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发表于 2006-6-11 22:54:29
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2000 Passage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The US achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because________.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
52. The loss of US predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American________.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
53. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.
[A] turning of the business cycle
[B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management
[D] success in education
重点词汇：
handicap （v.阻碍；使不利）←hand+i(n)+cap，据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。cultural handicap 文化障碍；language handicap 语言障碍。
unparalleled （无可比拟的）←un+parallel+ed；parallel（n.v.a.平行；相似）即para+llel，para-前缀“在旁边”=beside，llel三个l看作是“平行线”。parallel points in the characters of different men 不同人的个性的相同之处。
prosperous （繁荣的）←prosper（v.繁荣）+ous；prosperity （繁荣）←prosper+ity名词后缀。The problems to be resolved demand, and create, spiritual resources which the prosperous ease of a golden age will never inspire.等待解决的问题需要并且造成了黄金时代的繁荣安逸不可能激发的精神资源。The prosperity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed.国家的繁荣与有效使用的人手和头脑的数量成比例。If we did not something taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.如果不偶尔遭遇不幸，幸福就不会如此甜蜜。prosperity — something the businessmen create for the politicians to take credit for 繁荣——实业家发明出来让政客居功的某种东西。
predominance （优势）即pre+domin+ance，pre-“在前”，domin词根“支配”（如dominate→domin+ate动词后缀→支配；占优势），-ance名词后缀；predominant（占优势的；起主要作用的）←pre+domin+ant形容词后缀。the predominant feature of sb.'s character 某人性格的主要特征。
sensational （感动的；引起轰动的）即sens(e)+ation+al，sense词根“感觉”，-sation名词后缀，-al形容词后缀。sensational literature 令人激动的作品；a sensational crime 骇人听闻的罪行。
attribute （属性v.归因于）即at+tribute，at-(=to)，tribute词根“给”，于是“把属性给某物”→归因于；contribute （v.贡献；捐献；投稿）即con一起+tribute，“一起给”→捐献→引申为“投稿”。参distribution，2003年Text 1。I attribute the little I know to my not having been ashamed to ask for information, and to my rule of conversing with all descriptions of men on those topics that form their own peculiar professions and pursuits.我把自己这点知识归因于不耻于提问，归因于常常与各种各样的人谈论那些造成了他们各自专业与行当的主题。The value of a man is decided by what he has contributed, not by what he has obtained.人的价值取决于他所贡献的，而非他所获取的。
executive （执行的；执行官）可看作exe+cut+ive，exe即“可执行文件”后缀名，cut切，-ive后缀，“执行(exe)官的任务是——如果你不听话，就把你cut掉”。The business system is blessed with a built-in corrective, namely, that one executive's mistakes become his competitor's assets.商界有一条天然的校正法则，即：决策者的失误会变成竞争对手的资产。executive — a person who always decides; sometimes he decides correctly 管理人员——总在做决定的人；有时候他也能做出正确决定。
productivity （生产率）即produc(e)+tiv(e)+ity，produce生产，-tive形容词后缀，-ity名词后缀。raise the labour productivity 提高劳动生产率。
impetus （n.推动；推动力）可看作im+pet+us，im-即in-（in-在p前变形为im-），pet宠物，us我们，宠物(pet)里面(im)有我们(us)的动力(impetus)。the primary impetus behind the economic recovery 促使经济复苏的主要推动力。
manifest （明白的；v.表明）看作man+if+est，man男人，if是否，est形容词最高级，“男人是否最明白”。No amount of manifest absurdity... could deter those who wanted to believe from believing.无论明显的荒唐有多大……都无法阻止那些由于相信而相信的人。
withdraw （v.撤销；缩回；提取）←with+draw，with-(=back, against)，draw拉，“拉回来”。This is no time for any man to withdraw into some ivory tower and proclaim the right to hold himself aloof from the problems and the agonies of his society.现在对于任何人都不是缩进某座象牙塔并声明自己有权置身于社会问题与痛苦之外的时候。
restructure （v.重组）←re+structure，re-再=again，structure（v.n.构造）。The past has revealed to me the structure of the future.过去向我揭示了未来的结构。
at a loss 不知所措；on the ropes 岌岌可危；take sth. for granted 认为理所当然；quick-witted 机智的；think-tank 智囊团。
难句解析：
①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.
▲该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。but与后一个分句之间又插入一个由if引导的条件状语if properly handled，该状语原来是一个if引导的条件状语从句，即if it(a history of long and effortless success) is properly handled，其中的it is由于和该分句的主句部分主谓语一致而被省略掉了。
△本句结构比较简明，只需注意but与it may become a driving force之间的if结构是一个插入语，并且是一个省略了主语和系动词的被动语态。此外handicap意为“不利条件”。
②Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
▲前一句中its workers the most skilled是一个伴随状语，省略了其中的being，补齐成分后应为its workers being the most skilled。后一句中beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians作prosperous的状语，beyond为介词，是“超越，超出”的意思。而whose economies the war had destroyed作定语从句修饰the Europeans and Asians，原形是the war had destroyed the economies of the Europeans and Asians。
△注意beyond一词的意思，它表示“在……之外”。
③For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
▲该句带有一个表语从句，其表语从句中又套有两个并列的定语从句。全句主句部分的主谓结构是it looked...，as though（即as if好像）引导的从句是looked（看上去）的表语。表语从句中主语为the making of semiconductors，谓语为was going to be，而逗号之间的两个which从句是the making of semiconductors的非限定性定语，同时又是插入语。
△注意理解the next casualty的含义，casualty本意为“伤亡”，此处是“被国外产品击败的美国本土产业”。
④Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
▲英语的句式词汇一般都比较简练，如果将本句用中国人习惯的语式讲出应该如下：Their sometimes surprising findings about the causes of American's industrial decline are full of the warnings about the growing competition from overseas nations.
△sensational即surprising。另外注意本句的中心意思在句末的the growing competition from overseas。
⑤Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.
