张锦芯07新教程

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:07:17

U10  Population and Racial Problems
人口与种族问题

The Myth of Racial Superiority Examined
Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)
Notes
课文参考译文
练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

The Myth of Racial Superiority Examined

With its almost six billion people, the world offers a fascinating variety of human shapes and colors. As humans spread throughout the world, their adaptations to diverse climate and other living conditions resulted in this fascinating variety of complexions, colors, and shapes. Genetic mutations added distinct characteristics to the peoples of the globe. In this sense the concept of race, a group with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group, is a reality. Humans do indeed come in a variety of colors and shapes.
In two senses, however, race is a myth, a fabrication of the human mind. The first fabrication is the idea that any one race is superior to another. All races have their geniuses—and their idiots. Like language, no race is superior to another. Adolf Hitler’s ideas were extreme. He believed that a superior race, called the Aryans, was responsible for the cultural achievements of Europe. They possessed the genetic stuff that made them inherently superior. Even many scientists of the time—not only Germany but throughout Europe and the United States—espoused the idea of racial superiority. Not surprisingly, they considered themselves members of the supposedly superior race!
In addition to the myth of racial superiority, there is a second myth—that of the existence of a “pure” race. From the perspective of contemporary biology, humans show such a mixture of physical characteristics, that the “pure” races do not exist. Instead of falling into distinct types clearly separate from one another, human characteristics flow endlessly together. These minute gradations made arbitrary any attempt to draw definite lines.
Large groupings of people, however, can be classified by blood type and gene frequencies. Yet even this arrangement does not uncover “race”. Rather, such classifications are so arbitrary that biologists and anthropologists can draw up listings showing any number of “race”. Ashley Montagu, a physical anthropologist, pointed out that some scientists have classified humans into only two “races” while others have found as many as two thousand. Montagu himself classified humans into forty “racial” groups.
This is not meant to imply that the idea of race is a myth. That idea is definitely very much alive. It is firmly embedded in our culture, a social reality that we confront daily. Sociologist W. I. Thomas observed that “if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”. The fact that no race is superior or that biologically we cannot even decide how people should be classified into races is not what counts. What makes a difference for social life, rather, is that people believe these ideas, for people act on beliefs, not facts. As a result, we always have people like Hitler. Most people, fortunately, do not believe in such extremes, yet most people also appear to be ethnocentric enough to believe, at least just a little, that their own race is superior to others.

1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the diversification of human race resulted from          .
［A］ both genetic inheritance and environmental influences
［B］ the differentiation of the inherited physical characteristics
［C］ humans’adaptations to diverse climate and other living conditions
［D］ genetic mutations alone
2. The word “fabrication” (in the first sentence of the second paragraph) probably means          .
［A］ mystery
［B］ invention
［C］ exaggeration
［D］ perspective
3. Why is there no “pure” race according to the passage?
［A］ Because people of different races often get married.
［B］ Because people have different blood types.
［C］ Because racial characteristics overlap.
［D］ Because there are so many races in the world.
4. Any attempt at classifying races          .
［A］ is at best arbitrary
［B］ is bound to be biased
［C］ tends to pick out one race as superior
［D］ takes culture into account
5. The author concludes the passage by pointing out that          .
［A］ it is hardly possible to classify humans into racial groups
［B］ we should be on our guard against any idea of racial superiority
［C］ race is indeed a mystery to be explored and uncovered
［D］ it is not important how people should be classified

答案与题解
1.［A］
  第一段第二句强调了环境因素的影响，第三句提到了基因变异的作用。
2.［B］
  该词此处意为：臆造，捏造。
3.［C］
  根据第三、第四段，不存在“纯的”种族，这是因为人的身体特征是无法划归清楚的(flow endlessly together)，任何想划一个清晰界限的做法都会证明是武断的。第四段还谈到不同的研究者对种族分类的多寡，这也是为了证明难以做到对种族进行清晰的分类。
4.［A］意为：至多是武断的。
参阅第四段，尤其是该段第三句。
5.［B］
  最后一段作者指出种族歧视存在的现实性，人们的错误观念与现实一样可怕，因此我们应该和反对种族歧视的做法一样防止种族歧视思想的产生。

Notes
第五段第五句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是The fact that...or that...is not what counts。句中主语后跟两个同位语从句，由or连接；在第二个同位语从句中how people should be classified into races是名词从句，作decide的宾语。本句的表语是名词从句what counts。

考察种族优越的神话

世界上差不多有60亿人口，且有着迷人的多种外形和肤色。人类遍布全世界，他们能适应多种气候和生活条件，结果产生了这些迷人的多种面孔、肤色和外形。遗传方面的变化使地球上各国人民明显的特征增多了。在这个意义上，种族的概念是一个现实，一个种族就是他们所继承的体质特征而使他们区别于另一群人的人群。人类的确具有多种肤色和外形。
但是，在两种意义上，种族是一个神话，是人心中虚构的东西。第一个虚构是，一个种族比另一个种族优越。所有种族都有他们的天才——和他们的白痴。像语言一样，任何种族都不比另一个种族优越。阿道夫•希特勒的思想是极端的。他认为，欧洲的文化成就是一个叫雅利安族的优越种族取得的。他们具有使其天生优越的遗传素质。甚至当时的许多科学家——不仅德国的，而且整个欧洲和美国的科学家——也拥护种族优越的想法。他们认为他们自己就是这个据称优越的种族的成员，这并不奇怪！
除了这个种族优越的神话之外，还有第二个神话，即存在一个“纯”种族的神话。从当代生物学角度看，人类展现的是体质特征的混合，因此“纯”种族并不存在。人类特征不是分为明显相互区别的截然不同的类别，而是无穷尽地融合在一起。这些细微的逐步变化使得任何划出明显界限的尝试都是武断的。
但是，人类的大分组是能用血型和基因频率来划分的。然而甚至这种分类也无法显示“种族”的存在。恰恰相反，这样的分类是如此武断，以致生物学家和人类学家都能画出表示任何数量的“种族”的列表。自然人类学家阿什利•蒙塔古指出，有些科学家只把人类分为两个“种族”，而其他科学家发现的“种族”已多达两千个。蒙塔古本人把人类分为40个“种族”群。
这不是为了暗示有关种族的想法只是神话。那种想法肯定是存在的。它已牢牢地扎根于我们的文化，这是我们天天面对的社会现实。社会学家W.I.托马斯说：“如果人认定这些情况是真实的，那么在这些情况下产生的结果也是真实的。”没有任何种族是优越的，从生物学来看，我们甚至不能决定人是如何划分为种族的。这个事实并不重要。确切来说，在社会生活中起重要作用的是，人们相信这些想法，因为人根据信仰采取行动，而不是根据事实采取行动。结果，我们总是有像希特勒这样的人。幸运的是，大多数人并不相信这些极端的思想，然而看来大多数人也具有足够的种族优越感，因而相信——至少只是有一点相信——他们自己的种族比其他种族优越。

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:12:59

第二部分高级篇——挑战高分
U11  Scientific Experiment and Research
科学实验与研究

Mental Illness and Diagnosis

Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)

Notes

课文参考译文

练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

Mental Illness and Diagnosis

Like medical doctors, mental health professionals often use diagnosis as a way of categorizing patients and their problems. The use of diagnoses can, at times, help guide treating professionals as to the nature of the problems a patient faces, the origins of those problems, and potential treatment options. Diagnosis can also sometimes be used to straightjacket patients into ill-defined and ill-fitting categories that lend a scientific appearance to socially constructed biases. For example, a diagnosis of major depressive disorder is often used by psychiatrists and managed care companies as an argument that a person has a “biologically-based mental illness” and thus must receive a biological treatment, such as antidepressant drugs or, more rarely, electroconvulsive ［“shock”］ treatment. The assignment of the diagnosis mandates a treatment prescription despite considerable controversy among researchers and practitioners as to the relative effectiveness of drug treatment versus psychotherapy.
Some conditions bear enough of the characteristics usually associated with illness to be reasonably referred to as mental illnesses. But the jury is still out as to the extent organic factors play in schizophrenia. While there is increasing evidence of organic factors—including genetic factors and illness in the pregnant mother —playing a role in this condition, no organic factors at this point are known to be either necessary or sufficient. Similarly, there exists evidence suggesting that schizophrenia is a condition qualitatively distinct from other modes of living. On the other hand, there exists evidence questioning this view of schizophrenia as a clearly distinct illness. There is evidence that schizophrenia is the extreme end of a larger spectrum of “conditions.” And environmental factors clearly play a role in the prospects for the development of the condition and in its course.
If one concludes that schizophrenia is, indeed, largely a biological condition, then it would be reasonable to describe it as an illness. But what if one decides that environmental factors play a large role?
Once we get beyond the clearly organic conditions, the category of mental illness becomes metaphorical. There is nothing wrong with this. People make sense of the world largely through metaphors. The illness metaphor can be illuminating, but it can also be blinding. The question is whether applying it to the emotional problems and issues people face reveals hidden aspects, or covers over important characteristics. Thus, mental illnesses are like other physical illnesses in that they often appear to be involuntary and they can interfere with normal functioning and/or cause distress.
However, many uses of the mental illness construct ignore its metaphorical quality. Thus, it is sometimes presumed without question that anything diagnosed as a mental illness should be treated, despite the fact that the majority of those identified in epidemiological studies as having such a condition do not seek treatment. Others go so far as to form an equation whereby mental illness equals illness, illness means physical condition, and physical condition requires physical treatment. This logic underlies much of the overuse of medications and the downplaying of psychotherapy for problems in living that characterizes the last few decades.
Each of the three links in this equation is fallacious, of course. As I discussed above, mental illness may resemble other illnesses in certain ways, but in most cases definitely is not the same thing. Certainly, if one extends the concept of illness to include mental conditions with no obvious organic cause then illness does not mean physical condition and there is no necessary reason that it should be treated, much less treated by physical interventions.

1. The passage is mainly about             .
［A］ the way mental illness is diagnosed and treated
［B］ the value of psychotherapy in treating mental patients
［C］ the improvements made in treating mental illness
［D］ the danger in characterizing mental conditions as illness
2. The author uses the example of schizophrenia to make the point that             .
［A］ mental illness is a kind of physical illness that needs treatment
［B］ there is no conclusive evidence that mental conditions have a physical basis
［C］ environmental factors rather than organic ones cause mental illness
［D］ schizophrenia is most likely to be inherited from the maternal parent
3. In what way is the illness metaphor blinding concerning “mental illness”?
［A］ Mental illness is often mistaken as a physical condition to be corrected.
［B］ Applying the metaphor to emotional problems yields no ready treatment.
［C］ The metaphor gives the impression that mental illness does not need treatment.
［D］ The metaphor often confuses medical professionals about the severity of the illness.
4. One of the consequences resulting from “the equation” is the          .
［A］ overuse of psychotherapy in treating mental illness
［B］ ineffective medication for both mental and physical illnesses
［C］ frequent use of medical treatment for mental illness
［D］ ignorance of the sufferings of the mental patients
5. The word “fallacious” in the last paragraph most probably means             .
［A］ misleading    ［B］  critical    ［C］  obscure    ［D］ unnecessary

答案与题解
1.［D］意为：把心理健康状况描述为“病”的危险。
  本文的主旨表达在第一段第三句，第四、五句举例说明这样做的危害。第二段以精神***症为例，说明了许多精神“疾病”是否由器质性因素造成的，这还没有确定的结论。最后一段的三个句子总结性地批评了把心理“疾病”盲目地看作“病”来加以治疗的做法。
［A］意为：诊断和医治精神疾病的方法。
［B］意为：心理疗法在医治精神病人上的价值。
［C］意为：精神疾病治疗上所取得的进展。
2.［B］意为：没有确凿的证据证明精神疾病有其生理基础。
参阅第二段，尤其该段第一、二句。这两句话表达了本段的主题：生理因素在多大程度上与精神***症有关，这还是不确定的（the jury is still out）。该段以下各句都是对这个主题的进一步论述。
［A］意为：精神疾病是一种需要治疗的生理疾病。
［C］意为：环境因素而不是官能上的原因引起精神疾病。
［D］意为：精神***症最有可能是遗传自母亲。
3.［A］意为：精神疾病经常被误认为是一种需要医治的生理疾病。
参阅第四段第四、五句，以及第五段第一、二句。
  ［B］意为：把这个比喻应用于情绪方面的问题并不能帮人找到现成的治疗方法。
  ［C］意为：这个比喻给人的印象是：精神疾病不需要医治。
  ［D］意为：这个比喻经常使医疗专业人员弄不清病的严重性。
4.［C］意为：经常使用医疗方法来治疗精神疾病。
  重点参阅第五段最后一句，这句话批评了给精神疾病做太多医学治疗、而忽视心理疗法的做法。
  ［A］意为：在治疗精神疾病时过度使用心理疗法。
  ［B］意为：对精神和生理疾病都无效的治疗。
  ［D］意为：忽视精神病人所遭受的痛苦。
5.［A］意为：易于误导的。
  fallacious此处的含义是：tending to mislead, or deceptive。
  ［B］意为：至关重要的；批评的。
  ［C］意为：模糊的。
  ［D］意为：没必要的。

