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第一部分　大纲要求与出题原则

　　2006大纲中，研究生英语入学考试试卷的第二部分为“英语知识运用”。为了鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在实际交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识，研究生英语入学考试试卷结构中“语法结构与词汇”项目的具体题型以后将不再出现，并把“完形填空”改为“英语知识运用”，通过完形填空的形式考察考生综合运用英语语言知识的能力。

　　英语知识应用是试卷的第二部分，共20小题，每小题0.5分，共计10分。

　　出题形式是在一篇240-280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出一个最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。

　　所以，根据这一部分考查的目的，这一部分出题的原则应该是三个方面：文章意思理解的准确性、内容的连贯性、篇章结构的完整性。要求考生具有综合运用英语的能力，能够辨别出语言连贯性和一致性的语段特征，掌握在一定语境下使用的语言规范成份。

　　第二部分　测试内容

　　英语知识运用具体涉及到的考试内容有三个方面。

　　1.词汇知识

　　（1）固定短语；（2）不同词性的用法和习惯的词语搭配；（3）同义词与近义词辨析；（4）词根与词缀的扩展；（5）连词的用法。

　　2.语法结构知识

　　（1）动词的时态、人称和数，及其在文章中的前后一致；（2）非谓语动词的用法；（3）形容词与副词的应用；（4）虚拟语气的适用语境与固定表达方式；（5）句子结构的完整性，句子主语与谓语的一致性，句子之间的修饰限定关系。

　　3.语篇知识

　　（1）文章的结构特征；（2）上下文的句意关系；（3）句子与句子之间逻辑关系；

　　在解题的过程中，必须对各方面的英语知识能够灵活运用，并且融汇贯通。

　　解题的要点是：掌握正确的解题方法，使庞杂的英语知识井然有序，有章可循。

　　第三部分　近几年试题特点

　　近年试题有以下特点：

　　1.文章短，挖空多

　　如果通篇是简单句结构，用词简单， 自然便于理解，容易选择答案。相反，如果文章多用非谓语动词和其他短语结构，多用难词，则必然增强试题的难度。不过，从目前英语中“完形填空”试题的选文来看，都不会超越现行大学英语六级考试难度。这就为考生解答试题提供了有利条件。

　　2.情景意义选择为主，语法选择填空极少

　　试题考查必须以情景意义选择为主。这种试题的特点是：在四个备选答案中，孤立地看对应挖空的句子，都能满足句子的要求，无论将哪个答案填进去，从语法上说都是正确的。

　　与之相反，有的备选答案，无论排除错误项或者确定正确项，都需要依据语法知识，这就叫语法选择填空。孤立地看挖空的句子及其备选答案，其解题思路和要求与试题中的“语法惯用单项填空”是完全一样的。

　　由于情景意义选择填空的需要，每小题（每一空）的四个备选答案往往是相同的词类，其词形也相同。即：如果是副词，则都是副词；如果是动词过去分词，则都是过去分词；等等。即使个别小题中四个备选答案的词类有不相同者，其语法功能也往往是一样的。

　　3.短文内容逻辑性强，文章结构严谨，层次分明

　　4.所选短文的英语语言符合大学英语的实际水平

　　研究分析历年考题中“完形填空”的短文，不难发现其语法结构，用词选句均未超过大学英语所学过的文章水平。这就为考生充分发挥自己的思维能力，理解掌握短文内容，选择正确答案创造了条件。但是，在短文中出现一些派生词，或者已学词语有了新的用法，新的意义，却是不足为怪的。

　　5.选择最佳答案

　　英语“完形填空”试题的指导语，由以前的“从四个选项中，选出一个正确答案”，改为“选出一个最佳答案”。一词之变，使试题要求更加符合解答试题的实际。这就意味着，有的试题选项，从全文整体意义上看，也可能勉强讲得通，但考虑文章内容的具体情景，或是备选答案词语的习惯用法、细微的意义区别，才能确定最佳的答案。一般说来，试题四个备选答案中，有两个较为容易排除。剩下的两个词语，在意义上和用法上十分接近，干扰性很强，迷惑性很大，难以排除一项，选定一项。这就增加了词语意义或用法细微辨析的内容。