▲attribute... to...将……归功或归咎于……。solely作状语修饰attribute，this指代上一句中的five years of solid growth，此外as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle作宾语such obvious causes的补语。
△yield to是“向……屈服”，即“被取代”。此处使用了现在完成时，证明这种状态到现在已成型。
试题解析：
51. [C] 意为：战争摧毁了多数潜在的竞争国的经济。
提问中predominance意为“优势”。
第一段指出，第二次世界大战以后，美国进入一个欣欣向荣的(glowing)发展时期，它拥有八倍于其他任何一个竞争国家的市场，工业经济发展到空前规模，它拥有世界上最优秀的科学家和技术最高的工人。美国的繁荣和美国人的富裕水平，是欧洲人和亚洲人做梦也达不到的，因为战争摧毁了他们的经济。
A意为：它已经为实现这一目标付出了艰苦的努力。
B意为：其国内市场比以前大八倍。
D意为：其劳动力（数量）空前的规模促进了经济的发展。
52. [D] 意为：汽车工业失去了部分国内市场。
第二段第六句提到，进口车和纺织品涌进（美国）国内市场。
A意为；电视工业萎缩回到了国内市场（即：该工业失去了国际市场）。根据第二段，到80年代中期，面对其工业竞争力的日益衰退，美国人感到无计可施(at a loss)，美国某些大的行业——如电子消费品——在园际竞争的压力下，面临萎缩或消亡的威胁。到1987年为止，美国仅存的电视制造商只有Zenith一家了（现在已荡然无存：Zenith于7月份（指文章写作年代的7月份）被韩国LG电子有限公司购买）。这里并没有直接提到美国电视失去国际市场，事实上，它连国内市场也保不住了。
B意为：半导体行业被外国公司接管。第二段最后一句提到，在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者，虽然美国是半导体的发明者，而且半导体又处于新的计算机时代的核心位置（即：在新的时代中起着关键作用）。本句中casualty意为“伤亡”、“受害者”，与上一句中be on the ropes（美语俚语，意为“即将完蛋”）相照应。这里所说的是半导体制造商似乎(as though)要失去国内外市场．而不是被国外企业接管。
C意为：机床制造业自取灭亡。第二段提到了机床制造业“即将完蛋”(on the ropes)。这显然也是说它正在失去国内外市场，并未提到它的灭亡是由其自身原因造成的。
53. [B] 意为：激烈的竞争可能促进经济的发展。
第三段提到，严峻的现实（this指上一段中提到的诸多现状）使美国人失去了自信，他们不再认为繁荣是自然而至的事，他们开始认识到自己的经营方式存在严重问题(failing)。在80年代中期，他们开始挖掘美国经济衰退的原因，他们有时有些惊人的(sensational)发现，其中往往提示人们警惕外来竞争。第四段提到了90年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在80年代进行了自我反思和产业结构调整，因此带来了90年代的经济复苏。
A意为：在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摆来摆去是人的本性。（即：人倾向于在这两种心态之间摇摆）。
C意为：经济的复苏取决于国际间的合作。
D意为：长期的成功可以为进一步的发展铺平道路。
54. [A] 意为：经济周期的转机。
在第四段，作者指出，截止到1995年，美国已经经历了五年的稳定（经济）增长，而日本却在困境中挣扎，但是，美国人并不将这一增长看做是美元贬值或经济周期的转机等明显的因素直接带来的，而是由自我怀疑变为盲目的骄傲。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评，认为，90年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。
B意为：产业结构的调整。根据Richard Cavanaugh的看法，美国经济的持续增长是由产业结构的调整造成，他认为美国的产业正在“节食”(go on a diet)，正在变得更加理智。但这并不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。
C意为：经营管理的改善。根据Stephen Moore的看法，美国的经济正在提高其生产率。但这也不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。
D意为：教育上的成功。
全文翻译：
一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。
随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。（现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。）外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。
所有这一切导致了信任危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。80年代中期，人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。
情况的变化真快！1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。到如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德•卡佛纳的看法。华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬•莫尔说：“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。”哈佛商学院的威廉•萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。
2000 Passage 2
Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years — even the past 100 years — our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
[A] A lack of mates.
[B] A fierce competition.
[C] A lower survival rate.
[D] A defective gene.
56. What does the example of India illustrate?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because________.
[A] life has been improved by technological advance
[B] the number of female babies has been declining
[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
[A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution.
[B] Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.
[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.
[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.
重点词汇：
maturity （成熟）←matur(e)+ity，mature（成熟的v.成熟），-ity名词后缀。Love is quiet understanding and the mature acceptance of imperfection.爱情是静静的理解和对不足之处的成熟接受。maturity — ①behaviour determined by the plans other people have in mind ②a high price for growing 成熟——①按照别人脑子里的计划决定自己的行为 ②成长的高昂代价。
mortality （死亡率）←mortal+ity，mortal（致命的；凡人），-ity名词后缀。If I laugh at any mortal thing, it's that I may not weep.如果我笑任何mortal事物，那是为了我可以免于哭泣。←此处mortal的中文意思guangxian不知如何表达。
survive （v.幸存；比……活的长）即sur+vive，sur-(=super-)前缀“超”，vive词根“活的”，于是“超过别人活的长度”→比别人活得长→幸存；survival （n.幸存；幸存者）←surviv(e)+al名词后缀。同根词：revive（v.恢复；复苏），见2003年Text 1。I have observed that only those plants in nature which are strongest survive and reproduce themselves. It seems to me that hardiness is the chief essential for success.我观察到，自然界中只有最强壮的植物才能存活并繁衍。看来坚韧是成功的基本要素。The survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.我在这里一直想要以机械论术语表达的适者生存，就是达尔文先生说过的“自然选择”，或者说是优越种族在生存斗争中的保存。guangxian注：英特尔前任总裁Andrew S. Grove的一本极具影响力的书就叫“Only the Paranoid Survive”。此书名一直被译作《只有偏执狂才能生存》，导致上世纪九十年代后期以来无数强烈渴望成功的创业者（IT界为甚）以将“偏激固执”作为人生信条而自豪。但就像很多人已指出的那样，“paranoid”不是指上述意义的“偏执狂”，而是指“****妄想狂”，其典型症状是——认为周围所有人都想加害自己而终日惶恐不安。Grove在书的前言中说：Business success contains the seeds of its own destruction. The more successful you are, the more people want a chunk of your business and then another chunk and then another until there is nothing left. I believe that the prime responsibility of a manager is to guard constantly against other people's attacks and to inculcate this guardian attitude in the people under his or her management.企业的成功包含着自身毁灭的种子。你越是成功，对你垂涎三尺的人就越多，他们会一块块地夺取你的生意，直到最后一点都不剩。所以管理者的首要职责就是始终保持警惕以防范他人袭击，并把这种防范意识灌输给下属人员。
evolution （n.进化；发展），动词形式为evolve ；evolutionary （进化的）←evolution+ary形容词后缀；另revolution（见2003年Text 1）可看作r+evolution，r看作镰刀，于是“用镰刀使其发展”→“拿着镰刀闹革命”→革命。Evolution is not the force but a process, not a cause but a law.进化不是动力而是过程，不是原因而是法则。
opportunity （机会）即op+port+un(e)+ity，op-前缀=to，port港口，-une后缀，-ity后缀，有港口的地方都是很发达的，因此人们都到港口去寻找“机会”。Opportunity makes the thief.大意失荆州。（←妙！）A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.智者创造的机会要比他发现的多。opportunity — a bird that never perches 机遇——一只不落的鸟。