Notes
1. Diagnosis can also sometimes be used to straightjacket patients into ill-defined and ill-fitting categories that lend a scientific appearance of socially constructed biases. 诊断有时也被用来把病人狭隘地归入一些类别，而这些归类可能是定义模糊而不恰当的，但却使一些社会上形成的偏见披上了科学的外衣。此句中straightjacket原指束缚疯子或犯人双臂用的约束衣，是约束的意思。ill-defined即“定义不确定的”，ill-fitting即“不恰当的”。
2. managed care companies:管理医疗公司（在西方国家是指包括医院、保险公司和工人所在的企业，三方共同协商决定工人医疗支出的费用）。
3. electroconvulsive ［shock］ treatment:电休克法治疗。
4. condition:病况。
5. But the jury is still out as to the extent organic factors play in schizophrenia.有机因素在精神***症中究竟起多大作用尚没有定论。The jury is still out这个句子的意思是指尚未作出决定。
6. mental illness construct：精神病归类。construct做“概念、模式”讲。

课文参考译文

精神病和诊断

像内科医生一样，治疗精神病的医生常常把诊断作为给患者和他们的问题分类的一种方法。至于一个患者所面临的问题的性质、那些问题的起因和潜在的治疗方案，在这些方面，有时候，诊断能帮助引导治病的医生。诊断有时也被用来把病人狭隘地归入一些类别，而这些归类可能是定义模糊而不恰当的，但却使一些社会形成的偏见披上了科学的外衣。例如，对重要的抑郁性紊乱的诊断往往被精神病专家和——管理医疗公司用来作为一种论据，即一个人患有“生理上的精神疾病”，必须接受生理治疗，如使用抗抑郁的药物，或者，更罕见的，用电休克法治疗。使用诊断就是要拿出治疗处方，尽管在研究人员和医生之间就相关的药物治疗与心理疗法哪个有效的问题有相当大的争论。
有些病况具有足够的特征，通常与有理由被称为精神病的疾病有联系。但是专家委员会仍不能确定的是，器质性因素在精神***症中究竟起到多大的作用。虽然器质性因素（包括基因因素和怀孕母亲的疾病）在这种病况中起作用的证据越来越多，但是，据了解在这一点上，器质性因素要么是不必要的，要么是不充分的。类似的病况是，有证据表明，精神***症是一种病况，从性质上说，不同于其他生存方式。另一方面，对于这种把精神***症看作是明显疾病的看法提出质疑的证据是存在的。有证据表明，精神***症是“更多病况”中的一个极端。环境因素显然在出现这种病况的前景中和过程中发挥了作用。
      如果一个人得出结论，认为精神***症确实主要是一种生理病况，那么就有理由把它描述为一种疾病。但是，如果一个人决定说环境因素起了大作用，又会怎样呢？
一旦我们超出了明显的器质性精神障碍症，精神病的类别就变成一种比喻性的了。这一点根本没有错。人们主要是通过比喻了解世界的。有关疾病的比喻可能使人的眼睛明亮了，但是它也可能使人变得眼花缭乱了。问题在于把这种比喻应用到人们遇到的感情问题和其他问题是揭露隐藏的方面，还是掩盖重要的特点。因此，精神病就像其他的身体疾病一样，这些病常常显得是不由自主的，而且能干扰正常的功能或引起苦恼。
但是，对精神病进行的许多归类都忽略了它的比喻特性。因此，有时候毫无疑问地假定被诊断为精神病的任何疾病都应当治疗，尽管在流行病调查中被确认为属于这种病况的大多数人都不想治疗。其他人则形成一个等式，据此精神病就是病，即病就意味着身体有病，有病就要治。这种逻辑导致用药过量的很多情况，并低估了在生活中为解决问题而进行的心理治疗。这样的情况是过去几十年的特点。
这个等式中的三种联系中的每一种联系都是荒谬的。如我在上面所讨论的，精神病可能在某些方面与其他疾病相似，但是在大多数情况下，肯定是不一样的。当然，如果一个人把疾病的概念扩大，把没有明显的有机原因精神病况也包括进去，那么，疾病并不意味着身体有病，而且也没有必要的理由认为它应当治疗，更不用说采用身体干预的方式去治疗了。
Ⅰ.Cloze

The scientific method is the most logical and accurate process discovered so far by human beings to obtain factual information and true knowledge. Human beings can’t, at this stage of 1 , know the entire set of facts about a complex system. The best we can do is continually gather information about a 2 phenomenon and build upon our past knowledge 3 an effort to get as close to the truth as possible.
When we 4 scientific studies, there are several important things to keep in mind:
• Hypotheses that are 5    confirmed can be considered acceptable “theories” or “laws” of nature. A key aspect of the scientific method is that, 6    of how many times a theory has been confirmed or 7    , it is always subject to the addition of new data and is always subject to 8    based on that new data. Theories often fail to stand up in 9    of new evidence and 10    must change with the addition of the new data.
• In using the scientific method, we should attempt to 11    the influence of the scientist on the outcome of the experiment or study. Through 12    , incomplete study, contamination or other error, it is 13    for a scientist to influence the outcome of an experiment or study. The factual theories will be those that hold 14    in a variety of instances and experimental environments.
• A final error to be careful of is the human 15    to reject data that does not 16    one’s own hypothesis. A good scientist takes the results of an experiment or study 17    they are and uses the facts to build a hypothesis as 18    to using a hypothesis to build the facts. The facts should be the ultimate 19    to the establishment of the hypothesis, not the other way 20    .

1.［A］ experiment    ［B］ development ［C］ revolution ［D］transformation
2.［A］ special ［B］ particular ［C］ general ［D］ peculiar
3.［A］ for ［B］ on ［C］ in ［D］ to
4.［A］ operate ［B］ activate ［C］ fulfill ［D］ conduct
5.［A］ generally ［B］ unanimously ［C］ consistently ［D］ apparently
6.［A］ regardless ［B］ ignoring ［C］ concerning ［D］ disregarding
7.［A］ denied ［B］ refused ［C］ declined ［D］ rejected
8.［A］ modification ［B］ variation ［C］ conversion ［D］ renovation
9.［A］ light ［B］ line ［C］ conformity ［D］ addition
10.［A］ even ［B］ thus ［C］ nonetheless ［D］ otherwise
11.［A］ alleviate ［B］ degrade ［C］ minimize ［D］ underestimate
12.［A］ bias ［B］ balance ［C］ equation ［D］ assessment
13.［A］ potential ［B］ possible ［C］ plausible ［D］ feasible
14.［A］ on ［B］ off ［C］ up ［D］ down
15.［A］ tendency ［B］ custom ［C］ dilemma ［D］ trend
16.［A］ approve ［B］ support ［C］ refute ［D］ consent
17.［A］ how ［B］ what ［C］ if ［D］ as
18.［A］ substituted ［B］ switched ［C］ accustomed ［D］ opposed
19.［A］ guide ［B］ rule ［C］ principle ［D］ command
20.［A］ across ［B］ apart ［C］ ahead ［D］ around

◎ Ⅱ. Reading Passages
Part A 阅读理解
★ Passage One
When Amber Post started grad school in physics at Princeton, her goal was the same as her male colleagues’: a tenure-track job at a major university. Now with her Ph.D. just a year away, Post is thinking instead about working for a policy-making agency in Washington. Even though Princeton is generally welcoming to female scientists, Post, 25, senses that her reception in the larger academic world might be chillier. 1)At elite universities, the percentage of women earning doctorates in science and engineering is considerably higher than the percentage of women professors—which means that a lot of talented women Ph.D.s like Post leave campus for jobs in government or industry instead of climbing the faculty ladder.
Stopping this female brain drain has been a challenge for years, and universities from MIT to Stanford are pushing hard with mentoring programs and stepped-up recruitment efforts. 2）But Harvard president Lawrence Summers inadvertently threw the issue into the national spotlight when he suggested, at a recent academic conference, that women aren’t succeeding because they lack “innate ability” in math and science. Scientists have uncovered some subtle differences in male and female brains, but it’s unclear how these differences affect aptitude, and it certainly doesn’t explain why there were only four women among 32 Harvard faculty members offered tenure last year. Summers’s comments drew immediate criticism from women scientists at Harvard and elsewhere, and he issued a quick apology. “The human potential to excel in science is not somehow the province of one gender or another,” he said in a statement.
But for many women scientists, the damage was done. 3）“We all know that when we walk into a classroom or present research at a conference, there will be people who will think we are only there because we were given a break somewhere along the line,” says Post. “But when the president of Harvard University appears to support the theory of innate differences, that pushes the stereotype into the realm of fact and makes it acceptable to think that women are just a little dumber by nature.” MIT biology professor Nancy Hopkins, a Harvard alumna who attended the Jan. 14 conference, walked out on Summers because, she says, his comments made her “sick.” A few hours later, she told a reporter from The Boston Globe about Summers’s remarks, which were made during a private session on women in science hosted by the National Bureau of Economics. After the Globe’s story, Hopkins ended up on the “Today” show. That attention, she says, may be the only good to come out of the media firestorm. “People will realize what these women face,” she says. “They must deal with men like Larry Summers.... They’ll tell you they have no bias, but in their head they are thinking, ‘Can women really do math?’ ”

1. Post abandons the idea of becoming a teacher at a major university because          .
［A］ most elite universities practise a discriminatory employment policy
［B］ there are too many women with doctorates competing for teaching posts
［C］ jobs in government and industry are better paid than teaching posts
［D］ it is difficult for a woman teacher to be academically accepted
2. Universities like Stanford and MIT          .
［A］ are not happy with what Summers has said
［B］ are trying to hire more talented women teachers
［C］ have produced many talented women Ph.D.s
［D］ try very hard to meet the needs of the policy-making agencies
3. Summers’s apology means that          .
［A］ gender has nothing to do with excellence in science
［B］ gender plays no part in the choice of a research area
［C］ differences in male and female potential for science are only subtle
［D］ women actually have a greater potential to excel in science than men
4. According to Post, what Summers said about gender difference has the effect of          .
［A］ bringing an undesirable topic into public attention again
［B］ breaking women’s belief in their equality with men
［C］ confirming the traditional belief about the ability of women
［D］ discouraging women from taking up a scientific career
5. What is “the only good to come out of the media firestorm” according to Hopkins?
［A］ The society begins to show sympathy to women in the academic work.
［B］ Women professors become better known as they criticize Summers on the Media.
［C］ People get a better idea of whether women can really do math or not.
［D］ The small percentage of women professors is brought to national attention.

【疑难长句翻译与注解】
1． Scientists have uncovered...last year.
【译文】  科学家发现男女大脑有些细微的差别，但是这些差别是否影响才智还不清楚，但是，这无论如何也解释不了为什么去年在哈佛大学获得终身教职的人中只有四位是女的。
2． MIT biology professor ... made her “sick.”
【译文】  Nancy Hopkins是麻省理工学院生物学教授，哈佛大学校友，她参加了1月14日的会议，听到Summers的话时离开了会场，因为她说他的话令她“作呕”。
【注解】  这里提到的Jan.14 conference指第二段第二句中提到的a recent academic conference。
3. A few hours  ... Economics.
【译文】  几个小时后，她把Summers说的话告诉了波士顿环球报的记者，他是在一次专门会议上说这番话的，这次会议由国家经济研究局主持召开，讨论的是妇女从事科学研究方面的问题。
4． After the Globe’s story， ... show.
【译文】  接受完环球报的采访后，Hopkins最后又出现在“今日”节目上。
【注解】  这里story作“（新闻）报导”解。“Today”可能是一个电视栏目的名称。

★ Passage Two
While most Internet users think they are safe online, they‘re not, according to a new study released Wednesday by America Online and the National Cyber Security Alliance. In fact, about 80 percent are exposed to common Internet threats, the study found. More than half of the participants either had no antivirus protection or had not updated it within the last week.  About half did not have a properly-configured firewall, and four in ten didn’t have spyware protection. Taken collectively, more than four in five consumers lacked at least one of the three types of basic protection. Still, 83 percent told researchers they were “safe from online threats.”
The results mirror a similar study conducted last year by AOL and Cyber Security Alliance. The sweeping study is thorough; researchers follow-up survey responses with in-home visits, and technicians inspect consumers’ PCs.  Among the key findings — consumers often falsely believe their computers have up-to-date Internet pest protection when they don’t. 4) Researchers also asked participants to save all their e-mails for a month, and found that about one in four had received an e-mail scam that attempted to lure sensitive personal information. Perhaps more alarming, some 70 percent of those consumers thought the e-mails were from legitimate companies.
Keeping consumers safe is becoming even more critical as more engage in Internet commerce and financial transactions. The study found nearly three-quarters of those surveyed use their computers for sensitive transactions such as banking, stock trading or reviewing medical information. Still, there is much confusion about what consumers need to do to keep their computers safe, said Ron Teixeira, executive director, National Cyber Security Alliance. For example, many never update the antivirus software that comes loaded with their PCs.
There was some good news in the survey. More consumers are keeping antivirus software up to date than last year, the study found.  A year ago, only 33 percent had updated their antivirus software in the past week. This year, 44 percent had.  5) And twice as many consumers (56 percent compared to 28 percent ) had properly configured firewalls, thanks in part to changes in Microsoft’s Windows XP program that turn on the firewall by default.
But new technology and new attacks are making it a tough battle. The study found that while more homes are connecting to the Internet using wireless networks, too few of them are properly set up to keep out intruders. More than one out of four homes had a wireless network, and nearly half of these homes failed to encrypt their connection, a safety precaution needed to protect wireless networks from outside intruders. Corporations continue to work on ways to make computers safer, but Teixeira said all that new technology can be foiled by users with unsafe Internet habits. “The security is only as good as the user,” he said.