　　6.单词填空为主，短语或词组的整体填空为辅

　　这种试题设计，可以使考查形式更加灵活，考查知识点更加细致，能扩大考查容量。

　　7.备选答案的单词，多以实词为主，虚词为辅

　　和每一小题中四个备选答案设置同一词类、同一词形一样，备选答案多设置实词，也是为了提高试题的难度，引导学生从整体上理解文章内容，全面接受信息，选出符合内容要求的答案，而避免引导学生过多地在词法上（语言结构上）下功夫，进行语法选择。因为虚词往往影响语言结构，会更多地反映语法问题。

　　8.保留提示句

　　为给学生理解文章奠定基础，使学生更易于理解文章内容，在设计“完形填空”试题时，总是保留一个完整的或是大半个完整的句子不挖空。大家知道，文章的开头很重要，往往开宗明义，点出文章的主题。因此，提示句往往在开头。但也可以放在后边，甚至文章的中间。

　　第四部分　能力目标要求

　　要想认识完形填空试题的能力目标，必须充分了解目前英语试题中完形填空试题的特点。考查内容和试题的特点是能力要求的载体。完形填空试题主要是用来考查考生综合运用各项英语基础知识的能力，特别是考查考生对文章整体内容理解的深度。它要求在熟练掌握语法、词语和其他语言知识的基础上，善于完整地、全面地接受文章内容，认识文章的结构和各部分的逻辑关系，善于在文章中发现并捕捉信息点，通过分析思考，做出准确的判断，选出最符合文章内容要求的答案。

　　概括起来讲，完形填空试题提出了如下几方面的能力和内容要求。

　　（1）巩固、扎实、熟练的英语语法知识和丰富的英语词语知识。

　　当前英语中的完形填空试题，并不直接地去考查语法知识。但是，解答试题的前提是读懂文章，而读懂文章就必须懂得语法。试想，不理解英语句子的结构，不明白具体句子结构所表达的具体意思，又怎么能去选择符合文章内容的答案呢？所以，不直接考查语法知识，并不是不要语法知识，它是通过检查你的理解程度，来间接地考查你的语法知识。而一个人英语词语知识越丰富，阅读速度就越快，理解就会更为全面、深刻。

　　（2）英语阅读理解能力，良好的阅读习惯，熟练的阅读技巧。

　　特别是快速阅读理解能力，甚至是跳过一些词语（空格），浏览文章，掌握大意的能力。从一定意义上讲，完形填空试题是为阅读理解服务的，其主旨是考查阅读理解能力。做完形填空试题的基础，是阅读理解。读不懂文章，就无法解答试题。对文章内容理解得越全面、越深刻，就越容易选择正确答案。而这种阅读理解能力是靠平时科学的训练得来的。

　　（3）分析认识文章结构，理解领会文章各部分、各层次之间逻辑关系的能力。

　　只有明白文章结构，了解各段落之间的关系，才能加深对文章的理解。明白了各部分是如何为表现主题思想服务的，也就更容易把握带空的句子所需要什么内容，就更容易选准答案了。

　　（4）逻辑思维能力，特别是总结概括、推理判断和分析归纳的能力。

　　这些能力的发挥，有助于抓住文章的主题思想，加深对文章深层次意义的理解，从而更容易完成"完形"的任务，恢复文章的原貌。

　　（5）扎实的英语词组、短语、习惯用法等英语固定搭配的知识，特别是对英语词语意义和用法的辨析能力。

　　（6）在阅读中捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。

　　在选择每一个答案时，我们要求依据文章的整体内容，这就要照顾文章的方方面面，不能顾此失彼。特别是一些结构词，如but，however，therefore，though等等，更要给予特别的注意。但是，我们在做题的实践中，不可能总是重复地阅读文章。这就需要对关键内容、关键词语的记忆能力。

　　第五部分　英语知识运用的问题和学习策略

　　下面归纳一下英语知识运用的问题及学习策略。

　　1.学习中的问题

　　2002年以来，硕士研究生入学考试的最大调整项目之一就是去掉了英语学习中传统的“语法结构与词汇”部分，很多人认为在语法和词汇不必下太大工夫了，其实不然。由于英语自身的特点，语法知识在理解英语中占有至关重要的地位。它是理解英语的基础，也是不同的词语和句子得以井然有序、意义明确地排列在一起的基本保证。在去掉“语法结构与词汇”的同时，英语知识运用由原来要求填入10个空格增加到20个空格。这样设计的目的显然是通过英语知识运用这种题型取代“语法结构与词汇”考试的内容。应该说，改变的是考试方法和解题思路，没有改变的是要测试的知识内容。只能说，英语知识运用题型的短文长度增加了、难度加大了，考试方式更加灵活，对解题思路和学习方法提出了更高的要求。