diminish （v.缩小，减少）即di+min+ish，di-前缀“使”，min词根“小”=mini，-ish动词后缀。Absence diminishes little passions and increases great ones, just as the wind blows out a candle and fans a fire.离别减弱浅薄的感情而增强深厚的感情，正如风吹灭蜡烛而煽旺火焰。
poverty （贫穷）记其中有over←“人贫穷就完了”（即使物质贫穷，在精神上也不能贫穷）。Poverty is not vice, but an inconvenience.贫穷不是罪恶，而是一种不便。poverty — ①having enough money to buy all the things you ever wanted to have if only you hadn't got children ②the most effective way to keep out robbers and thieves 贫穷——①假如没有孩子，你的钱就能买得起你想要的任何东西 ②把强盗和小偷拒之门外的最有效方法。
mediocrity （平常）可看作medi+ocr+ity，medi-前缀“中间”（如medium→medi+um后缀→中间的；媒介），ocr看作Optical Character Recognition（光学字符识别），-ity名词后缀，用中等(medi)识别率OCR的效果是平常(medicocrity)的。
upper-middle-class 上中阶层。
Utopia （乌托邦）是英国空想社会主义者托马斯•莫尔(Thomas More)所著书名的简称，书中描写了作者所想象的没有阶级的幸福社会——乌托邦，意即“没有的地方”。Utopia — ①a place where men are severely punished for all odours and noises they expel ②the place where all women get married, and all men remain bachelors 乌托邦——①在那个地方，人类因其散发的气味和制造的噪音而受到惩罚 ②所有女人都结了婚，而所有男人却仍然单身的地方。
involve （v.陷入；涉及）←in+volve，in-前缀=into，volve词根“卷”，“把东西卷到里面”。参revolution词条（含revolve），2003年Text 1。Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the co-operation of many minds.伟大的发展和改进总是牵涉到许多富于才智的人的协作。The power of choice must invovle the possibility of error — that is the essence of choosing.选择的权力必须包括出错的可能——这是选择的精髓。
transform （v.转变；改造）即trans+form，trans-前缀“改变”，form词根“形状”。Marriage is the miracle that transform a kiss from a pleasure into a duty, and a life from a luxury into a necessity.婚姻是个奇迹，它把接吻从快乐化为义务，把生活从享乐化为必需。
describe （v.描述，形容）←de向下+scribe写，“写下来”，名词为description。A man never discloses his own character so clearly as when he describes another's.在描述另一个人的性格时，人最清楚地显露自己的性格。
descendant （后裔）即de+scend+ant，de-向下，scend词根“爬”，-ant名词后缀表“人”。同根词：descend→de+scend→“向下爬”→下降；ascend→a+scend→“向上爬”→攀登。One of the best things people could do for their descendants would be to sharply limit the number of them.人们能为后代做的最好的事情之一大概就是严格限制自己的数量。
难句解析：
①There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.
▲该句是由三个递进关系的简单句组成的并列句，句法结构比较清晰。
△第一个分句的关键词在born，表明该比数是婴儿出生时的性别比例；第二个分句的关键词在near balance（接近持平）和at the age of maturity，表示性别比例的持平状态发生在成年时期；第三个分句的70-year-olds指代的是“70岁的人们”，作名词。
②Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.
▲注意differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it是两个并列的主语，千万不要理解成people与the opportunity是between的并列宾语。
△and连接的两个并列部分是differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it，而不是people和the opportunity。另外注意句中的it指代的是differences between people。
③The grand mediocrity of today — everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring — means that natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
▲该句的主语是The grand mediocrity，谓语是means，其后跟着that引导的宾语从句that natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes，其中compared to the tribes是分词结构作状语，省略了if/when being。破折号中间everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring是典型的插入语，其中survival和number of offspring都是介词in的宾语。
△grand在此处不是“宏伟，壮丽”的意思，而是“程度很深”；mediocrity也非“平庸，平常”，而是“平均化”或“折衷”；offspring是“后代”。另外要理解natural selection has lost 80％ of its power in upper-middle-class India的意思，这里是指在原来的社会不平等的情况下，印度中上层阶级拥有一些能使自己在自然选择中处于优势的特权，而随着医疗和卫生条件的改变，下层人民也拥有同样的生存条件，因此中上层阶级就丧失了80％的自然选择中的优势。
④Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."
▲冒号后的句子是主句中a phrase的同位语。该同位语从句中的结构是A does something as B does something（A做某事的样子正像B做某事的样子）。
△those ignorant of evolution指对生物进化过程一无所知的人，其后的they也指代这些人。最后的his指代前面的a savage。beyond his comprehension超出了他的理解范围。
试题解析：
55. [C] 意为；较低的存活率。
第一段第一、二句指出，做男人总是有危险的。出生时男孩比例高于女孩，到成熟期时男女比例已持平，到70岁时男人仅剩女人数量的一半了。
A意为：配偶的缺乏。第一段第四、五句提到，现在，男孩的存活率几乎与女孩一样了，这意味着，到寻找配偶的关键年龄时，就会有多余的男孩（找不到配偶）。这两句话仅是论据，说明本段第三句指出的现象：过去普遍存在的男人死亡率高的现象正在改变。
B意为：激烈的竞争。
D意为：有缺陷的基因。第一段最后一句指出，既然其中的差别都是由基因造成的，另一个进化因素不复存在了。这里并未提到基因的缺陷造成男人的高死亡率。
56. [B] 意为：自然选择的法则基本不适用于穷富的差别。
印度的例子用于说明第二段第六句指出的观点：不同的人面对自然选择时所可利用的优劣势差别已经变小。根据下文．这一句应理解为：在存活率问题上，富人和穷人几乎面临着同样的机会，即富人已渐失其优势。另请参阅本段最后一句。
A意为：富人（家庭）一般比穷人孩子少。虽然这也许是事实，但文章井未提到这一点。
C意为：中产阶级人口数量比部落人口少80％。第二段最后一句的意思是：今天的总平均趋势——存活率和孩子数量的平均化——意味着自然选择在印度的中高层家庭人口中——与部落人口相比——已失去80％的控制力；即：中高阶层不再拥有绝对的生存优势。
D意为：印度是出生率很高的国家之一。这是文章没有提到的。
57. [A] 意为：技术的进步改进了生命（的质量）。
第三段第四、五句指出，在过去的10万年乃至100年中，我们的生活得到了改变，但是身体却没有改变，我们（的身体）没有进化的原因是机器和社会使其然。这里所说的“机器”当指技术。
B意为：女婴数量减少了。参阅第55、56题题解。
C意为：我们这种物种（指人）已达到最高进化阶段。虽然在第三段中作者的确提到了进化已经结束(evolution is over)，但是造成这种现象的原因却只有在第五句中才提到。
D意为：贫富差别正在逐渐消失。即使在第二段，文章也没有提到贫富差别的消失，提到的只是贫富家庭在婴孩存活率和孩子平均数量上差别正在缩小。
58. [D] 意为：人的进化已穷尽。
在第一段阐述男人死亡率降低的原因时，作者就指出了进化机制已不再起作用，第二段在讨论每个家庭孩子平均数量减少这一现象时，作者再次指出自然进化机制已不能再左右人口的出生率，即：人不再通过多生孩子来保持人口的均衡。在总结全文的第三段时，作者直截了当地指出，进化已经结束。
A意为：人的进化过程中性别比例的改变。这一点仅在第一段提到了，所以，该选择项不足以概括全文内容。
B意为：保持人类进化的方法。
C意为：大自然未来的进化。本文侧重点在于探讨人口的结构变化与进化过程的关系，而不是泛泛地谈论大自然的进化。
全文翻译：
做男人总是充满危险，出生时男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成熟期，这一比例几乎持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会不复存在了。50年前，婴儿（尤其是男婴）存活的机会取决于体重，过轻或过重几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎不起什么作用，因为大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。
进化自杀还有另一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生育力。除了在一些宗教社区之外，没有几名妇女有15个孩子。当今婴儿出生的数量同死亡年龄一样已趋于平均化，我们多数人的子女数量大致相同。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会再一次减少。印度可以说明正在发生的一切。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。今天这种极其显著的平均化——每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同——意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80％的效力。
对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束；生物学上的乌托邦已经降临。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有牵涉到身体上的变化，没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年——甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们“看有机的生命如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西”。毫无疑问，我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。
2000 Passage 3
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?