1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that most Internet users          .
［A］ do not take advantage of the latest antivirus tools
［B］ do not have the protection required by Cyber Security Alliance
［C］ are exposed to Internet threats when they fail to update their tools
［D］ actually have no idea about how to make them secure online
2. The study conducted last year          .
［A］ revealed more attempts to cheat through emails
［B］ yielded less convincing results than the new study
［C］ used a survey in which the responses were later verified
［D］ demonstrated too much dependence on the emails for information
3. The author thinks that financial transactions online          .
［A］ are liable to errors                  ［B］  are a vulnerable business
［C］ are becoming less popular    ［D］ cannot be protected with antivirus software
4. The word “it” in the first sentence of the last paragraph refers to          .
［A］ keeping Internet users safe          ［B］  turning on the firewall by default
［C］ properly configuring firewall    ［D］  updating antivirus software
5. According to Teixeira, online security ultimately lies          .
［A］ in the development of new technology
［B］ in the proper handling of the connection
［C］ with the Internet users themselves
［D］ in the constant updating of the antivirus software

【疑难长句翻译与注解】
1． The sweeping study is ... PCs.
【译文】  这项全面调查进行得很彻底：研究者利用家访的形式对被调查者的回答进行了验证，技术人员检查了消费者的个人电脑。
【注解】  在本句中，follow-up是动词，宾语是survey responses。
2． Among the key findings ... dont.
【译文】  其中的重大发现之一是：消费者经常错误地认为他们的计算机有最新的网上杀毒系统，而实际上没有。
【注解】  这个句子是不完整的，完整的说法应该是：Among the key findings is the one (=the finding) that consumers often falsely believe their computers have up-to-date Internet pest protection when they dont.
在这个句子中，pest指病毒。
3． The study found that while ... intruders.
【译文】  研究发现，虽然更多的家庭使用无线网络接通互联网，但是正确设置这些网络使之免受外来侵害的却少得可怜。
【注解】  在本句中，them指wireless networks。
4． More than one out of four ... intruders.
【译文】  超过四分之一的家庭使用了无线网络，其中有近一半没有对连接进行加密，而这是一项保护无线网络免受外来侵害的必要的安全措施。

Part B 观点与例证
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on how to live longer, followed by a list of choices. Choose the most suitable one from the list A~F for each numbered subheading (1~5). There is one extra choice which you do not need to use.

As the Life Extension Foundation enters its twenty-fifth year, the scientific community, the government, and even the news media are slowly recognizing that our concept of extending life is in fact technically feasible. The following are some scientific evidences which guide us to live longer.

(1)Don’t oversleep.
Sleeping too much can reduce life expectancy, according to a February 2002 study in the Archives of General Psychiatry. The study found that people who sleep more than eight hours per night had a higher death rate than normal, and that people who sleep between six and seven hours per night were shown to live the longest.

(2)Be optimistic.
Researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester found that optimistic people had a 50% decreased risk of early death compared with those who leaned more toward pessimism. The results, published in the August 2002 issue of Mayo Clinic Proceedings, make sense.

Stop smoking.
To say that smoking is bad for your health is, of course, not revelatory. But it still cannot be denied that quitting can significantly improve your prospects of living a long life. Middle-aged men who are long-term, heavy smokers face twice the risk of prostate cancer than men who have never smoked, according to findings from a study that appeared in the July 2003 issue of Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention.

Get a pet.
People who own pets, especially dogs, have been shown to be less stressed and require fewer visits to their physicians than non-owners. Survival rates for heart attack victims who had a pet have been shown to be higher than for those who did not have one, according to one of the first studies dealing with the impact pets can have on our health, led by researcher Erica Friedman.

(3)Be rich.
According to the National Center for Health Statistics, population groups that suffer the worst health status are those that have the highest poverty rate. One possible explanation for this is that higher incomes permit access to better food and housing, safer neighborhoods and increased medical care. Higher incomes also increase the opportunity to engage in health-promoting behaviors.

(4)Chill out.
A study led by the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 2002 found that men who were classified as having the highest level of anger in response to stress were over three times more likely to develop premature heart disease when compared to men who reported lower anger responses. Furthermore, they were over six times more likely to have a heart attack by the age of 55. One possible explanation for these findings is the correlation between anger and high blood pressure.

(5)Marry well.
While the phrase “marry well” is typically used to describe people who marry someone rich, we are talking about something entirely different: genetics. Apparently, longevity genes can be inherited. According to a February 2005 study in Mechanisms of Aging and Development, exceptional longevity and healthy aging is an inherited phenotype across three generations.

［A］ The lesson here is simple: Try as much as you can to let the unavoidable, everyday stresses roll off your shoulders.
［B］ That’s not to say that being very wealthy is always better for longevity—after all, being a chief executive certainly exposes you to a high level of stress that can decrease life expectancy. But according to the data, striving to be financially comfortable is a good goal for aspiring centenarians.
［C］ Those with a positive outlook on life are probably less stressed, better equipped to deal with adversity and, consequently, healthier. Besides they also tend to have lower blood pressure than pessimists, which, again, is most likely related to how positive thinkers respond to stress.
［D］ So late-night-party-goers shouldn’t rejoice, for according to researches, it also increases death rates.
［E］ So, for the bachelors out there deciding between a few women, pick the one whose grandparents are still alive. Of course, this won’t make you live longer, but it might help your children.
［F］ The reasons for these findings are most likely related to an array of psychological factors, such as the facts that owning one decreases loneliness and depression, encourages laughter and nurturing, and stimulates exercise.

◎ Ⅲ. Translation
Translate the underlined sentences in the Reading Passages of Part A into Chinese.

◎ Ⅳ. Writing

Part A 应用文
Directions:
You have just got some ideas about how to conduct a research for the course Social Studies. Drop a few lines about these ideas for further considerations. Your note should include:
1)the topic of your research;
2)your plan for the data collection procedures;and
3)problems to be solved.
You should write about 100 words.

Part B 英语写作
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should：
1) describe the picture；
2) interpret its meaning；
3) give your comments.
You should write about 160~200 words.

审  题  指  导

图片告诉我们，人们对转基因食品这种最新科技产品表现现完全不同的态度。转基因食品是科学技术发展的产物，是科技发展的代表。写作时要由点及面，重点论述科技发展为人类带来的进步，以及所产生的一些问题，然后以转基因食品为例进行佐证，这样即可紧扣主题。
Useful Expressions

1. a broad array of 大量的
2. spring up迅速地出现
3. inject vigor into...为……注入活力
4. comprehensive progress全面发展
5. pose new problems提出新的问题
6. revolutionary changes革命性的变化
7. suspicious of/about...怀疑……
8. promote social progress促进社会发展

练习答案与题解
◎ Ⅰ.Cloze
1.［B］ development
段首句讲科学方法是人类迄今为止发现的用以获得事实真相与真知的最合逻辑、最准确的过程，本句中插入的介词词组重述上文so far所暗示的人类认知的局限性，即“人类发展的现阶段还不可能了解一个复杂体系的全部事实”，故选development。其余选项与人类进化过程无关：experiment，“实验，试验”；revolution，“革命”；transformation，“转变，转化”。
2.［B］ particular
particular 意为“个别的，特定的”，与specific是同义词，a particular phenomenon即“某种现象”。其余选项均不符合文意。special意为“特殊的，与众不同的”；general，“普通的，一般的，综合的”；peculiar，“奇特的，罕见的”。
3.［C］ in
in an effort是固定词组，意为“努力”，其余介词均不适用。
4.［D］ conduct
本题考动宾搭配。进行科学实验要说conduct scientific studies，其余选项均不以studies作宾语：operate，“操作，开动，运转”；activate，“激活，使活动”；fulfill，“履行，完成”。
5.［C］ consistently
只有在科学实验中总是得到确认（confirm）的假设（hypothesis）才能够被认可为“理论”或“规律”，故选consistently（一贯地，始终如一地）。其余副词均不合常理：generally，“一般地，通常地”；unanimously，“全体一致地，无异议地”；apparently，“显然地，外观上”。
6.［A］ regardless
本题主要考词汇用法。regardless of是常用词组，意为“不管，不顾，无论”。其余选项均无需介词of引导宾语：ignoring，“忽略，忽视”；concerning，“关于”；disregarding，“漠视，忽视”。
7.［D］ rejected
本题主要考动宾搭配。四个选项都有“不被接受”之意，但科学研究中的假设被拒绝要用rejected（拒绝，否决，驳回）。reject一词常用于表示“因缺陷或不能令人满意而抛弃”。其余选项在此均不适用：denied，“否认，拒绝承认，回绝”；refused，“拒绝，不愿接受”；declined，“有礼貌地拒绝”。
8.［A］ modification
根据常识和下文must change提示，本空需填modification（修改，修正）。其余选项均无“纠正错误”的含义：variation，“差异，变异（通常指典型或同类事物的不同与变化）”；conversion，“转变，转化”；renovation，“革新，修复”。
9.［A］ light
本题主要考搭配。in light of是固定词组，意为“根据，按照”，符合文意和语法要求。其余选项均不用于in...of结构：in line with，“符合”；in conformity with或in conformity to，“依照，与……相适应”；in addition to，“除……之外”。
10.［B］ thus
本题考上下文逻辑。理论因为不能在发现新证据时继续有效或站得住脚（fail to stand up）而必须改变（must change），故在此需选用表示因果关系的副词thus（因而，从而，这样）。其余副词均不合逻辑：even，“甚至”；nonetheless，“尽管如此，但是”；otherwise，“否则”。
11.［C］ minimize
科学家在研究中应尽量消除干扰变量，以减少对实验结果的影响，minimize意为“最小化，将……减到最小”，符合文意。alleviate也有“减少”的意思，但主要指“将（痛苦等）减轻”，在此不适用；degrade，“使降级，降低价值，羞辱”；underestimate，“低估，看轻”。
12.［C］ bias
根据本段内容及与本空并列名词“incomplete study, contamination or other error（不完全的研究、污染或其他错误)”可以推知此处应指研究者科研过程中容易犯的错误，故bias（偏见，不公正的倾向）是正确答案。其余选项不是“错误（error）”：balance，“平衡，权衡，对比，余额”；equation，“相等，平衡，等式”；assessment，“评估，估价”。
13.［B］ possible
本句讲科研人员有可能通过某些错误做法影响实验结果，故选possible。It is possible（可能的）for somebody to do something意为“某人有可能做某事”，是常用句型。其余选项均不适用：potential意为“潜在的，可能的”，多用作定语，如a potential problem；plausible，“看似有理的，可信的”；feasible，“切实可行的”。
14.［C］ up
hold up是固定词组，有“继续有效，不失效力地继续下去”等意思，theories that hold up即“依然正确的理论”。其余选项与hold搭配时的含义为：hold on，“抓住不放，坚持”；hold off，“远离，DIZHI”；hold down，“限制”。
15.［A］ tendency
tendency 有“思想、行为、举止的一种倾向，脾性”等意思，即使持最客观愿望的人也往往会根据自己喜好做出选择，科研人员在实验中亦如此，故作者称此为“human tendency”，即“人的倾向”。此类错误并非人类的“风俗习惯（custom）”、“困难的选择（dilemma）”或“总体倾向，发展趋势（trend）”，故排除其余选项。
16.［B］ support
假设一般具有高度概括性，不可能通过某项科研获得的数据百分之百地证明为普遍真理，所以通常说实验结果是否“支持”科研人员的假设，故选support（证明，提供确凿的证据）。其余选项均不适用：approve，“批准，赞同”；refute，“驳斥，反驳”；consent意为“同意，赞成”，是不及物动词。
17.［D］ as
as they are或as it is有“照原样，不加改变或修饰”等意思；前句讲最后一个要当心的错误是人们往往会排斥不支持本人假设的数据，本句讲优秀科学家应该如何做：“原封不动地接受实验或研究的结果（take the results of an experiment or study as they are）”。其余选项均不正确。
18.［D］ opposed
本句中uses the facts to build a hypothesis (根据事实提出假设)和using a hypothesis to build the facts（根据假设来建立事实）是矛盾的做法，所以要用as opposed　to　表示对立关系。其余选项均不合适：substituted（代替，替换）和switched（转换，转变）后面不能接介词加动名词结构（to doing sth.）；accustomed（习惯于）与文意不符。
19.［A］ guide
本句重述上句观点，强调本段主题。guide有“指南，路标，导向装置，基准点”等意思，符合文意。其余选项均不适用于描述“事实（facts）”：rule，“规则，惯例”；principle，“原则，法则，原理”；command，“命令，指挥，支配”。
20.［D］ around
the other way around 或the other way round意为“相反”，符合文意：“假设应当根据事实构建，而不是相反”。其余选项均不适用。
Ⅱ. Reading Passages