　　英语知识运用实际上属于对语法、词汇和阅读的综合运用能力的考查，而对大多数人来说，这几种能力很难做到综合平衡，更不用说是在一种题型中发挥自如。考生容易出现的问题是：要么只对题型中有关语法的选项完成得特别好，要么只对词汇有深刻的理解，要么只是通过阅读查找线索的部分特别强。所以要做到几个方面同时兼顾，就需要相应的学习策略和有针对性的训练。

　　2.学习策略

　　根据我们自己的体会和多年来观察到的考生容易出现的问题，我们制定了相应的英语知识运用学习策略。本书在对这一题型的讲解中，对真题包括模拟试题讲解的方法，都基本符合该题型的解题规律和平时的解题的习惯顺序。

　　第一步，首先是简要说明文章的大概意思。这和我们平时浏览文章之后，对文章的大概意思有初步了解的思路相同。需要注意的是：做完形填空题时，对文章意思的理解不同于翻译，没有必要字字句句、分毫不差的理解，理解文章的方向和重点是文章本身的语言逻辑，即词语搭配和上下文修饰关系，也就是侧重于对文章语言逻辑关系的理解，理解准确就可以正确地做题；而不是像翻译一样除了理解之外还需要用新的语言形式将其表达出来。

　　第二步，详细解释四个选项的用法，同时说明正确选项的道理。这部分讲解包括：词义说明，举例解释，常用搭配，同义词辨析和特殊用法说明。不但讲清了四个选项的意思，而且精选例子，在具体的运用中讲解相关的词语用法和语法结构特征。目的是利用做题的实战机会讲解容易重复出现的考点，尤其对加强基础知识学习有直接帮助。对选项的详细解释符合知识积累过程的学习特点，能够充分满足打好基础，一步一个脚印、从头学起的实际要求。

　　第三步，解题思路重点回顾，点评正确选项，简明扼要地提示做出正确选项的思路，注出惟一的选项。方法是用黑体字标出解题思路和提示词，在文章中直接加注释。效果醒目直观。这是文章的重读过程和做题的提高阶段，也是最实用、最有效的环节。在复习时，做完题后一定要重新通读一遍，一方面是为了检查正误；另一方面则是为了总结解题规律，提高作题的效率，以便逐渐培养直截了当寻找正确答案的能力。再一个好处就是复习时为了节约时间，直接看这部分思路回顾即可。这种方法符合删繁就简，把书由厚读薄的复习原则。思路回顾简洁明了，适用于基础扎实、需要提高效率的复习阶段。

　　3、了解平台期效应，坚持不懈

　　英语复习会出现典型的“平台”效应：复习到一定程度后，不论怎样背词，怎样做题，表现出来的水平都没有明显提高。这个时候千万要沉住气，继续坚持一段时间，就能再上一个新台阶，而且上去之后一般不会跌回来。

　　附：2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语试题

　　考研教育网（-www.cnedu.cn-）特别提醒您，《2007全国硕士研究生入学统一考试完全策略》所提供的试题仅供参考，最终完整公开版本，敬请考生以权威部门公布的正式信息为准。

　　Section I Use of English

　　Directions：

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)

　　The homeless make up a growing percentage of America's population. __1_ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can't possibly __2__. To help homeless people __3__ independence， the federal government must support job training programs， __4__ the minimum wage， and fund more low-cost housing. __5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600，000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary， analysts do agree on another matter： that the number of the homeless is __8__， one of the federal government's studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.

　　Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night， a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others， __14__ not addicted or mentally ill， simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Blotkowsk， director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts， __19__ it， "There has to be __20__ of programs. What's need is a package deal."