59. This passage is mainly________.
[A] a survey of new approaches to art
[B] a review of Futurist poetry
[C] about merits of the Futurist movement
[D] about laws and requirements of literature
60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to________.
[A] determine its purposes
[B] ignore its flaws
[C] follow the new fashions
[D] accept the principles
61. Futurists claim that we must________.
[A] increase the production of literature
[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress
[C] develop new modes of expression
[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs
62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is________.
[A] based on reasonable principles
[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people
[C] indicative of basic change in human nature
[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature
重点词汇：
farfetched （牵强的）即far+fetch+ed，far远的，fetch拿来，-ed形容词后缀，叫别人到很远(far)的地方去把东西拿回来(fetch)，这个要求是很“牵强的”(fartetched)。
futurist （未来派的；未来派艺术家）即futur(e)+ist，future（未来；未来的），-ist后缀。If we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we have lost the future.我们如果在过去和现在之间展开争吵，就会发现我们丧失了未来。Every hour of lost time is a chance of future misfortune.失去的每一小时都构成未来不幸发生的可能。future — something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour 未来——每个人都在以每小时60分钟的速度接近的东西。future shock — the shattering stress and disorientation that we induce in individuals by subjecting them to too much change in too short a time 未来的冲击——我们通过让个人在太短的时间内承受太多的变化而施加给他们的破坏性压力和定向障碍。
undergo （v.经历；承受）即under+go，“在下面走”→经历。You cannot create experience, you must undergo it.你不能创造经验，你必须经历它。undergo a long process of tempering 经受长期的磨练。
corresponding （相应的；符合的）即cor+respond+ing，cor-共同（con-在r前的变形），respond反应（见2003年Text 2），-ing形容词后缀；动词形式为correspond（相应；符合；通信）。Two delusions fostered by higher education are that what is taught corresponds to what is learned, and that it will somehow pay off in money.高等教育造成了两种错觉，一是教的东西就等于学到的东西，二是它总会通过某种方式以金钱回报。Science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense-experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought.科学试图将杂乱纷繁的感官经验纳入思维的逻辑有序的体系中。
interpret （v.解释；口译）；interpretor（译员）←interpret+or后缀表“人”。The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.哲学家们只是以不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改变世界。interpretor — someone who lies in two languages 译员——用两种语言说谎的人。
essential （必不可少的；本质的）；名词形式为essence（本质；精华），记谐音“爱深思”→只有爱深思(essence)才可能发现事物的“本质”和“精华”。As a researcher perhaps two characters are most essential, one is love for sciences, the other is curiosity.作为研究人员有两种品质也许是最基本的：一是对科学的热爱，一是对事物的好奇心。The essence of romantic love is that wonderful beginning, after which sadness and impossibility may become the rule.浪漫的爱的本质是奇妙的开始，随后注定是悲伤与不可能。
finite （有限的）即fin+ite，fin词根“完”（如finish→fin+ish后缀→v.n.完成），-ite形容词后缀，“有完的”→有限的。反义词：infinite（无限的；无限的东西）←in否定前缀+finite。参define（下定义；限定），2002年Text 4）。We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.我们必须接受有限的失望，但我们决不可失去无限的希望。a finite number of possibilities 有限的几种可能性。
explanatory （说明的，解释的）即ex+plan+atory，ex-前缀=out，plan即plain（元音可增减），-atory形容词后缀，“简单明白地表达出来的”→解释的；动词形式为explain←ex+plain；名词形式为explanation←ex+plan+ation。Mediocrities can explain everything, and are surprised at nothing.庸人能够解释一切，他们对任何事都不感到意外。←mediocrity参2000年Passage 2。A little inaccuracy sometimes saves tons of explanations.少许的含糊有时能省去大量的解释。
fulfill （v.完成，履行）即ful+fill，ful即full“完全”，fill“填满”，故“完全填满”→完成。Only they who fulfill their duty in everyday matters will fulfill them on great occassions.只有在日常工作中尽责的人才会在重大时刻尽责。
determine （v.决心；确定）即de+termine，de-加强前缀，termine词根“结束”（参terminal，2002年Text 2），故“使结束”→决定；名词形式为determination←de+termin+ation。The surest way not to fail is to determine to succeed.不致失败的最可靠方法是决心成功。When it is not in our power to detemine what is true, we ought to follow what is most probable.在无法认定何者正确之时，就应采用可能性最大的一个。The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.人生最重要的事就是确立一个伟大的目标，并有决心使其实现。
all the same 仍然；at will 随意。
难句解析：
①When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
▲该句是一个因果关系的并列句，表示结果的部分是When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at，表示原因的部分是for it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。而for与it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal之间是一个插入语，也是由however+形容词引导的状语从句，意为“不管他们（这群前卫艺术家们）的时尚原则在今天看来多么牵强无理”。
△句中attain原意为“达到”，此处应理解为“发展成”；advocates指倡导的人；however不是“然而”，而是“不论多么”。
②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.
▲该句也是一个因果关系的并列句。结果为With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult，其中however是插入语，表示此句与上一句之间是转折关系；原因为for之后的部分whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature，其中破折号之间的部分even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right是插入语，on which it is based是the theory的定语从句，it指代Futurist poetry。
△注意however一词是对上一句内容的转折信号，了解这一点，the case is rather difficult的意思就不难领会了。同时要抓住作者的态度，他对未来主义诗歌是持完全否定的态度的。
③We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.