Part A 阅读理解
Passage One
1.［D］意为：女教师获得学术上的认可很难。
  第一段提到， Post在普林斯顿大学刚开始研究生学习的时候，她的目标跟男同事们一样：在一所著名的学校找一个终身教职。但是，现在她差一年就要毕业了，却正在考虑到华盛顿的某个政策制定机构工作。因为，虽然普林斯顿大学总的来说对女科学家持欢迎态度，但她却感到自己在更大的学术界会受到冷遇。可见，她不想再选择当教师，其中的主要理由是怕学术界不接受女教师。
［A］意为：多数名校实行带有歧视倾向的雇人政策。
［B］意为：有太多拥有博士学位的妇女竞争教职。
［C］意为：政府机关和企业中的工作岗位比教书工资高。
2.［B］意为：企图雇用更多有天赋的女博士。
  第二段第一、二句提到，制止这种妇女人才流失现象多年来一直是一个挑战，麻省理工学院和斯坦福大学强力推行指导项目，加强招聘工作。mentoring programs和stepped-up recruitment efforts，实际上都是指这两所大学在招聘有才能的女教师方面所做的努力。这两所大学的做法，同下文提到的哈佛大学的做法形成鲜明的对比。
［A］意为：不满意Summers说的话。
［C］意为：培养了许多有天赋的女博士。
［D］意为：努力想满足政策制定机构的需要。
3.［A］意为：性别同优秀的科研能力无关。即：是男人还是女人并不决定一个人科研潜力的差别。
  Summers这句话的意思是：人在科研上能否表现出优异的潜质，无论如何跟性别无关（见第二段最后一句）。
［B］意为：性别在选择研究领域上不起作用。
［C］意为：男性和女性在科研上的潜力差别甚微。
4.［C］意为：支持了对妇女能力的传统看法。
  在第三段第三句Post提到，当哈佛大学校长似乎是在支持男女天生有别的理论时，这就使一些传统的看法带上了事实的色彩，使那些认为女人天生愚笨的想法更容易使人接受。这里stereotype指的是对妇女的一些传统偏见。
［A］意为：又使一个不受人喜欢的题目得到了公众的关注。
［B］意为：动摇了妇女男女平等的信念。
［D］意为：使妇女失去了从事科研事业的勇气。
5.［D］意为：妇女在教授中占如此小的比例，这引起了全国范围内的关注。
  在最后一段Hopkins提到：引起注意是这场媒体风暴产生的惟一好处。她接着说：“人们将意识到这些妇女的处境。她们不得不对付像Summers这样的男人……。这些人表面上告诉你他们没有偏见，但他们脑子里想的却是：女人真的能做好数学吗？”这里，media firestorm指Summers校长的话在媒体上引起的争论；attention实际上就是指第二段第二句提到的threw the issue into the national spotlight，即引起全国范围内的关注。
  ［A］意为：社会开始对身处学术界的妇女表示同情。
  ［B］意为：通过女教授们在媒体上对Summers的批评，她们更出名。
  ［C］意为：人们对妇女究竟能否做好数学有了更清楚的认识。

Passage Two
1. ［D］意为：实际上不知道上网时如何保护自己。
第一段列举的许多数据说明：虽然多数人认为自己上网时很安全，但实际上不是这样，如本段提到，80％上网的人遭受着常见的威胁，一半以上的人或者没有杀毒（软件的）保护，或者一周内没有更新杀毒软件。有一半的人没有配置正确的防火墙，十分之四的人没有spyware（间*软件）保护。总的来说，每五个人中有四人至少缺乏这三种保护中（指antivirus protection, fireware, 或spyware protection）的其中一种。可见，这些人的问题是不知道如何保护自己。
［A］意为：没有好好利用最新的杀毒工具。
［B］意为：没有网络安全联盟所要求的保护（措施）。
［C］意为：当他们不更新自己的（软件）工具时面临着网上威胁。
2.［C］意为：发现了同新的研究类似的结果。
第二段提到，这次调查的结果也证实了美国在线和网络安全联盟去年所做了一项类似研究。这里，mirror意为“反映”。
［A］意为：发现更多想通过电子邮件行骗的企图。
［B］意为：产生出不如新研究更有说服力的结果。
［D］意为：揭示出一种过于依赖电子邮件获取信息的倾向。
3.［B］意为：是易受侵害的交易。
  第三段提到，随着越来越多的人从事网上商务和金融交易，保护消费者安全正变得越来越重要。研究发现，近四分之三的被调查者使用计算机从事银行和股票交易、或查看（自己的）医疗信息这些敏感的活动。这里所谓sensitive即指“敏感的”、“易受伤害的”。
［A］意为：可能出错。
［C］意为：不像以前受人欢迎了。
［D］意为：不能用杀毒软件保护。
4.［A］意为：保护互联网用户的安全。
  第五段第一句提到，新技术和新的攻击方式使保护网络用户的安全成为一场艰苦的战斗。在本句的前面，并没有一个it所代替的名词短语或句子。本段下文再次提到新技术带来的网络安全问题，据此我们推论：这里it实际上指第三、四段中讨论的如何保护网络用户的安全问题。
［B］意为：通过默认方式运行防火墙。
［C］意为：正确设置防火墙。
［D］意为：更新杀毒软件。
5.［C］意为：互联网用户本人。
  最后一段提到，公司都在不断研制使计算机更安全的方法，但是Teixeira说，这些新技术可能被拥有不安全的上网习惯的用户所挫败。他说：安全与否只能取决于用户。这里所谓新技术被这些用户挫败（foil），实际上指由于这些人上网习惯不好（即不正确使用各种防毒杀毒软件），开发出新的软件工具也对网络的安全性无济于事。
［A］意为：新技术的开发。
［B］意为：正确处理连接。
［D］意为：不断更新杀毒软件。
Part B 观点与例证

1.［D］
  该部分告诉人们不要睡过头，指出睡得太多会减少寿命，并指出每晚睡6到7个小时的人，寿命最长。［D］选项告诉我们晚睡的人也不该高兴，因为根据调查研究，晚睡也会提高死亡率。正好与上文呼应。其中“late-night-party-goers”是关键词。
2.［C］
  该部分告诉人们要保持乐观。指出乐观的人比倾向于悲观的人早期死亡比率低50%。［C］选项进一步解释了为什么乐观的人比悲观的人长寿，指出乐观的人压力小，血压没悲观的人那么高。其中“Those with a positive outlook on life”“pessimists”和“positive thinkers”是关键词语。
3.［B］
该部分告诉人们要长寿的话还要有钱，并进一步说明了为什么有钱人更容易长寿。［B］选项讲的是并不是说富裕了就一定会长寿，但追求经济上的舒适毕竟是实现长寿目标的一面。指出了事物的两面性，并与上文相呼应。其中“wealthy”“financially comfortable”是关键词。
4.［A］
  该部分告诉人们要保持冷静，指出面对压力大发脾气的人比面对压力不怎么生气的人患心脏病的几率高许多倍。［A］选项指出，要尽量使那些每天不可避免的压力从你肩膀上溜走，是从上文针对压力对人体危害的分析中得出的一个结论，与上文相呼应。
5.［E］
该部分讲述的是要嫁/娶得好，指出这里的“好”是从遗传基因上来讲的，而且特殊的长寿基因三代之内呈显性遗传。［E］选项举例说，当一个单身汉从几个女人中选媳妇时，要挑祖父母还健在的那一个；并指出这可能帮助他们的孩子长寿。这是对上文的进一步解释。

◎ Ⅲ. Translation
1. 这是一个简单主从复合句，句架是..., the percentage of women earning doctorates...is...higher than the percentage of women professors—which means that ...。句中破折号后引导非限制定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。在定语从句中，that 引导名词从句，作means的宾语。本句应译成：在著名大学里获得理工科博士学位的妇女所占的百分比大大高于女教授所占的百分比，这意味着许多像波斯特那样有才干的女博士离开学校到政府或企业去工作，而不是在教师队伍中求得升迁。
2. 这是一个简单主从复合句，句架是...Lawrence Summers ...threw the issue into ...when he suggested, ..., that women ...because they lack ...。在when引导的时间状语从句中，that引导名词从句，作suggested 的宾语；在宾语从句中 because又引导原因状语从句。本句应译成：但是哈佛大学校长最近在一次学术会议上暗示，妇女没有获得成功是因为她们缺乏数学和理科的“天赋”，他这一席话无意中使这个问题引起全国的瞩目。
3. 这是一个从句套从句的简单主从复合句，句架是Post says, “we all know that when we walk into ...， there will be people who will think (that) we are there because ...”。句子的主句是Post says；而we all know ...是在它前面省略了连词that的宾语从句，作says的宾语。在这个宾语从句中，that 也是引导宾语从句，作know 的宾语。在that引导的宾语从句中，there will be people是主句，前面when引导时间状语从句，后面who引导定语从句，在这个定语从句中we are there because...又是省略了连词that 的名词从句，作think 的宾语。在这个宾语从句中又含一个because引导的原因状语从句。本句应译成：波斯特说：“我们都知道，当我们步入一个教室或在一次会议上作研究报告的时候，总会有人认为我们到那里只是因为我们在男人成堆的地方得到了一次偶然的机会。”give sb. a break 这个短语的意思是“给某人一个机会”。
4. 这是一个简单主从复合句，句架是Researchers ...asked ...， and found that ...one in four had received...scam that ...。句中第一个that是连词，引导名词从句，作found的宾语；第二个that是关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰e-mail scam。本句应译成：研究人员也要求参与者把他们的电子邮件保存一个月，并发现大约四个人中有一个人收到了电子邮件欺骗花招，企图诱骗机密的个人信息。
5. 这是一个简单主从复合句，句架是...twice as many consumers...had...configured firewalls, thanks ...to changes in ...XP program that ...。句中that 是关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰前面的XP program。本句应译成：两倍多的消费者已正确安装了防火墙，其部分原因是微软视窗XP程序由于疏忽而打开了防火墙。

◎ Ⅳ. Writing
Part A 应用文

My research plan for the course Social Studies

The chosen topic: Comparing the attitudes of Chinese university students toward American fast food and traditional Chinese fast food.
Data collection procedures:Use two ways to collect data.
First, investigation about how often the students go to KFC or McDonald and the restaurants where traditional Chinese fast food are served, and possible reasons for them to do so.
Second, interview six students for their reasons to favor these restaurants.
Problems to be solved: What questions to be included in the investigation, and how to select the students for the interview.

Part B 英语写作

It is described in the above picture that a group of people gather in a department store and react quite differently to genetically altered food, a completely new product of modern science and technology. The picture seems to convey that with the development of science and technology, a broad array of new products spring up overnight, however, people display different attitude towards such new technological products.
There is no doubt that scientific and technological development has injected vigor into social and economic progress. It promotes comprehensive progress in all undertakings and fields such as electronic information, new energy, new material, biotechnology and medicine, and environmental protection. Also, new scientific discoveries are being made every day. However, scientific and technological development also poses new problems. Consequently, arguments arise among people. Take genetically altered foods as an example. It’s obvious that genetically altered food symbolizes the latest progress of modern science and will bring about revolutionary changes to agriculture. But on the other hand, people are suspicious about their safety. They are worried that genetically altered food may adversely affect human health due to the unintended changes in their composition. Therefore, it will be a long way to go before such new products are commonly  accepted.
Conclusively, science and technology should be applied to promote social progress on the one hand, and efforts should be made to reduce the risks and problems of new scientific products on the other hand.