　　1. [A] Indeed 　　　[B] Likewise 　　　[C] Therefore 　　[D] Furthermore

　　2. [A] stand　　　　[B] cope 　　　　　[C] approve 　　　[D] retain

　　3. [A] in　　　 　　[B] for　　　　　　[C] with　　　　　[D] toward

　　4. [A] raise　　　　[B] add 　　　　　 [C] take　　　　　[D] keep

　　5. [A] Generally　　[B] Almost 　　　　[C] Hardly　　　　[D] Not

　　6. [A] cover　　　　[B]change　　　　　[C]range　　　　　[D]differ

　　7. [A]now that　　　[B]although 　　　 [C]provided　　　 [D]Except that

　　8. [A]inflating 　　[B]expanding 　　　[C]increasing　　 [D]extending

　　9. [A]predicts　　　[B]displays　　　　[C]proves 　　　　[D]discovers

　　10. [A]assist　　 　[B]track　　　　　 [C]sustain　　　　[D]dismiss

　　11. [A]Hence 　　 　[B]But 　　　　　　[C]Even 　　　　　[D]Only

　　12. [A]lodging 　 　[B]shelter 　　　　[C]dwelling 　　　[D]house

　　13. [A]searching　　[B]strolling 　　　[C]crowding 　　　[D]wandering

　　14. [A]when 　　　　[B]once　　　　　　[C]while　　　　　[D]whereas

　　15. [A]life 　　　　[B]existence 　　　[C]survival 　　　[D]maintenance

　　16. [A]around 　　　[B]over　　　　　　[C]on 　　　　　　[D]up

　　17. [A]complex 　 　[B]comprehensive 　[C]complementary　[D]compensating

　　18. [A]So 　　　　　[B]Since 　　　　　[C]As 　　　　　　[D]Thus

　　19. [A]puts 　　　　[B]interprets　　　[C]assumes　　　　[D]makes

　　20. [A]supervision　[B]manipulation　　[C]regulation 　　[D]coordination

　　Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B，C， or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）

　　Text 1

　　In spite of "endless talk of difference，"American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse， and the casualness and absence of consumption"launched by the 19th——century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite."these were stores "anyone could enter， regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act."The mass media， advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

　　Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture， which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum， Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900， 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990， 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1，000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890， 9.2 for every 1，000. Now， consider three indices of assimilation -language， home ownership and intermarriage.

　　The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English 'well' or 'very well' after ten years of residence."The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation， the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families."Hence the description of America as a "graveyard"for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent， higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.

　　Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S -born whites and blacks."By the third generation， one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics， and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.

　　Rodriguez note that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks， yet "some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power."

　　Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America？ Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past， today's social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.

　　21.The word "homogenizing"（Line 2， Paragraph 1） most probably means

　　[A] identifying　 [B] associating 　[C] assimilating　 [D] monopolizing

　　22. According to the author， the department stores of the 19th century

　　[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.

　　[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.

　　[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.

　　[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption

　　23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.

　　[A] are resistant to homogenization.

　　[B] exert a great influence on American culture.

　　[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture.

　　[D] constitute the majority of the population.

　　24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5？

　　[A] To prove their popularity around the world.

　　[B] To reveal the public's fear of immigrants.

　　[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.

　　[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.

　　25.In the author's opinion， the absorption of immigrants into American society is

　　[A] rewarding. 　[B] successful. 　[C] fruitless. 　[D] harmful.

　　Text 2

　　Stratford-on-Avon， as we all know， has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company （RSC）， which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come， not to see the plays， but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage， Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.

　　The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC's actors， them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare， who earns their living， was himself an actor （with a beard） and did his share of noise - making.

　　The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side - don't usually see the plays， and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However， the playgoers do manage a little sight - seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers， the RSC contends， who bring in much of the town's revenue because they spend the night （some of them four or five nights） pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.

　　The townsfolk don't see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there， which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars， the Lear Lounge， the Banquo Banqueting Room， and so forth， and will be very expensive.

　　Anyway， the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. （The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1，431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.） The reason， of course， is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.

　　It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays， not the sights. They all seem to look alike （though they come from all over） -lean， pointed， dedicated faces， wearing jeans and sandals， eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10：30 a.m.