▲该句中主句为We must pour out a large stream of essential words，而unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs是过去分词引导的伴随状语。
△注意or连接的qualifying adjectives和finite verbs与stops并列，而不与a large stream of essential words并列。
④But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
▲句中开始的it是形式主语，它指代的是to read及后面的定语从句和to find及其后面的宾语从句。that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river是read的宾语从句，其中off which they both fall into the river是bridge的定语从句；that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."是find的宾语从句。
△该句相对较复杂，一定要注意upsetting的意思，它是指当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个场景，便怀着新奇感去读原文，结果却发现原文如此枯燥拙劣，心中不免感到不舒服。
⑤All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.
▲此处的that从句是proposition的同位语，说明了其内容。
△注意句中的双重否定：no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition没有一个有思想的人能否决他们自己最初的主张，也就是“几乎人人都会坚持自己最初的主张”。
试题解析：
59. [B] 意为：对未来派诗歌的评述。
本文是一篇文学评论。第一段开门见山地对未来派诗歌进行批评，指出，无论未来派诗歌是什么东西——即使承认其理论根据是正确的，却很难将它归作是文学作品。第二段简述了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背景，第三、四段又转入对它的批评。注意第四段第一句对第一段第二句的照应。
A意为：对新的艺术理论的评价。这个选择项表达的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。
C意为：有关未来主义运动的优点。
D意为：有关文学（创作）的法则和要求。这个选择项表达的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。
60. [A] 意为：确认其目的。
第一段第一句指出，每当一个新艺术思潮达到一定流行程度时，（在评价它之前）最好先找出其倡导者的目的，因为，无论其（创作）原则在今天看来可能是多么不着边际、多么荒谬，但是在未来它也许会被看做是正常的东西。
B意为：忽视其缺陷。
C意为：追随这些新思潮。
D意为：接受其（创作）原则。
61. [C] 意为：挖掘新的表达方式。
第二段简述了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背果。未来派认为，一个世纪以来，生活状况一直在有条件地加速发展，以致我们今天生活在一个喧闹、暴力和迅变的世界里，结果，我们的感觉、思想和情感经历了相应的变化。未来派认为，这种生活（节奏）的加快需要一种新的表达方式（与之相适应）。
A意为：增加文学作品的创作（数量）。第二段第四句指出，为了诠释当今世界的（生活）压力，我们必须加快文学的创作。这里所说的speed up our literature的具体内容包括下两句提到的文学创作方法，并非指加大文学作品的创作数量。
B意为：用诗歌来化解当今的压力。见对选择项[A]的解释，interpret（解释）的意思不同于relieve（缓解；解除）。
D意为：不使用形容词和动词。第二段第五甸的意思是：我们（在诗歌中）注入大量的基本词汇，这一语流不为句号、修饰性形容词或限定性动词所打断。从这句来看，并没有提到不使用形容词和动词。
62. [D] 意为：与其说是文学（作品）不如说是一种暂时的现象。
在最后一段最后一句作者反问道：我们的时代真的发生了根本变化吗？言外之意，我们生活的变化被未来主义考夸大了，因此他们对历史和现实的认识是不正确的，所以其理论根据是站不住脚的。
A意为：基于合理的原理。
B意为：对普通人来说是新的、易于接受的。
D意为：表明人性的根本变化。
全文翻译：
当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。然而，就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物——即使承认其理论根据可能正确，也很难称之为文学。
简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活一直在有条件地急剧变化；现在，我们生活在一个充斥着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。未来派诗人声称，这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式。如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。我们不应描绘声音，我们必须造出模仿声音的词语；我们必须在同一张纸上使用不同型号和不同颜色的墨水，任意缩短或加长词语。
他们对战斗的描述确实让人很难理解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，则令人有点生厌，注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗，结果双双从桥上掉进河中——结果，诗把他们两人落水的声音和体重写在了一起：“扑通！扑通！185公斤。”
尽管这符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求，却很难被归入文学之列。实际上，没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个观点：即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗？
2000 Passage 4
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
63. In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was________.
[A] under aimless development
[B] a positive example
[C] a rival to the West
[D] on the decline
64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
65. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that________.
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the US
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
重点词汇：
postwar （战后）←post前缀“在后”+war；prewar （战前）←pre前缀“在前”+war。postwar architecture — the accountants' revenge on the prewar businessmen's dreams 战后的建筑——会计师们对战前商人们的梦想的报复。
harmony （和谐，融洽）可看作har+mony，har谐音“哈”，mony即money，于是“哈！money！”→有钱很多事情都会变得“和谐”与“融洽”。No family harmony, no social stability.没有家庭的和睦，就没有社会的稳定。harmony — the husband likes fishing, the wife likes cooking fish, and the child likes eating fish 和谐——丈夫喜欢钓鱼，妻子喜欢烧鱼，孩子喜欢吃鱼。
sacrifice （v.n.牺牲；奉献）可看作sa+cri+fice，sa谐音似“杀”，cri看作cry（元音替换），fice看作face（元音替换），于是“因马上要被杀(sa)而泪留(cri)满面(fice)的东西”→牺牲。Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.得体的举止由许多细小的牺牲构成。Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.无论何时，只要有目标，你就要牺牲一定的自由以达到它。Success can be only one ingredient in happiness, and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients have been sacrificed to obtain.成功只能是幸福的一个因素，如果为了获得成功而牺牲其它幸福的因素，就未免得不偿失了。
counterpart （相似或对应的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前缀“对等”，part部分，“对等的部分”。
personality （人格；个性）←person+ality名词后缀。Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.个性之于人一如香气之于花。personality — everything that's false in a human, everything that's been added on to him and contrived 个性——人类身上所有虚假的东西，所有强加在他身上的不自然的东西。
assault （v.n.攻击）即as+sault，as前缀=to，sault沪方言“烧掉”之谐音，于是“去把敌人的东西烧掉”→“火攻”→攻击。Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.没有东西能抵挡笑声的进攻。
conservative （保守的；保守主义者）即con+serv(e)+ative，con-前缀“全部”，serve词根“保持”（=keep），-ative后缀；参conservation（2002年Text 3）。When a nation's young men are conservative, its funeral bell is already rung.当一个国家的青年因循守旧，这个国家的丧钟即已敲响。conservative — ①someone who wants to keep what he already had lost ②a man who wants the rules changed so that no one can make a pile the way he did ③someone who believes that nothing should be done for the first time 守旧者——①试图保留已经失去的东西的人 ②希望改变一下规矩，使任何人都不能再像他那样赚钱的人 ③相信什么事都不应当有第一次的人。
authorities （当局，官方）；原形为authority（权力；权威；权威者）←author作者+ity名词后缀。All authority belongs to the people.一切权力属于人民。Authority is not truth, but truth possesses the authority.权威不是真理，但真理拥有权威。authority — a high hat under which every donkey can hide his ears 权力——一顶高帽子，驴子戴上它也能遮住耳朵。
endure （v.忍受；持续）即en+dure，en-前缀“使”，dure词根“持续”（如durable→持久的）。We have all sufficient strength to endure the misfortunes of others.我们具有极其充足的力量来忍受他人的不幸。Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but wise words endure.色彩会消退，庙宇会坍塌，帝国会崩溃，但智慧的话永存。