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:14:51

U12 Education and the Government
教育与政府

Special Education’s Best Intentions

Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)

Notes

课文参考译文

练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

Special Education’s Best Intentions

The American public’s growing recognition of the educational rights of handicapped children heightened in the 1975 enactment of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, Public Law 94-142. Once the need to provide quality education for all students was clearly established as a matter of public record, it also became a need that would demand immediate action on the part of parents and educators; the issue at hand shifted from a question of whether it should be done to how it could be done.
It is natural in the midst of such change to turn to experts for guidance about how to face the challenges that lie ahead. In the years following the passage of PL 94-142, educators attempted to develop methods for identifying the needs of handicapped students. These methods would allow for the development of educational programs designed to serve their individual needs.
Of course developing a system for helping students whose needs are out of the ordinary has been a necessary step in helping those students get into the world of public education. Putting handicapped students into a regular education classroom without careful assessment of their needs would unquestionably lead to frustration on all sides. The need to determine the level of each student’s skills clearly indicates the need for some type of testing program, and demands that some people be trained to administer and interpret those tests. The entire process is obviously a crucial element in meeting the educational needs of handicapped children.
However, the challenge of efficiently offering help to massive numbers of students inevitably has resulted in the evolution of a bureaucratic network with all of the disadvantages inherent in such a system. The means for attempting such a big task involves the use of a standard process of evaluation and diagnosis that will enable the experts to assess not only each child’s present levels of performance educationally, but ultimately to make judgments about the child’s potential for classroom performance in the future.
It is in this respect that the bureaucratic nature of the special education program falters in meeting the needs of the individual child. Since such a system has to handle large volumes of work, it becomes difficult in practice to maintain a focus on evaluation as the necessary means to the worthwhile end of providing children with new educational opportunities. Too often it becomes an end in itself, a source of a convenient label which in turn is used to predict where a child’s limits will lie. It is a tragedy of our educational system that the machinelike efficiency of our program has achieved most of its goals without addressing the needs of students as individuals. However, few real live children fall neatly into the categories that represent the conclusion of the process. Once their futures have been charted by the system, it becomes increasingly difficult for them to prove that they have potential beyond that which has been predicted by the experts.
There is no question about the fact that the special education bureaucracy serves a useful purpose in helping students to find the classrooms and programs most suited to their needs. At the same time, it often appears to be a tendency for any bureaucratic system to become so absorbed with its own structure, so convinced of the infallibility of the experts it employs, that it fails to devote adequate attention to each person it attempts to serve. Because special education involves so many thousands of unique students, it seems almost impossible to find a balance between the efficiency that benefits everyone and the personal attention that is a crucial part of the process. Yet with children’s lives at stake, it is critical that we never give up the effort to do so.

1. In 1975 after the enactment of Public Law 94-142, educators          .
［A］ recognized the need to provide special education for handicapped children
［B］ began to cooperate with parents in formulating education programs for handicapped children
［C］ began to turn their attention to how to provide quality education for handicapped children
［D］ took immediate action to take care of the need of handicapped children
2. To successfully put handicapped children into regular classroom, it is important to          .
［A］ find out their needs and skill levels
［B］ provide some kind of training to prepare them for it
［C］ design the right entrance examinations to assess their capacity
［D］ teach them with a special kind of curriculum
3. The author remarks that the present education system is flawed because it fails to          .
［A］ meet the needs of students as individuals
［B］ work out a systematic evaluation system
［C］ predict where students’limits lie
［D］ focus on evaluation as an end in itself
4. From the last sentence of Paragraph 5 we learn that the evaluation and diagnosis system          .
［A］ actually limits the student’s potential for further development
［B］ can usually provide an accurate picture of the student’s capacity
［C］ can generally identify the difficulties the student may have in study
［D］ discourages the student from going beyond his potential capacity
5. According to the author, the needs of individual students are diverse          .
［A］ so it is impossible to meet them all
［B］ so teachers should teach towards the average
［C］ so educators can do nothing in this respect
［D］ yet it is important to meet them to the greatest extent

答案与题解
1.［C］
  根据第一段，自1975年新的残疾儿童教育法实施起，人们所面临的问题由是否应该满足残疾儿童教育的需要，转化为应该如何满足这一需要。
2.［A］
  根据第三段第二句，让残疾孩子参与正常课堂学习而不了解他们的需要，无疑会对任何一方(指残疾儿童、教师等)造成挫折。下一句接着指出，确定每个(残疾)学生技能的需要清楚地表明需要设立某种测试方法，需要有些人来实施并解释这些测试的结果。
3.［A］
  根据第五段，在实施特殊儿童教育项目过程中所表现出的官僚主义作风，使得它所制定的评估标准不能得以名副其实地发挥作用，事情往往是：这个评估手段本身成了目的，而没有更好达到服务于残疾儿童的教育这一最终目的，因此未能满足每个孩子的个体需要。
4.［A］
  本句强调了评价结果对学生的限制，使他们受限于这个结果，错误地估计自己的潜力。
［D］不对，因为该选项强调的是超潜力发挥能力，而原句强调的是让学生发挥出(全部)潜力。
5.［D］
最后一段最后两句指出，因为特殊教育涉及许多个体状况不同的学生，所以要在满足每个人的利益和照顾个体的利益之间找到一个平衡点似乎看来是不可能的，虽然如此，由于这涉及孩子将来的生活，我们不能放弃这方面的努力，即：我们要努力去寻找这个平衡点。

Notes
1．第一段第二句是一个并列主从复合句，两个分句由分号连接。句架是Once the need...was...established..., it also became a need that...; the issue...shifted from a question of whether...to how...。前面句子的主句是it also became a need..., that引导定语从句，修饰need; 句首Once引导的是状语从句，Once译为“一旦”。分号后面句子中whether it should be done是名词从句，作介词of的宾语；同样，how引导的名词从句，也作介词to的宾语。
2．第三段第三句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是The need...clearly indicates..., and demands that...。句中that引导的名词从句是demands的宾语。
3．第五段第二句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是Since such a system has to..., it becomes difficult...to maintain a focus...as...。句中handle作“处理”讲。end作“目标”讲。
4．第五段第六句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是Once...， it becomes...difficult...to prove that...。句中Once引导状语从句；that引导名词从句，作prove的宾语；在宾语从句中beyond that指beyond that potential；which引导定语从句，修饰that (potential)。

课文参考译文

特种教育的最好意图

美国公众越来越认识到残疾儿童受教育的权利，这种认识在1975年制定《所有残疾儿童教育法》，即94－142号公共法时增强了。一旦明确认识到需要向所有学生提供素质教育是一件公众有案可查的事，这件事情也就变成要求家长和教育工作者立即采取行动的需要；手头的问题从是否应该做的事情变成怎样才可能做成的事情。
在这个变化过程中，自然需要在如何面对面前的挑战问题上求助专家的指导。在通过94－142号公共法之后的几年中，教育工作者曾试图设法确定残疾学生的需要。这些方法考虑到制定旨在满足他们个人需要的教育计划。
当然，制定帮助具有非同寻常需要的学生的制度已成为帮助这些学生进入公共教育世界的必要的一步。把残疾学生放到正规教育的教室而不仔细评估他们的需要无疑会导致各方受到挫折。需要
确定每个学生的技能水平，这一点显然表明需要某种类型的测试程序，并要求对一些人进行培训以便管理和解释那些测试。这整个进程显然是在满足残疾儿童的教育需要方面的一个关键因素。
但是，有效地帮助大量学生的挑战必然引起的结果是逐渐形成一个官僚网，而这个网具有这样一个制度所固有的一切弊端。试图完成这样一个巨大任务的手段涉及使用标准的估价和诊断程序，能使专家不仅评估每个儿童目前在受教育方面的表现水平，而且最后还要判断儿童将来在教室的表现潜力。
这种特殊教育计划的官僚主义性质正是在这方面失去效力而无法满足每个孩子的个体需要。既然这样一个制度必须处理大量工作，在实践中就难以在评估方面保持重点。这种评估是达到向儿童提供新教育机会的非常有价值的目的的必要手段。经常发生的情况是，这种评估本身成为目的，成为一种方便的标签的来源，这种标签反过来又被用来预言一个儿童的（能力）极限在哪里。我们的教育制度的悲剧之处在于我们的计划的效率像机器一样已达到了大部分目标，却没有解决儿童作为个体的需要。但是，在现实生活中几乎没有孩子会代表评价过程中所归纳出的这种种类别。一旦他们的前途被这个制度确定，他们就越发难以证明他们具有超出专家预测范围的潜力。
毫无疑问，特殊教育机构要达到的有益目的就是帮助学生找到最适合他们需要的课堂和计划。同时，任何官僚制度都常常有这种倾向，即它变得如此全神贯注于自己的结构、如此深信自己请来的专家不会犯错误，以至于不能充分注意自己试图服务的每个人。由于特殊教育涉及成千上万名特殊学生，因此看来几乎不可能在有益于每个人的效率和作为这个进程的关键部分的对个体的关注之间找到平衡点。然而，由于涉及儿童的生活，因此关键在于我们决不能放弃这样做的努力。
Ⅰ. Cloze
Colleges and universities are beginning to change the way they do business because the students are changing. It used to be 1 most students went to college immediately out of high school, left home for the first time to live    2    campus, and completed a degree in four years to 3 in the world of work in their chosen profession, perhaps never to return to the university again. Today, the growing college population are adult students over the age of 25 who are non- 4 , working full-time, perhaps with a family from diverse backgrounds.
  5 , they expect the college or university to 6    to their time constraints and to offer courses that are more 7 than just on-campus. Frequently, they view themselves as 8 to faculty and do not want to sit       9 at the knees of masters as passive listeners. The “one-text/one-test/one-delivery-mode-fits-all” 10 to instruction is becoming less and less 11 . They are becoming more attracted to institutions like the University of Phoenix 12 greeting is, “We’re a new type of university centered 13 you, the student.”
The 14 of this new group of adult learners should not be ignored by institutions of higher education. If this group is dissatisfied, their 15 for the academy will decline. And this dissatisfaction will spread to 16    students of all types.
17 , it is becoming more and more apparent that the university’s role in developing “life-long learners” is       18 , as with the global economic changes new jobs are replacing old ones 19 such an extent that the ability to be a skillful, 20 life-long learner is a requirement to survive in the world of work.

1.［A］ as ［B］ that ［C］ whether ［D］ when
2.［A］ at ［B］ in ［C］ on ［D］ across
3.［A］ commence ［B］ propel ［C］ eliminate ［D］ designate
4.［A］ professional ［B］ conventional ［C］ technical ［D］ residential
5.［A］ Nevertheless ［B］ Consequently ［C］ Incidentally ［D］ Conversely
6.［A］ adjust ［B］ modify ［C］ revise ［D］ adhere
7.［A］ beneficial ［B］ appropriate ［C］ advanced ［D］ accessible
8.［A］ equals ［B］ associates ［C］ partners ［D］ colleagues
9.［A］ idly ［B］ cautiously ［C］ indignantly ［D］ attentively
10.［A］ method ［B］ type ［C］ approach ［D］ model
11.［A］ revealing ［B］ coherent ［C］ appealing ［D］ confidential
12.［A］ that ［B］ which ［C］ whose ［D］ where

13.［A］ after ［B］ above ［C］ about ［D］ around
14.［A］ magnificence ［B］ significance ［C］ extravagance ［D］ indifference
15.［A］ support ［B］ interest ［C］ association ［D］ appreciation
16.［A］ incredible ［B］ industrious ［C］ previous ［D］ potential
17.［A］ However ［B］ Further ［C］ Therefore ［D］ Thus
18.［A］ ideal ［B］ fatal ［C］ critical ［D］ optional
19.［A］ to ［B］ for ［C］ at ［D］ in
20.［A］ imaginary ［B］ empirical ［C］ conservative ［D］ motivated

◎ Ⅱ. Reading Passages
Part A 阅读理解
★ Passage One

In many states this year, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne by the students themselves, has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation. The problem for the governors is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality of their colleges and universities helps drive the economic engines of their states. And they are constantly being told by everyone from college administrators to editorial writers that the only way to make their state universities better is to spend more money.
So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern, one being higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but on how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.
As a result, the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy in the 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of their discussion, the study could produce a push for higher standards, more efficiency and greater accountability. “When it comes to higher education, we talk a lot about money, but we don’t often talk of standards and accountability. With tuition rising faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college, one of these days the public is going to say, ‘Enough!’” Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said.
Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force. Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards, greater efficiencies in providing services, and more student competency testing might be needed, in addition to curriculum inspection.
Such proposals would be sure to shake up those who protect the status quo and trigger a major public debate. Education establishments that often believe that they know best tend to get nervous when elected officials seek to become involved. Utah GOP Gov. Mike Leavitt said the NGA discussion represented a “major shift” in the way governors address higher education and signaled their desire for greater direct involvement by the state chief executives in the oversight of their state university systems. 1) While the governors were quick to note that American higher education still is the best in the world, they say adjustments that reflect the changing realities of the global economy might be needed to keep it that way.

