5teilmEnt / n. [律](不动产)继承人之限制
[固定搭配] entail ... on sb. 使某人负担...; 把...遗留给某人;entail ... upon sb.
使某人负担...;把...遗留给某人
handle / 5hAndl / n. 1 柄, 把手, 把柄 2 口实3手感 vt. 1 触摸 2 运用3买卖 4 处理, 操作 vi. 1搬运 2 易于
操纵 n. [计]句柄
[例] She handled a difficult argument skillfully.
她巧妙地应付了一场艰难的辩论。
[同义] carry on, deal in, direct, feel, finger, govern, manage ,manipulate, regulate
[派生] handler / 5hAndlE / n. 处理者, 管理者, 训练者, (尤指拳击)教练(或助手), (犬马等的)训练
者
scale / skeil / n. 1刻度,衡量2比例,数值范围,比例3天平,等级 vt. 依比例决定,攀登,测量 vi. 1剥落2生水
垢 3 攀登3衡量
[例] This ruler has one scale in centimeters and another in inches.
这把尺子上有厘米和英寸二种刻度。
[同义]degree, graduation, proportion , ratio, layer, plate
翻译题解:
46.Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served as much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.
句子分段:Television is one of the means || by which these feelings are created and conveyed- || and perhaps never before has it served as much to connect different peoples and nations || as is the recent events in Europe.
句子结构:前半句:简单句+定语从句修饰means,后半句:倒装句+as引导的状语从句。
词的处理:means 手段;create 引发;convey 传递;serve 作用
参考翻译:
电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中,它把不同的民族和国家连到一起,其作用之大,前所未有。
47.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
句子分段:In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups || which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses || that work in relation to one another.
句子结构:1)简单句+定语从句修饰groups. 2)定语从句中套定语从句修饰publishing houses.
词的处理:multi-media 传媒集团;publishing houses 出版社
参考翻译:
在欧洲,像在其他地方一样,传媒集团越来越成功:这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。
48.This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
句子分段:This alone demonstrates || that the television business is not an easy world to survive || in a fact underlined by statistics || that show || that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
句子结构:1)主干:主语+谓语+宾语从句2)伴随状语:定语从句修饰fact,再套定语从句修饰statistics.
词的处理: television business 电视行业;loss 亏损
参考翻译:
这一点就足以证明,要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实,在80个欧洲电视网中,多达一半在1989年亏损。
49.Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.
句子分段:Creating a “European identity” || that respects the different cultures and traditions || which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent || is no easy task and || demands a strategic choice - || that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.
句子结构:1)主干:Creating a “European identity” is no easy task and demands... 2)主语从句内套定语从句修饰different cultures and traditions 3)最后,定语从句修饰choice.
词的处理:European identity 欧洲品牌; fabric编织;
参考翻译:
不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体,要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事,需要人们在欧洲制造出适合欧洲的节目战略性选择。
50.In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”
句子分段:In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say || “Unity we stand, divided we fall” –and || if I had to choose a slogan || it would be “Unity in our diversity.”
句子结构:1)前半句:形式主语it+is+表语+真实主语;2)后半句:if引导的状语从句。
词的处理:deal with 应对;scale 规模;slogan 口号
参考翻译:
在应对如此规模的挑战时,可以毫不夸张地说;“联合,我们就生存;***,我们就灭亡”。如果我不得不选择一个口号,那将会是“多样性中的联合”。
全文翻译:
来谈论大众媒体在欧洲历史具有压倒性地重要意义的阶段中所起的作用并不是件容易的事。历史和新闻混为一谈,人们的印象往往夹杂着怀疑论和乐观主义。电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中,它把不同的民族和国家连到一起,其作用之大,前所未有。如今组成欧洲的无外乎它的人民,文化和国家身份。明白了这一点,我们可以开始分析欧洲的电视情况。在欧洲,像在其他地方一样,传媒集团越来越成功:这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。意大利的B集团就是一个例子,同时还有国外的马克斯韦尔和默多克。
显然,只有最大并且机构最灵活的电视公司才有能力完全投入这样一个充满激烈争夺的市场的竞争。这一点就足以证明,要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实,在80个欧洲电视网中,多达一半在1989年亏损。
此外,欧洲团体的一体化将迫使电视公司在生产和销售领域更加紧密地合作。 |
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