　　26. From the first two paras ， we learn that

　　[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC's contribution to the town's revenue

　　[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage

　　[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms

　　[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism

　　27. It can be inferred from Para 3 that

　　[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately

　　[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers

　　[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers

　　[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater

　　28. By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally"（Line 2-3， Paragraph 4）， the author implies that

　　[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects

　　[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties

　　[C] the town is not really short of money

　　[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid

　　29. According to the townsfolk， the RSC deserves no subsidy because

　　[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending

　　[B] the company is financially ill-managed

　　[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable

　　[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise

　　30. From the text we can conclude that the author

　　[A] is supportive of both sides

　　[B] favors the townsfolk's view

　　[C] takes a detached attitude

　　[D] is sympathetic

　　Text 3

　　When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world， something strange happened to the large animals;they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived.The large， slow-growing animals were easy game， and were quickly hunted to extinction.

　　Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being over-fished has been known for years.What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass （the amount of living biological matter） of fish species in particular parts of the ocean， but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature， the biomass of large predators （animals that kill and eat other animals） in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas， it has halved again since then.

　　Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved.Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar， which were not available 50 years ago.That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught， so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days， too， longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught， since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them， leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore， in the early days of longline fishing， a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem， because there are fewer sharks around now.

　　Dr. Myers and Dr. worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline， which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists， that of the "shifting baseline"。 The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that， which is a bad way to do business.

　　31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that

　　[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment

　　[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared

　　[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today.

　　[D] Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

　　32.We can infer form Dr Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that

　　[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%

　　[B] there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago

　　[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount

　　[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisherish than in the old

　　33.By saying these figures are conservative （line in，paragraph 3）， Dr worm means that

　　[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly

　　[B] then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded

　　[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss

　　[D] the date collected so far are out of date.

　　34.Dr Myers and other researchers hold that

　　[A] people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time

　　[B] fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass

　　[C] the ocean biomass should restored its original level.

　　[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.

　　35、The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries'

　　[A] management efficiency

　　[B] biomass level

　　[C] catch-size limits

　　[D] technological application.

　　Text 4

　　Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this： artists' only job is to explore emotions， and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

　　This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art， like painting and music， are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century， more artists began seeing happiness as insipid， phony or， worst of all， boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.

　　You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war， disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason， in fact， may be just the opposite： there is too much damn happiness in the world today.

　　After all， what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness？ Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media， and with it， a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.

　　People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted， lived with few protections and died young. In the West， before mass communication and literacy， the most powerful mass medium was the church， which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this， they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.

　　Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial， and forever happy .Fast-food eaters， news anchors， text messengers， all smiling， smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda——to lure us to open our wallets to make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate！"commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex， before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

　　What we forget——what our economy depends on is forgetting——is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today， surrounded by promises of easy happiness， we need someone to tell us as religion once did， Memento mori： remember that you will die， that everything ends， and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette， yet， somehow， a breath of fresh air.

　　36.By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire， the author intends to show that

　　[A] Poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.

　　[B] Art grow out of both positive and negative feeling.

　　[C] Poets today are less skeptical of happiness.

　　[D] Artist have changed their focus of interest.

　　37. The word "bummer"（Line 5. paragraph 5） most probably means something

　　[A] religious 　[B] unpleasant　 [C] entertaining　 [D] commercial

　　38.In the author's opinion， advertising

　　[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy part.

　　[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general peer

　　[C] replace the church as a major source of information

　　[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.

　　39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes

　　[A] Happiness more often than not ends in sadness.

　　[B] The anti-happy art is distasteful by refreshing.

　　[C] Misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.

　　[D] The anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms

　　40.Which of the following is true of the text？

　　[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.

　　[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.

　　[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of morality.

　　[D] mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.

　　Part B

　　Directions：

　　In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville，Ind， home of David Willianis ，52，and of a riverboat casinola place where gambling games are played .During several years of gambling in that casino ，Williams a state auditor earning $35，000 a year ，last approximately $175，000 . He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.

　　He visited the casino， lost the $20 and left .On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him， as a good customer， a "Fun Card"， which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks， and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams， these activities become what he calls "electronic heroin"。

　　（41） ，In 1997 he lost $21，000 to one slot machine in two days. In march 1997 he lost $72，186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time， all night， until the boat locked at 5 a.m ， then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m .Now he is suing the casino ，charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

　　In march 1998，a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions， and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gamblers. The casinno included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers， and wrote to him a" cease admissions"letter noting the "medical /psychological"nature of problem gambling behaviors， the letter said that before being readmitted to the patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

　　（42）

　　The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning，"enjoy the fun and always bet with your head ，not over it ."Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health .Nevertheless Williams's suit charged that the casino ，knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling"intentionally worked to "love"him to "engage in conduct against his will"well.