1. The reduction of higher education budget in many states upsets the governors because they believe that       .
［A］ students should not pay their own tuition to get education
［B］ more money is needed to make their universities better
［C］ college administrators and editorial writers know better than them about education
［D］ the quality of their colleges and universities reflects the economic status of the states
2. What Governor Tom Ridge said in the third paragraph means that          .
［A］ it is necessary and urgent to reform higher education
［B］ the public is concerned about the increase of tuition
［C］ the standards of higher education are bound to suffer without enough investment
［D］ inflation rate will sooner or later affect the standards of higher education
3. The governors expect the three-year study to achieve the effect of          .
［A］ directing the investment in higher education more effectively
［B］ contributing to the raised productivity of the higher education system
［C］ working out a set of higher standards for state universities and colleges
［D］ helping state universities and colleges to meet the challenges of the 21st century
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that governors often hesitated to address higher education directly in the past because       .
［A］ the universities were supposed to know better about what to do
［B］ they were not in direct charge of higher education in their states
［C］ they were afraid that they might offend the public
［D］ American higher education had always been the best in the world
5. In the eyes of the governors, for the American universities to remain the best in the world, they must       .
［A］ get enough funds from the states
［B］ undergo serious reform and adjustment
［C］ meet the demands of the global economy
［D］ put greater demands upon their students

【疑难长句翻译与注解】
1. In many states this year， budget...frozen, while tuition, ..., has...inflation.
【译文】  今年，在许多州，州立大学的预算不得不减少或冻结，而学费——学生所承担的费用——却上升了，在某些情况下上升得比通货膨胀率还要快。
2. The problem for the governors...their states.
【译文】  对州长们来说，这个问题特别令他们感到苦恼，因为他们都普遍认为，大学的教育质量为他们州的经济提供了原动力。
【注解】  engine这里用做比喻。
3. So it was against this backdrop...,one being higher education.
【译文】  所以，正是在这种背景下，全国州长协会在过去的一周里聚集在这座新英格兰地区的城市，讨论他们共同关心的问题，其中之一是高等教育问题。
【注解】  New England指美国东北部地区，包括六个州。
4. And the focus of their talks..., but how to get...change.
【译文】  在大学问题上，他们谈话的焦点不是如何更有效地花钱，而是提高大学体制的效率，许多人感到这个体制效率非常低下，而且变得僵化。
5. As a result, the governors will embark...century.
【译文】  结果，州长们将对教育体制进行历时3年的研究，研究的目标是如何使州立大学更好地迎接21世纪全球经济领域里的挑战。
6. And judging from the tenor and tone of their discussion, ..., ...accountability.
【译文】  从他们讨论问题的主旨和语气来看，这些调研工作将会提高标准、效率和责任心。
【注解】  本句所说的当然是提高大学的标准、效率和责任心。
7. “...With tuition rising faster...,one of ... say, ‘Enough!’”...Ridge said.
【译文】  ……共和党人宾夕法尼亚州州长汤姆•里奇说：随着学费比通货膨胀率上涨得快，学生完成大学学业需要的时间越来越长，有一天公众会说：够了！
8. Ridge and his fellow governors...force.
【译文】  会议结束后，里奇和其他州长们更坚信：高等教育的面貌焕然一新，也许应该重点提高效率，满足新技术和变化的劳动力市场的要求。
9. Several governors noted...， ...， and more..., ...inspection.
【译文】  几位州长提到，除了审查教学大纲外，也许还应该确立更清楚的标准，提高服务的效率，对学生进行更多的能力测试。
10. Mike Leavitt said the NGA discussion...systems.
【译文】  犹他州州长迈克•莱维特指出，全国州长协会的讨论在州长管理高等教育上代表着一个“重大改变”，意味着州官员想要更多地直接介入、监督州立大学的体制。

★ Passage Two
Like our political society, the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely, that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation, that we have done so imperfectly, and while we have been doing so, we have said a lot of things that simply are not true. For example, we have earnestly declared that full equality of opportunity in universities exists for everyone, regardless of economic circumstance, race or religion. This has never been true. In another sense the university has failed. It has stored great quantities of knowledge; it teaches more people; and despite its failures, it teaches them better. It is in the application of this knowledge that the failure has come.
Of the great branches of knowledge—the sciences, the social sciences and humanities—the sciences are applied, sometimes almost as soon as they are learned. Strenuous and occasionally successful efforts are made to apply the social sciences, but almost never are the humanities well applied. 2) The great tasks of the university in the next generation are to search the past to form the future, to begin an earnest search for a new and relevant set of values, and to learn to use the knowledge we have for the questions that come before us. The university should use one-fourth of a student’s time in his undergraduate years and organize it into courses which might be called history, and literature and philosophy, and anything else appropriate and organize these around primary problems.
The difference between a primary problem and a secondary problem is that primary problems tend to be around for a long time, whereas the less important ones get solved. 3) One primary problem is that of interfering with what some call human destiny and others call biological development, which is partly the result of genetic circumstance and partly the result of accidental environmental conditions. It is anticipated that the next generation, and perhaps this one, will be able to interfere chemically with the actual development of an individual and perhaps biologically by interfering with his genes. Obviously, there are benefits both to individuals and to society from eliminating, or at least improving, mentally and physically deformed persons. On the other hand, there could be very serious consequences if this knowledge were used intentionally to produce superior and subordinate classes, each genetically prepared to carry out a predetermined mission.
This can be done, but what happens to free will and the rights of the individual? Here we have a primary problem that will still exist when we are all dead. After all, the purpose of education is not only to impart knowledge but to teach students to use the knowledge that they either have or will find, to teach them to ask and seek answers for important questions.

1. The author suggests that the university’s greatest shortcoming is its failure to          .
［A］ attempt to provide equal opportunity for all
［B］ offer courses in philosophy and the humanities
［C］ prepare students adequately for professional studies
［D］ help students see the relevance of the humanities to real problems
2. It is implied in the second paragraph that universities          .
［A］ mistake literature as of little or no practical value
［B］ attach great importance to social sciences and humanities
［C］ can distinguish primary problems from secondary problems
［D］ do not offer undergraduate courses like history, literature and philosophy
3. Which of the following questions does the author answer in the passage?
［A］ What are some of the secondary problems faced by the past generation?
［B］ How can we improve the performance of our political society?
［C］ What is the chief objective of university education?
［D］ Why is the university of today better than the university of the past?
4. The primary purpose of the passage is to          .
［A］ discuss a problem and propose a solution
［B］ analyze a system and defend it
［C］ present both sides of an issue and allow the reader to draw a conclusion
［D］ outline a new idea and criticize it
5. The development discussed in the passage is primarily a problem of          .
［A］ political philosophy                   ［B］ educational philosophy
［C］ scientific philosophy    ［D］ practical science

【疑难长句翻译与注解】
1. Like our political society...true.
【译文】  像我们的政治社会一样，今天的大学正在受到严厉抨击，理由也许相同，即：我们这个时代要做的事情已经大都完成，但是我们做得还不尽善尽美，而且，虽然我们做出了一些论断，但我们也说了许多不正确的话。
【注解】  set out to do sth.意为“打算或计划做某事”。while we have been doing so应该结合其后的主句来理解，因此译作“虽然我们做出了一些论断”。
2. For example, we have...religion.
【译文】  例如，我们曾真诚地宣布说，每个人，无论其经济状况如何，是何种族或宗教信仰，上大学的机会完全平等。
3. It has stored...better.
【译文】  大学储存了大量知识，教育了更多的人，虽然有其失败的一面，但教育质量也提高了。
4. The university should use...problems.
【译文】  大学应该使本科生花四分之一的时间，学习被称做历史、文学、哲学或其他合适的课程，通过这些课程来探讨重大问题。
5. The difference between...get solved.
【译文】  重大问题和次要问题的区别在于：重大问题通常要持续很长一段时间才能解决，而次要问题很快就能解决。
6. It is anticipated...genes.
【译文】  有人预测说，下一代——也许这一代人——就能用化学方法操纵人的实际成长过程，也许是通过操纵基因的方式从生物学上影响其成长。
7. Obviously, there are...persons.
【译文】  显然，如果没有了身心不健全的人——或者至少他们的状况得到改进，这将对个人和社会来说都是有益的。
【注解】  这里，eliminating不能简单理解为“消除、去除”，而是指通过基因疗法消除能使人致残的基因缺陷，这样，没有人生来就身心不健全。
8. On the other hand, there could...mission.
【译文】  从另一方面讲，如果这种知识被有意识地用来复制优等或劣等群体，天生让这些人来完成某一预定的使命，那就会产生非常严重的后果。
【注解】  这里实际上指有些人可能利用新的克隆技术来随意复制人，将科学用于邪恶目的。
9. After all, the purpose of...questions.
【译文】  毕竟，教育的目的不仅是传授知识，而且还要教会学生使用已经或将要掌握的知识，教育他们学会提出并回答重大问题。

Part B 选择搭配
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps.

Visit Cambridge late in the 21st century and youll find it both the same and very different. The colleges will remain a huge strength, bring together students and researchers from all disciplines and all parts of the world, and guarantee a human scale of values within a big university.
1)             .
Above everything else will still rise the questioning, tough-minded hunger for learning, for pushing the boundaries of knowledge ever outwards. That has characterized this university.
2)          . Not in the heart of the city: the colleges, the river and the commons and meadows that cluster around it. The profound sense of place that everyone values will at all costs be protected. But visit after fifty years and you’ll find what are now windswept hedgeless fields on the edge of Cambridge transformed into two new campuses: for the physical science and technology to the west, and for the biomedical sciences to the south.
West Cambridge now has such momentum of its own that its innovative mix of university departments and charitable and commercial research centers could easily materialise even faster than we now imagine. Substantial resources are required but the outlook looks good.
3)          . The aim is a complementary biomedical campus around Addenbrooke’s Hospital with a university-business mix that will ensure Cambridge can compete scientifically at a world level.
Looking forward decades, I see a whole corridor for biomedical research that will ultimately extend from Addenbrooke’s through Babraham to Hinxton, where other science parks in which the University is involved are already under development.
4)          . A new Theology faculty is under construction at the moment, and we have preliminary plans for new buildings for English, Criminology and East Asian Studies. On the Sidgwick site, we don’t have the space we enjoy in west or south Cambridge so we need to be more creative.
In the new millennium Cambridge is quite determined to remain among the top half dozen universities in the world. You don’t have the wealth of Harvard, say the doubters. Well, I respond, endowment is not a university and We’re certainly not about to throw in the towel just because Harvard’s endowment dwarfs that of every other university in the world.
5)          . Although We’re very proud of our 1200 high-tech startups, and for the most part it’s the University that has brought them here, the business base is tiny compared with that around Boston or Stanford. That’s our problem: not competitor universities but the sheer scale of what surrounds them.

［A］ To balance this natural boom in the sciences and technology, our key planning priority for the next ten years is the arts and humanities.
［B］ Physically, though, much needs to change if we are to have faculty buildings equal to these challenges.
［C］ Other core values will endure as well: excellence in teaching and research; a critical temperament that emphasizes rigour and independence of mind; a stress on the interplay between disciplines, on small group teaching and the centrality of social interaction in education; and a hope that shared experience of Cambridge will make alumni feel part of the University’s extended family for life.
［D］ Within the university itself, access is going to remain our key priority. We’re going to demystify Cambridge and increase the proportion of state school students we take.
［E］ Thus, my own concern is not so much lack of resources as the limited presence of business in the Cambridge area.
［F］ In contrast, our expansion plans to the south—a joint venture between the University, the Medical Research Council and Addenbrooke’s NHS Trust—are still at an early stage.
［G］ The fact that our computer network is so advanced will also give us the opportunity to share our teaching expertise with local companies and even other universities; a dedicated center for distance learning is already under discussion. We will increasingly use internet-based computer courses to enhance our own teaching and also to reach students outside the University.

◎ Ⅲ. Translation
Translate the underlined sentences in the Reading Passages of Part A into Chinese.