isolate （v.隔离，孤立）←isol+ate，isol即isle“小岛”（元音可增减替换），-ate动词后缀，使像小岛一样被“孤立”。The word, even the most contradictions word, preserves contact — it is silence which isolates.话语，甚至最矛盾的话语也维持着人们的联系——是沉默使人们隔离。
generation （产生；一代人）←generat(e)+ion，generate（v.产生），-ion名词后缀。Each generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the one that went before it, and wiser than the one that comes after it.每代人都想象自己比前一代聪明，也比后一代明智。
commute （v.乘公交车上下班，乘车船往返于两地）即com+mute，com-前缀“一起”，mute词根“交换”，于是“一直在两地间交换位置”→乘车往返上下班。参mutually，2003年Text 1。
divorce （v.n.离婚；分离）与diverse（多种多样的；不同的）一起记，“离婚”后双方就成为“不同的”人。Friendship is the marriage of the soul, and this marriage is liable to divorce.友谊是心灵的结合，这种结合是易于解体的。It is only in marriage with the world that our ideals can bear fruit; divorced from it, they remain barren.只有与现实联姻，我们的理想才能结果；如果脱离现实，理想将永无生机。divorce — ①a tragedy that after a while feels suspiciously like relief ②the best way to replace the first mistake by a second ③puts men back in circulation 离婚——①一场悲剧，片刻之后又似乎觉得像是一种解脱 ②用第二次错误代替第一次错误的最佳方法 ③将男人放回可流通领域。
cultivation （耕作；培养）←cultivat(e)+tion，cultivate（v.耕作；培养），-tion名词后缀。To cultivate oneself in disposition is not for the others, but for strengthening his own capacity in life.修养性情不是为了他人，而是为了加强自己的生活能力。
tolerant （宽容的）←toler+ant。The public is wonderfully tolerant — it forgives everything except genius.公众宽容得惊人——他们宽恕一切，除了天才。
难句解析：
①Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
▲whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定语从句。
△千万注意hardly是否定词，相当于not。
②The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
▲本句的主语是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语是have limited，宾语是the opportunities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是宾语的定语从句，该从句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的补语。
△age是“时代”，表示这一代已经成为社会的主力军；baby boom指在战后的“生育高峰，婴儿潮”；questioning的意思是“质问，质疑”；involved in指“与某事有关，由某事引起”。
③Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
▲本句主语是Mitsuo Setoyama，谓语是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister是主语的定语，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."是全句的时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是liberal reforms，谓语是had weakened，宾语是the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的补语。
△注意raised eyebrows是“瞋目”的意思，此处指“瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤”。
④With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
▲has come centralization是一个倒装结构，原形为centralization has come。Where引导的定语从句修饰cities。
△本句中须弄清一些词汇的含义，如：centralization集中化；community礼俗社会；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由…取代；households家庭。
试题解析：
63. [B] 意为：正面的例子。
第一段第一句指出，战后，日本的生产率与和谐的社会状态是美国和欧洲所羡慕的，其发展目标明确（主句的直译意思是：无目标性一直不是日本的特点）。
A意为：处于无目标的发展状态下。
C意为：是西方国家的劲敌。
D意为：正在走下坡路。
64. [D] 意为：生活方式受西方价值观的影响。
第一段指出，日本人越来越多地目睹着一场传统的工作道德价值观的沦丧。十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看作是生存(being)的重要动力；但是，日本目前在很大程度上满足了其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标了。
在第二、三段，文章探讨了造成这种现象的原因。在第四段第一句，作者指出，这（that指上一段提到的现象）也许更多地是与日本人的生活方式有关（have... to do with意为：与……有关）。
A意为：妇女参加社会活动受到限制。第二段第一句的意思是：随着战后进入高生育时期，并随着妇女进入过去男人占统治地位的就业市场，青少年的机会受到限制，他们已经表现出对为爬上严格的社会阶层——如进入好学校或获得好工作——所做出的巨大的个人牺牲提出质疑。
B意为：更多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。
C意为：过多地注重基础训练。根据第三段，虽然外国人经常称赞日本教育对基础训练的强调，日本的教育却倾向于强调考试和机械的学习，而忽视丁创造力和自我表达的培养。可见，强调基础的教育是好的，但是忽视创造力和自我表达的培养也是不对的。这里，强调基础是教育的目的，强调考试和机械的学习是日本实现这一目的的方法；目标并没有错（不会导致道德水平的下降），错误的是实现这一目标的方法。
65. [C] 意为：应该更多地强调创造力的培养。
参阅第64题题解。
A意为：日本的教育受到赞赏，因为它有助于年轻人爬上社会阶梯。日本的教育受到外国人赞赏的原因是它强调整础教育。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。
B意为：日本教育既强调机械的学习也强调创造力。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。
D意为：失学导致了对考试的反感。根据Toshiki Kaifu的看法，对这种东西（指上一句提到的强调考试，忽视个性、能力、勇气或人性教育）的反感使孩子们弃学，变得难以管教。可见，选择项[D]颠倒了因果。参阅第三段。
66. [A] 意为：年轻人更难以忍受生活中的困难。
根据Yoko Muro的观点，对日本人来说，问题一直不是一个他们能否享受工作和生活的问题，而是一个他们有多大的承受力的问题。例如，城市居民长期以来一直承受着上下班时间长和生活环境拥挤的折磨，但是，随着旧的价值观被摈弃，（与之相关的）困难开始表面化了（tell意为：产生影响；显现出来）。这里的意思是，日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的日本人觉得这种牺牲太大，对此产生了逆反情绪。参阅第四段。
B意为：日本人的离婚率超过了美国人。根据第四段最后一句，日本人的离婚率仍然大大地(well)低于美国人。
C意为：日本人比以前需要忍受的东西更多了。
D意为：日本人喜欢自己目前的生活方式。
全文翻译：
战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此漫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色。但是，日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本大体上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步的目标在哪里。
战后婴儿出生高峰期的到来及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑在进好学校，找好工作，攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所做出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。在最近一次调查中发现与62.7％的美国学生相比较，只有24.5％的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他10个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多。
虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调考试和机械学习，而不重视创造性和自我表现。“在考分中得不到体现的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说，“对这类事情灰心丧气，致使孩子辍学、放荡不羁。”去年日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中包括929起袭击老师事件。在一片抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前，强调道德教育；去年，当时任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出责难，他申辩说二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。
但是，那也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。“在日本，”教育家 Yoko Muro说，“问题绝对不是你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活，而仅仅是你能承受多大的负荷。”随着经济的发展，居住集中化也跟着来了，在日本1亿1900万人当中，足有76％住在城市，在那里社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，而取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，随着旧的群体家庭道德观的削弱，令人不舒服的结果开始显现出来。在过去10年中，日本的离婚率，尽管仍远在美国之下，已经上升了50％，而自杀事件则上升了近1/4。
2000 Passage 5
If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition — if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.