　　（43）

　　 The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling "involves president, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than(of the thrill)of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

　　（44）Pushed by science， or what claims to be science， society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders skin to physical disabilities

　　（45）

　　Forty-four states have lotteries， 29 have casinos， and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on__you might say addicted to__revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995，competition for gamblers'dollars has become intense. The Oct.28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1，800 virtual casines every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year， gambling has passed pornography as the Web's webs most profitable business.

　　（A） Although no such evidence was preserted， the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino ad used his Fun Card without being detected.

　　（B） It is unclear what luring was required， given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative？

　　（C） By the time he had lost $5，00， he said to himself that if he could get back to even， he would quit. One night he won $5，500， but he did not quit.

　　（D） Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever， but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin， or a social disease . Now it is a social policy. the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government .

　　（E） David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation . But don't bet on it .

　　（F） It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems ， often defining as addiction what earlier ，sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

　　（G） The anoymous ，lonely ，undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallly conductive to compulsive behavior . But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling ， what would be its grounds for doing so？

　　Part C

　　Directions：

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Our translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. （10 points）

　　Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society？ I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they， not American， who have become anti-intellectual.

　　First， the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual？ （46） I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格拉底） way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously， articulately， and frankly， first by asking factual questions， then by asking moral questions， finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. （47） His function is analogous to that of a judge， who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

　　This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals——the average scientist for one. 48） I have excluded him because， while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems， he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings， he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties—— he is not supposed to cook his experiments， manufacture evidence， or doctor his reports. 49） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code， which governs his activity， any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted， as the businessman takes his ethics.

　　The definition also excludes the majority of factors， despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living （50） They may teach very well ， and more than earn their salaries ，but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. "Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts"， as Emersion would say， "is something else."

　　Section III writing

　　Part A

　　51 Directions：

　　You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area， write a letter to the department concerned， asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out you plan. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming"instead.

　　Do not write the address. （10 points）

　　Part B

　　52 Directions： study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should：

　　1） describe the photos briefly

　　2） interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them ，and

　　3） give you point of view

　　You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2（20 points）

考研教育网考研英语名师索玉柱提供的2006年考研英语作文参考答案

（根据现在了解的题目所做的答案，真题公布后可能会有调整）

　　具体例证与抽象结论的概括

　　小视角[第1段]，通过多个层面的事实[第2段]，得出抽象的结论或道理[尾段]

　　写作原则（1）：一个主题，两种命题思路

　　主题1：拼搏与成功，树立科学发展观

　　Section III Writing

　　Part A

　　51. Directions：

　　You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned， asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.

　　Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address. （10 points）

　　Part B

　　52. 　Such a Worship

　　In these two irony pictures， we can see that a young man has written "Beckham"on his face while daydreaming to himself， "Tomorrow I shall be a famous football star."Another youngster dreams of being a successful athlete when he can afford 300 yuan to have his hair cut like Beckham's style. But it is a pity that they never put any craze and admirations into real practice. If they go on "daydreaming worship"like this， they will be doomed to failure in the end.

　　Not surprisingly， the drawer of these pictures intends to warn us not to worship blindly and aimlessly. Some young people， in the real life， have quite a few heroic stars to follow and even great images to run after. However， when it comes to actual challenges， they may forget all the deeds and the can-do spirits that their idealized stars have inspired to them. Why so？ To my mind， two good reasons can account for this social phenomenon. In general， these crazy fans are so absorbed by the idol star's appearance as to ignore the spirit of courage and determination， all of which sports stars and some great men have symbolized. And in particular， these young men don't value their golden time to act today， but always blindly admire the other's success.

　　Like daydreaming， to admire and worship idols is not a mistake but a good beginning， I believe. To have a good example or even dreamlike images to pursue will be the source of success if some effective actions are taken as soon as possible. With great heroes in mind， we may well make it possible to learn their endeavoring spirits in real action instead of simply imitating their surface！[286 words]

king15

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