◎ Ⅳ. Writing

Part A 应用文
Directions:
Your department is inviting Dr.Lakaff, an American novelist for a speech on comparative literature. Write an announcement about this. Your announcement should include:
1） a brief introduction about the speaker；
2） topic of his speech；
3） time and place of the speech.
You should write about 100 words.
Part B 英语写作
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Ｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｔａｂｌｅｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙａｎｄｗｒｉｔｅａｎｅｓｓａｙ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｅｓｓａｙｙｏｕｓｈｏｕｌｄ：
１）ｗｒｉｔｅａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｉｅｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｔｗｏｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ；
２）ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｔｗｏｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ；
３）ｃｏｍｍｅｎｔｏｎｔｈｅｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｏｆｔｈｅＵＳａｎｄｔｈｅＰＲＣ．
Ｙｏｕｓｈｏｕｌｄｗｒｉｔｅａｂｏｕｔ２００ｗｏｒｄｓ．

审  题  指  导

首先，仔细审题，作文要求写一篇比较中美两国教育体制的异同的文章，要充分表达出表格中所提供的相似与不同之处。因此，本文的写作重点应在比较方面。其次，在做比较时，可以采用分开明列式，即分段写出两者的相同与不同；也可以采用综合对比式，即在同一段中既介绍相似处也表述两者的差别。而对于两种教育体制孰优孰劣的评判，则可根据个人的看法及对比部分字数的多少可简可繁。

The Educational Systems of the US and the PRC
The United States The People’s Republic of China
types of students full-time,part-time full-time, spare-time, part-work and part-study
types of full-time school systems colleges and universities, high schools, elementary schools institutions of higher learning, middle schools, primary schools
ages of starting elementary education and college education 6 to about 17 7 to about 18
examinations no national exams but local tests set by school boards local tests and some national standard exams
requirements for university entrance different requirements for different colleges and universities a passing score in the nation-wide standard entrance exams
Useful Expressions

1. enter； entrance 入学
2. become a member of； to enroll； enrollment； register； registration 登记；注册
3. admission； to be admitted to； accept 录取
4. obtain further education 获取进一步的教育
5. requirements 要求；录取条件
6. admission standards录取标准
7. academic record； academic achievements 学习成绩
8. request for application material 索要申请材料
9. educational goals 教育目标
10. diploma 文凭
11. degree 学位
12. educational system 教育体制
13. pre-school education 学前教育
14. primary schools； elementary schools 小学
15. middle schools； high schools 中学
16. junior middle school； junior high school 初中
17. senior middle school； senior high school 高中
18. vocational schools； technical schools 职业学校；技术学校
19. colleges； universities； institutes 大学；学院
20. likewise； similarly； in the same way 同样地；类似地
21. be the same as； correspond to； agree with； resemble； be equivalent to 与……相似；与……一致；和……等同
22. in contrast； by contrast with/to； on the other hand； on the contrary； by comparison相反；与……不同；相比而言；另一方面；不过
23. different from 与……不同
24. distinction； dissimilarity； difference 不同之处；差别；差异；区别
25. include； contain； consist of； be composed of； constitute； comprise； be made up of； cover； involve； form 由……构成；由……组成；包括

◎ Ⅰ. Cloze
1.［B］ that
本文讲大学为适应终身教育进行改革。段首句讲因为学生群体正在改变，大学也开始改变其办学模式。本题考句子结构。本句主语It泛指“情况，一般情形”；It used to be...意为“过去的情况是……”，后面需接表语从句，故需要that引导。其余选项不适用。
2.［C］ on
  on campus 是固定搭配，意为“在校园里”；其余介词均不正确。
3.［A］ commence
  本句讲过去的学生，他们一般中学毕业后直接升入大学(went to college immediately out of high school)，在获得学位后才进入所选专业的工作环境(the world of work in their chosen profession)。commence可做不及物动词，意为“开始”，符合文意。其余选项都是及物动词，且不合文意：propel，“推进，推动”；eliminate，“消灭，消除”；designate，“任命，命名，指明”。
4.［D］ residential
Today提示本句与上文过去的情况(It used to be...)应进行对比，举例说明学生的变化。从作者选择的年龄、工作经历等方面可以看出，只有non-residential(非居住的，不住在当地的)同上文live on campus形成反差，符合文意，故选residential(居住的，有住宅的)。其余选项均与文意无关：professional，“专业的，职业的”；conventional，“常规的，习惯做法的”；technical，“技术的”。
5.［B］ Consequently
  本题考对上下文逻辑的理解。文章的第一句点明主题：因为学生变了，学校也需要变。第一段主要讲生源的变化，本段讲现在学生群体的新需求，由此可见两段之间是因果关系，故应选Consequently(因此，所以)。Nevertheless(尽管如此)表示转折，Incidentally(附带地，顺便提及)引出新话题；Conversely(相反)表示对照。
6.［A］ adjust
  本句主语they指代上文成年学生(adult students)，他们希望学校根据他们时间少(time constraints)、住得远等特点改变做法。modify(修改，变更)和revise(修订，修正)是及物动词，首先排除；adhere(黏着，附着；坚持)虽可与to连用，但不合文意；只有adjust(调整，调节)在语法和文意两方面都是正确的。
7.［D］ accessible
  本句是比较句，与“在校内(on-campus)”相比，学校的课程设置只能从地点方面考虑。 accessible意为“可进入的，可接近的，可用的，可得到的”；courses more accessible than...即“比……上起来更方便的课程”，符合文意。其余选项均不符合逻辑：beneficial，“有益的”；appropriate，“恰当的，合适的”；advanced，“先进的，高级的”。
8.［A］ equals
  本题考搭配。四个选项中只有equals(相等的人)可以同介词to连用；an equal to...即“与……相当的人/物，(地位)相同的人”,符合文意。associates，“合伙人，同事，朋友”；partners，“伙伴，合作者，配偶”；colleagues，“同事，同僚”。
9.［A］ idly
  根据“作为被动的听众(as passive listeners)”可以推断，学生们希望积极参与教学活动。idly是idle(懒散的，闲置的)的副词形式，to sit...idly即“无所事事地坐着”，符合文意。其余选项均与文意无关：cautiously，“谨慎地，小心地”；indignantly，“愤慨地”；attentively，“专心地”。
10.［C］ approach
  本题考搭配。approach意为“方法，途径”，常与介词to连用；“The ‘one-text/one-test/one-delivery-mode-fits-all’approach to instruction”意为“这种‘一篇课文／一张试卷／一言堂授课的方式适用于所有人’的教学法”。其余选项一般不与介词to连用：method，“方式”；type，“种类，类型”；model，“模式，模特”。
11.［C］ appealing
  根据本文提到的新学生与传统方式的矛盾和本句中less and less以及下文中more attracted to...等提示，可以推断本题应选attracted的同义词appealing(有吸引力的)。其余选项均不合文意：revealing，“揭露的，能说明问题的”；coherent，“黏着的”；confidential，“保密的，机密的”。
12.［C］ whose
  本题考连接词。定语从句的主语是greeting，故需选关系形容词whose。若选关系代词that或which，则先行词无法在从句中作宾语；若选关系副词where，则greeting缺少冠词。
13.［D］ around
to center around...是固定词组，意为“以……为中心”。其余选项都不适用。
14.［B］ significance
  本题考对上下文逻辑关系的理解。下两句讲成年学生群体可能造成的影响，由此可以断定不能忽视的(should not be ignored)是这批人的重要性，故选significance(意义，重要性)。其余选项均不合文意：magnificence是magnificent的名词形式，意为“壮丽，宏伟”；extravagance，“奢侈，过分”；indifference，“冷漠，漠不关心”。
15.［A］ support
本题考搭配。support常与介词for连用，意为“对……的支持”，是正确选择。其余选项常用搭配有：interest in...，“对……的兴趣”； association with...，“与……的交往”；appreciation of...，“对……的欣赏／赞赏”。
16.［D］ potential
  重要的不仅是能否得到成年学生的支持，还有他们可能对其他学生产生的影响；本文主题句中已点明学校要改变经营方式(the way they do business)，可见关系到高校命运的是如何吸引更多的生源，故应选potential(潜在的，可能的)。其余选项均不合文意：incredible，“惊人的，难以置信的”；industrious，“勤劳的，刻苦的”；previous，“过去的”。
17.［B］ Further
  本题考上下文逻辑。本段讲在全球经济变革的大背景下，学校培养“终身学习者(lifelong learners)”的意义已经超越了学校自身的利益，与上文是逻辑上的递进关系，故选Further(再者，再进一步)。其余选项均不合逻辑：However表示转折；Therefore和Thus都表示因果关系。
18.［C］ critical
  从下文as引导的状语从句中“生存的必要条件(a requirement to survive)”等提示可以看出，学校培养终身学习者所起的作用(role)应当是非常关键的，故选critical(紧要的，至关重要的)。其余选项皆不适用：ideal，“理想的”；fatal，“致命的”；optional，“非强制的，可任选的”。
19.［A］ to
  to the extent是常用词组，意为“到……的程度”；to such an extent that...即“到了这样的程度，以至……”。其余介词都不适用。
20.［D］ motivated
  学校为适应全球经济变革而培养的人才应该不仅具有终身学习的能力，还要有学习的热情。motivated是动词motivate(激发，使有动力)的分词形式，做定语意为“有动力的，有积极性的”。其余选项皆不符合文意：imaginary，“虚构的，想像的”；empirical，“经验主义的，全凭观察和实验的”；conservative，“保守的”。

◎ Ⅱ. Reading Passages

Part A 阅读理解
Passage One
1.［B］
第一段提到，今年，在许多州，州立大学的预算不得不减少(scale down)或冻结，而学费——学生所承担的费用——却上升了，在某些情况下上升得比通货膨胀率还要快。对州长们来说，这个问题特别令他们感到苦恼，因为他们都普遍认为：大学的教育质量为他们州的经济提供了动力，并且大学领导和报刊评论员不断告诉他们：使他们的州变得更好的惟一方式是多花钱(投资教育)。
2.［A］
在第三段Ridge州长说，一谈到高等教育我们就谈钱的问题，我们很少谈论标准和责任。现在学费比通货膨胀率上涨得快，学生完成大学学业需要的时间越来越长，有一天公众会说：“够了！”引用Ridge州长的话是想支持引用前表达的观点：从他们讨论的问题和语气来看，这些调研工作会提高标准，提高效率和责任心。
3.［B］意为：有助于提高高等教育体制的效益。
第三段第一句提到这项将对高等教育体制进行的历时3年的研究目的：怎样使州立大学更好地迎接21世纪全球经济的挑战。该段下文提到了具体改革内容。另外，第二段最后一句提到，他们谈话的焦点不是在于如何花钱更有效，而是如何提高教育体制的效益，很多人感到，这个体制已经变得非常低效，难以改变。
［D］表达的意思侧重点不对：设立这个研究项目的目的不是帮助学校迎接21世纪的挑战，而是在于发现问题，找出解决问题的方法，提高教育体制的效益。
4.［A］
最后一段第二句提到，教育机构(Education establishments)通常认为它们最清楚应该怎么做才好，当政府官员想插手教育时，它们经常会感到不安。因此，Leavitt州长说，全国州长协会(NGA)的讨论在州长管理高等教育上代表一个“重大转变”，意味着州官员想要更多地直接介入，监督州立大学的体制。虽然州长承认美国的高等教育仍然是世界上最好的，但他们认为调整对保持其地位是必要的，因为全球经济的现实正在改变。
5.［B］意为：经过认真的改革和调整。
参阅第2、3、4题题解。

Passage Two
1.［D］
第二段提到，自然科学往往能立刻得到应用，社会科学就不那么容易了，而人文科学则几乎从来难以获得应用。而在下一代人身上，大学教育的目的应该是通过学习过去来塑造未来，寻找一套新的、有用的价值体系，用获得的知识来解决我们面临的新问题。所以，学校应该至少让学生用大学期间四分之一的课时来学习历史、文学、哲学等，以帮助学生理解并解决现实中的重大问题。言外之意，学校没能这样做，因此，人文学科总是得不到应用。全文最后一句指出，教育的目的不仅是为了传授知识，而且应该教育学生应用学到的知识去解决重大问题。这也包含了对现行教育体制的批评。
2.［A］意为：错误地认为文学几乎没有或根本没有实用价值。
参阅第二段最后一句与第1题题解。这句批评了大学的做法，认为它们没有将历史、文学、哲学这样的课程当做解决重大问题的课程对待，因此，所占学时的比例太小。
3.［C］
  本文探讨了大学教育的目的，全文最后一句是结论。
4.［A］
  本文对现行大学教育进行了批评，认为它忽视了人文学科的教育和应用，分析了可能由此产生的后果，说明了人文学科的重要性——它对解决社会重大问题的作用。
5.［B］意为：教育的宗旨。
  本题与第2题提问的都是文章的主要方面，因此答案应该是一致的。