[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices
[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power
[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material
[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous
68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is________.
[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out
[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because________.
[A] they think of it as immoral
[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth
[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits
[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained________.
[A] secretly and vigorously
[B] openly and enthusiastically
[C] easily and momentarily
[D] verbally and spiritually
重点词汇：
ambition （雄心，野心）看作am+bit+ion，am是，bit一点，-ion名词后缀，考研的人都是(am)有一点点(bit)野心(ambition)，谐音“俺必胜”！形容词形式为ambitious ←ambit+ious形容词后缀。All ambitions are lawful except those which climb upward on the miseries or credulities of mankind.野心是合法的，不过利用人们的痛苦或轻信者除外。ambition — ①the noble name one gives to his money problems ②the immemorial weakness of the strong 志向——①给经济困难取的高雅名字 ②坚强者的永久性虚弱。
destiny （命运）看作de+s+tiny，de-否定前缀，s谐音“是”，tiny微小的，命运(destiny)不(de)是(s)小事情(tiny)。A tyrant's authority for crime, and a fool's excuse for failure.命运：暴君作恶的理由，傻瓜失败的借口。destiny — statistics by another name 命运——统计学的代名词。
vitality （生命力）即vit(a)+al+ity，vita词根“生命”（如vitamin←vita+min，原义为“维持生命的胺类物质”，即“维生素”），-al形容词后缀，-ity名词后缀。vitality — the pursuit of life 活力——对生命的追求。
hypocritical （伪善的）看作hypo+critical，hypo-前缀“在……之下、次于”（如hypothesis→hypo+thesis论点→次于论点地位的→n.假设），critical批评的，“在批评之下的”→伪善的；名词形式为hypocrisy （虚伪，伪善）。hypocrisy — ①the lubricant of society ②the most difficult and nerve-racking vice that any man can pursue; it needs an unceasing vigilance and a rare detachment of spirit 伪善——①社会的润滑剂 ②人们所能学到的最困难、最刺激的恶习；它需要不懈的警惕性和精神的高度超脱。
escape （v.n.逃跑；避免）看作es+cap+e，es-(=ex-)，cap帽子，“从帽子里出去”→“金蝉脱壳”→逃跑。Investing the future has been man's favourite game of escape.虚构未来一向是人类最喜爱的逃避把戏。Many have been ruined by their fortunes, and many have escaped ruin by the want of fortune.有许多人毁于幸运，还有许多人由于缺乏幸运而免于毁灭。
confess （v.供认；坦白；忏悔）即con+fess，con-一起，fess词根“说”，“把知道的全都说了”。同根词：profess （v.声称；教授）←pro向前+fess说，“走到前面对大家说”。I'm not ashamed to confess that I'm ignorant of what I don't know.我不耻于承认对自己不懂的事情的无知。
pushing （有进取心的；急功近利的）←push推+ing形容词后缀。
acquisitive （渴望获得的；贪得无厌的）即acquisit+ive，acquisit为acquire（v.获得）之变形，-ive形容词后缀。参acquisition，2001年Passage 4。In an acquisitive society the form that selfishness predominantly takes is monetary greed.在一个贪婪的社会里，贪财是自私自利的突出表现形式。
vulgar （粗俗的）谐音“浮哥”，“轻浮的哥哥”→粗俗的；名词为vulgarity（粗俗；粗俗的行为）←vulgar+ity名词后缀。Prejudices are what rule the vulgar crowd.支配庸人们的是偏见。vulgarity — the garlic in the salad of taste 粗俗——味觉色拉里的大蒜。
spectacle （场面；奇观）即spect+acle，spect词根“看”，-acle表“物”。同根词：spectator（观众，旁观者）←spect+ator后缀表“人”。Life is not a spectacle or a feast; it is a predicament.生活并非奇观，亦非盛宴，它是一种困境。
participatory （供分享的）即parti+cip+atory，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓，-atory形容词后缀，“抓取其中一部分”→供分享的。参participation，2001年Passage 1。
democracy （民主；民主制；民主国家）←demo+cracy，demo-人民，cracy统治，“由人民统治的”；也可把demo看作“演示”（如很多演示版软件就叫Demo），尚处于演示(demo)阶段的统治(cracy)手段→民主(democracy)。另可记：autocracy（独*统治；专制国家）←auto自己+cracy；autonomy（自治）←auto+nom+y。Democracy means simply the bludgeoning of the people by the people for the people.民主不过是意味着为了人民而由人民来强制人民。democracy — ①the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried ②hypocrisy without limitation ③a process by which the people are free to choose the man who will get the blame ④the recurrent suspicion that more than half of the people are right more than half of the time 民主——①除所有尝试过的形式以外最坏的管理形式 ②无限制的虚伪 ③人们自由选择该责备谁的过程 ④一个反复出现的疑问：大多数情况下大多数人都是正确的吗。
enroll （v.招收；入学；入伍）即en+roll，en-使，roll名册，“使登记入册”。I like your institute but I do not want to enroll.我喜欢你们学院，但我不想报名去那里。
impulse （v.n.推动；冲动）看作im+pulse，im-加强前缀，pulse脉搏。There is one thing better than crushing impulse, it is using impulse.有一件事比压制冲动更可取，即利用冲动。
stir （v.搅动；激动；鼓动）与star（明星）只一元音字母之差，联想：star有stir的作用。Make no little plans: they have no magic to stir men's blood.不要作小计划，它们没有激动热血的魔力。
earnest （热心的，诚挚的）看作earn+est，earn赚钱，est即最高级，“很多很多人非常非常热衷于赚钱”。An earnest desire to succeed is almost always prognostic of success.对成功的热切愿望几乎总是成功的预兆。
contemptible （卑劣的）即contempt+ible，contempt蔑视，-ible可……的。
at an end 完结；get on in life 出人头地。
难句解析：
①If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf.
▲此句包含一个if引导的条件状语从句If ambition is to be well regarded，主句的主语是the rewards of ambition，谓语是must be deemed，而wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny既是插入语，又是the rewards的同位语。made on ambition's behalf是the sacrifices的补语。
△本句中需弄清一些词汇的含义，如：distinction声望显赫或出人头地；worthy of对得起或不辜负；on behalf of为了。
②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.
▲这是一个并列关系的并列句。前一个分句又包含由if引导的条件状语，主句中的主语it指代the tradition of ambition。后一分句中who are themselves admired修饰people，the educated not least among them是people的补语。
△注意people who are themselves admired指“自己也受人仰慕的人士”；not least意为“相当重要”。
③There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.
▲a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped是前面主句的补语，with the educated themselves riding on them是补语中的伴随状语。
△hypocrisy虚伪或伪善，理解了这个词，后面的比喻就简单了。要理解这个比喻，最好把句中的马理解为ambition的象征。注意这个比喻和“亡羊补牢”没有任何关系，它的意思更接近于“掩耳盗铃”；在这里是指受过良好教育的人在自己的野心实现以后，从追求野心的过程中受了益，但他们得了便宜还卖乖，反过来谴责野心，并说自己并没有追求野心。
④Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.
▲此处出现了两个比较级，less interested in success and its signs now than formerly和less in demand today than a decade or two years ago。
△千万注意两句中的双重否定：“do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly”means“seem at least as interested in success and its signs now as formerly, if not more”，后面的do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago也是如此。
⑤What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
▲what一词指代的是that引导的从句，从句中as easily and openly as once they could又是下一层的状语，此外lest引导带虚拟语气的假设状语从句。
△注意lest一词的含义（“唯恐”）和用法（引导虚拟语气）。而且在阅读过程中应该能够推测出pushing，acquisitive，vulgar三词都是贬义。
⑥Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
▲本句的主句是we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles。后面有一个非限定性的定语从句修饰spectacles。在冒号的后面是三个并列的名词性短语，其核心词分别是critic，publisher和journalist。
△要理解本句，首先要正确理解be treated to的意思是“被款待，被招待”；因此后面的spectacles就不是“眼镜”，而是“壮观景象”，此处有一定的反讽意味。后面即使不理解其具体含义，大致也应该抓住的是虚伪，说一套做一套的具体事例，从这个角度理解就比较清楚了。
⑦The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive.
▲此句是用分号隔开的两个并列句，后面的一个分句中有一个where引导的定语从句，从整体上来修饰its public defenders，只不过先行词用了where。
△要理解分号前后是从正反两个方面来说明人们对于ambition的态度，同时注意最后的定语从句中的那个双重否定，表达了作者的一种态度，说明作者对于野心的维护者是抱肯定的态度的，从而也能推出作者对于野心也是持积极态度的，而作者所不齿的是对于野心问题虚伪的、说一套做一套的做法。
试题解析：
67. [A] 意为：其收益足以抵得上做出的牺牲。
文章第一句指出，如果正确看待野心（雄心），由野心所带来的收益——如财富、名声以及对自己命运的控制力等——必须被看做是抵得上为（实现）野心所做出的牺牲的。言外之意，只有树立雄心壮志，并为实现雄心壮志做出努力和牺牲，收到的回报就会大于做出的牺牲，使你感到没有白白做出牺牲。作者在本文中谈到了如何正确看待树立“野心”，不要对“野心”避而不谈。
B意为：野心使人取得金钱、名誉和权力（或力量）。在第一句中，财富、名誉以及对自己命运的控制力只是作为取得回报的三个例子，并非仅包括这三方面而已。因此，选择项[A]更加确切地表达了第一句的意思。
C意为：其目标是精神上的而不是物质方面的。
D意为：野心是富人和名人共有的。第一段第二句的意思是：如果野心的传统要保持其生命力（指这一传统要持续下去），人们必须普遍拥有野心——特别是那些受过教育的人更是如此。然而，奇怪的是，恰恰是这些人回避这一话题，虽然他们从中受益匪浅。
68. [C] 意为：在目标实现后又不诚实地否认（拥有）野心（的重要性）。
第一段最后一句的前半句指责这些人是虚伪的(hypocrisy)，后半句是一个比喻。含意为：他们是野心的受益者，但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性。
A意为：受过教育者习惯于口头上摈弃野心。含意为：口头上否认自己有野心，但行动上实践之。原句中的“虚伪”并非指这些人口是心非，而是指他们是野心的受益者（也许他们自己都没有认识到这一点），但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性。
B意为：野心一旦被释放出来就无法控制。
D意为：对受过教育者来说，享受野心所带来的益处是不现实的。
69. [D] 意为：他们不想看起来贪婪、卑鄙。
根据第二段第三句，事实是：人们不坦陈自己的梦想（即指野心）——不像从前一样容易公开承认梦想，以防被人看做是爱出风头的、贪婪的(acquisitive)和庸俗的人。
A意为：他们将此看做是不道德的。
B意为：他们追求的不是名誉或财富。
C意为：野心与物质利益没有密切关系。
70. [B] 意为：公开并热情地。
根据最后一段第四、五句，由于人们不公开表达自己的野心，就产生一些不良后果，有些野心就成为暗中拥有的东西，使人变得狡黠。由此推论，作者认为，人们不应该隐瞒自己的“野心”，以免产生人对人的猜疑和阴谋。
A意为；秘密并严格地。
C意为：容易并暂时地。
D意为：在语言上和精神上。
全文翻译：
个人的雄心如果能被正确看待的话，那么它的回报——财富、声誉、对命运的掌握——则应该被认为值得为之付出牺牲。如果雄心的传统具有生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇，尤其应该受到那些自身得到他人羡慕的人们的高度重视，当然那些接受过良好教育的人也应包括在内。然而，恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人却不可思议地声称他们已经放弃了雄心壮志这一理想。奇怪的是他们已经从雄心壮志中获益颇多了——如果不是他们自己的雄心，那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这其中有着浓厚的虚伪色彩，恰如马跑后再关上马厩的门那样，而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上。
当然，现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并未比从前减弱，避暑别墅，欧洲旅行、宝马车——它们的位置、地名和商标可能会改变，但现在对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一二十年前减少。现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想，惟恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪、庸俗不堪。相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢避暑别墅；激进的出版商到三星级宾馆就餐；倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。对于这样的人，还有那些也许不太出色的人而言，“不惜一切代价获得成功，但避免让他人看出雄心勃勃”是对他们最好的诠释。
对雄心的攻击非常之多，出自各种不同的角度；公开为之辩解的则少之又少，虽不能说他们是完全没有吸引力的，但却未能给人们留下深刻印象。因此，在美国，作为一种健康的冲动，一种应该令人称羡并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，它所得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低。但这并不意味着雄心已经穷途末路，人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣，更不愿公开地坦白了。当然这样就带来了很多不良后果，其中的一些后果就是雄心被赶入地下，或暗藏于胸。于是情况就成了这样：左边是愤怒的批评家，右边是愚蠢的支持者，而居中的通常是大多数认真而努力追求成功的人。 |
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发表于 2006-6-11 21:31:50
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发表于 2006-6-11 22:06:22