Part B 选择搭配
1.［C］
此处主要考虑与上下文的关系。上一段最后一句讲：它把世界各地不同学科的学生和研究人员汇集到一起，确保一所大型大学有一套以人为本的价值观念。因此［C］中的Other core values（其他核心价值观）与上段很好地衔接。［C］意为：其他核心价值观也将继续保持：优质的教学与科研；注重严谨、有独立思想的批判秉性；强调不同学科之间的相互作用，强调小班教学，强调社会交往在教育过程中的中心地位；希望在剑桥的共同经历使校友们感到自己终生都是剑桥大学这一大家庭的成员。
2.［B］
此处主要与下文内容一致。下文主要讲校园的改造：不是在市中心改变：各学院、学院后面、剑河及其周围的公地和草场都不变。人人珍惜的地貌将不惜一切代价受到保护。然而50年后故地重游，你会发现剑桥周边目前任凭风吹、没有树篱的田野上已经立起两座新校园：西面那座是给理工科修建的，南面那座是为生物医学修建的。由此可知，这与［B］在内容上是一致的。［B］意为：但是，就校园建设而言，要想使教学楼能应对这些挑战，就得做许多改变。此处用though表示转折，与上一段也是很好的衔接过渡。
3.［F］
此处主要从上文内容来判断。从第2题分析可知，将建立两座新校园：西面那座是给理工科修建的，南面那座是为生物医学修建的。此题前一段先讲了西校园（West Cambridge），因此本段应该讲南部，因此选［F］。［F］中用In contrast引出南部与西部的不同：相比而言，我们的南部扩展计划——大学、医学研究委员会和艾登布汝克国民保健服务信托会的三方合资项目——仍处于起步阶段。
4.［A］
此处要与上段紧密相接，并与下段内容一致。上段讲：展望未来数十年，我看到一整条生物医学研究走廊将由艾登布汝克医院开始，经巴布拉汉姆，最终延伸到辛克斯顿。在这一地带，剑桥大学参与的一些其他科学园区已经在建设之中。由此可知，［A］开头用不定式结构To balance this natural boom in the sciences and technology与上段很好地衔接起来，意为：为了与理科和技术方面的这一自然大发展取得平衡，我们今后十年重点考虑的是文科和人文学科。另外，从下文所讲：一所新的神学院目前正在建设中，我们还准备为英文院、犯罪学研究所和东亚研究所建新楼，这与［A］一致。
5.［E］
此处可从与上段衔接来考虑。上段提到批评者认为剑桥大学没有哈佛有钱，但我的回答是：捐赠基金本身不是大学，我们当然不能仅仅因为哈佛的捐赠基金使世界上其他任何大学相形见绌就甘拜下风。［E］中的Thus与上段衔接起来：所以我自己最关心的倒不是缺乏财力，而是剑桥地区的公司数目有限。下文又接着这一点讲下去：尽管我们有1200家新创办的高科技公司，大部分是大学吸引来的，对此我们非常自豪，但是，这一工商基地与波士顿或斯坦福大学周围相比，规模还很小。我们的问题不在于与我们竞争的大学，而在于这些大学周围的工商基地规模之大。
   **［D］和［G］是干扰项。［D］意为：就我们大学自身来讲，提供更多的入学机会仍将是我们的头等大事。我们在努力解除剑桥的神秘感，增加录取公立中学毕业生的比率。［G］意为：我们的计算机网络相当先进，不久就会使我们有机会和地方公司甚至其他大学共享我们的教学专长。一个专门服务于远程学习的中心已在酝酿之中。我们将愈来愈多地利用基于互联网的计算机课程，提高我们自己的教学水平，同时也使校外的学生有机会学习。这两个选项虽然在意思上与文章一致，但放在任何一处都不能与上下文保持连贯或段落的一致性。

◎ Ⅲ. Translation
1. 这是一个简单主从复合句，句架是While the governors were...to note that..., they say adjustments that...might be needed to...。句首While 引导让步从句，在从句中that 引导名词从句，做note 的宾语；主句中that 是关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰adjustments。在句末to keep it that way中it 指美国的高等教育。本句应译成：虽然这些州长急于指出美国的高等教育仍是世界上最好的，但是他们说，可能需要进行能反映全球经济不断变化的现实的调整以保持美国高等教育的最高地位。
2. 这是一个简单主从复合句。句架是The...tasks...are to search..., to begin..., and to learn...。在最后一个动词不定式短语中we have for...是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰knowledge; that come before us...也是定语从句，修饰questions。本句应译成：下一代大学的伟大任务是研究过去塑造未来，开始认真探索一套新的和相关的价值观，学会用我们所掌握的知识来解决摆在我们面前的问题。
3. 这是一个简单主从复合句。句架是One...problem is that of interfering with what..., which is...。请注意句中that是指示代词，指that problem; which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的problem。本句应译成：我们的主要问题是介入一些人称之为人类命运和另外一些人称之为生物发展的问题，这些问题一部分是遗传条件产生的结果，而另一部分是意外环境条件产生的结果。

◎ Ⅳ. Writing
Sample for reference:
Part A 应用文

Announcement
A Speech on Comparative Literature

The English Department is inviting Dr.Lakaff for a speech on comparative literature for the faculty of the English Department.
Dr.Lakaff is a professor of modern American literature from University of Washington. He is the author of the novel “The Sky”. He is particularly interested in exchange programs in studies of world literature.
Topic of the speech: A comparative study of descriptions of life style in small towns in American and Chinese 20th century novels.
Time: 3 p.m. on Wednesday, January 8, 2005;
Place: Meeting Room 7, the Resource Building, Renmin University of China.

Literature Section of English Department
Part B 英语写作

As is shown in the chart, there are in China three kinds of students: full-time students, spare-time students and part-work-part-study students compared with full-time students and part-time students in America. Generally speaking, both educational systems consist of three levels of full-time school system but named differently: colleges and universities, high schools(also called secondary schools) and elementary schools in America; and institutions of higher learning, middle schools, primary schools in China. But in America children go to schools at the age of six and graduate from high schools at about seventeen, while in China kids often start schools at seven and finish their senior middle schools at about eighteen.
The greatest distinction occurs in the part of exams and requirements for university entrance. In China exams include both standard and local tests, and the students all over the country should take part in the same nation-wide standard entrance exams for the admission of universities. But in America there are no nationally set exams that determine whether students can enter the colleges, and the students who want to study in colleges have to write and find out what the entrance requirements are because colleges or universities are different.
As for which educational system is better, I think that both of them have their own advantages and disadvantages just like a coin’s two sides. It depends.

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:16:04

U13 New Sciences and Technology
科普新知识

Finding the Most Effective and Economical Fuel for Cars

Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)

Notes

课文参考译文

练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

Finding the Most Effective and Economical Fuel for Cars

While some researchers concentrate on the car and improving its systems and materials, others focus on the fuel that feeds the car. On at least one occasion, car improvements and fuel refinements went hand in hand. When catalytic converters were developed, the petroleum industry had to make gasoline lead-free. Leaded gasoline produces emissions containing lead, which coats the metals in the converter, rendering them ineffective. Because lead has been linked to cancer and can cause nervous system damage in children, lead-free gasoline was an important development against automobile pollution.
Researchers continue to search for ways to make better gasoline. Refining crude oil to produce gasoline involves heating the oil and drawing off various types of hydrocarbons as they evaporate. Some hydrocarbons are lightweight molecules that evaporate easily. Others are heavier, have a tendency to form deposits and particulates, and may be cancer-causing.
Petroleum companies can create gasolines that pollute less by using more hydrocarbons from the middle of the weight spectrum—those that are neither very light nor very heavy. Refiners can also break down or “crack” some of the heavier hydrocarbons to yield lighter compounds. Some gasoline additives include oxygen atoms in their structure. This helps promote more complete fuel combustion.
Researchers are also investigating fuels other than gasoline. Methanol emits smaller quantities of pollutants normally associated with gasoline combustion. But it has less potential energy than does gasoline, and it is more difficult to ignite. Methanol also can corrode many of the metals. Finally, methanol produces a harmful compound that irritates the eyes, nose, and throat, and which is thought to cause cancer. On the positive side, methanol burns more completely than does gasoline, and when mixed with 15 percent gasoline to form a fuel called M-85, it achieves satisfactory starting performance. A “flexible fuel” engine can run on either gasoline or methanol or a combination of both. Special sensors determine the type of fuel in use and relay this information to the central computer system.
Natural gas is another abundant fuel that experts consider an alternative to gasoline. It is composed mainly of methane gas and is cheaper and much cleaner than gasoline. This fuel’s major drawback is that unlike gasoline and methanol, it is not available as a liquid at normal air temperatures and pressures. Natural gas must be carried in a pressurized tank, or, as a liquid, in an insulated tank—unfamiliar additions to a car’s design that consumers may reject. Refueling with natural gas could take up to several hours.
Some scientists are interested in hydrogen as the fuel of the future. Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. But complex technical problems must be solved before it can be widely used in cars.
Electric vehicles are quiet and virtually emission-free.  However, the batteries from which they draw energy usually contain harmful chemicals, which become pollutants when the batteries are disposed of. Today’s electric cars cannot go as far or as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion. Furthermore, the battery must be recharged regularly, and the energy to do this comes from power plants that are also a source of pollution. Nevertheless, electric vehicles are the likely choice for meeting zero-emission laws that have been established in some areas, such as California.
The ongoing search for ways to make cars cleaner poses a demanding challenge to engineers, as well as chemists, materials scientists, and technicians. The widespread research reflects our new heightened concerns for the environment along with our old desire to maintain the freedom of movement that the automobile has brought to the developed world.
1. It is implied in the first paragraph that refined fuel may not produce the desired result .
［A］ without the improvement on the car itself
［B］ without the addition of lead
［C］ because it is still polluting
［D］ when it is too expensive for drivers
2. Lead-free gasoline represented a leap in the search for cleaner fuel because .
［A］ it is less harmful to health
［B］ it makes the catalytic converter work more effectively
［C］ it is nonpollutant to the environment
［D］ it went hand in hand with car improvements
3. Which of the following fuels is the most effective in terms of the amount of energy it generates?
［A］ The battery.                     ［B］ Gasoline.
［C］ Methanol. ［D］ Natural gas.
4. Which of the following fuels is the cleanest?
［A］ Gasoline.                      ［B］ Methanol.
［C］ Hydrogen. ［D］ Natural Gas.
5. In their search for future fuels, scientists have always in mind the goal of finding .
［A］ the most economical and easily-produced fuel
［B］ the most extensively applicable fuel
［C］ the fuel that gives cars the utmost performance
［D］ a nonpolluting and the most effective fuel

答案与题解
1.［A］
本段第一、二句都提到了燃料的改进和汽车的改进必须同步，其他三句从反面说明了同步改进的必要性。
2.［A］
根据第一段，含铅汽油导致癌症，对孩子的神经系统有害，所以，无铅汽油在防止汽车废气污染上是一大进步。
3.［B］
参阅第四段第三句、第七段第三句。
4.［C］
参阅第六段第二句。
5.［D］
主要参阅文章最后一段。最后一段中提到对环境的关注，所谓关心环境，即不污染环境。另外，在讨论每一种燃料时，几乎都提到了它是否产生污染，是否有效、实用。

Notes
1. 第二段最后一句中particulates是“微粒”的意思。
2. 第三段第一句中weight spectrum是“重量谱”的意思。
3. 第五段第四句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是Natural gas must be carried in...tank, or， ...， in an...tank—unfamiliar...design that...。句中破折号后的内容是说明insulated tank的；that引导定语从句，修饰design。
4. 第七段第二句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是...， the batteries from which...contain...chemicals, which...when...。句中from which引导定语从句，修饰batteries; which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子；when在非限制性定语从句中引导时间状语从句。

课文参考译文

为汽车找到最有效和最经济的燃料


虽然一些研究人员集中精力研究汽车并改进汽车系统和材料，但是其他人的研究重点放在汽车的燃料上。至少在一个场合，改进汽车和提炼燃料是同时进行的。在研制出催化转化器之后，石油工业必须使汽油变成无铅汽油。含铅汽油排放的废气中有铅，会使转化器中的金属涂上一层膜，导致这些金属失效。由于铅已与癌症联系起来并能引起儿童神经系统损伤，因此无铅汽油是针对汽车污染的一项重要发展。
研究人员继续寻找改善汽油的办法。提炼原油以生产汽油涉及给石油加热并在石油挥发过程中提取各种碳氢化合物。有一些碳氢化合物是容易挥发的轻量分子，其他碳氢化合物重一些，有形成沉积物和微粒的趋势，并可能引起癌症。
石油公司通过更多使用重量等级居中的碳氢化合物——既不是很轻也不是很重的碳氢化合物——就能创造出污染较少的汽油。提炼厂也能分解或“裂化”较重的碳氢化合物以产生较轻的化合物。一些汽油添加剂在其结构中含有氧原子，这有助于促使燃料燃烧更完全。
研究人员还在调查除汽油之外的其他燃料。甲醇排放的污染物数量较少，这些污染物通常与汽油燃烧有关。但是甲醇的潜能比汽油少，而且甲醇更难点燃。甲醇也能腐蚀许多金属。最后，甲醇产生一种刺激眼睛、鼻子和咽喉的有害化合物，被认为能引起癌症。从积极方面来说，甲醇比汽油燃烧得更完全，在与15％的汽油混合成一种叫M-85的燃料时，这种新燃料的启动性能令人满意。一种使用“灵活燃料”的引擎既能烧汽油也能烧甲醇，或者烧两种燃料的混合物。特殊传感器能决定使用哪一种燃料，并能把这个信息传达到中央电脑系统。
天然气是专家们认为能代替汽油的另一种储量丰富的燃料。天然气主要由甲烷构成，比汽油便宜，也比汽油清洁得多。这种燃料的主要缺点是，不像汽油和甲醇，天然气在正常的气温和气压下无法以液态存在。天然气必须装在压力罐中，或者液态时要装在绝缘罐中——这是消费者可能拒绝的汽车设计之外的陌生附加物。加注天然气可能需要几个小时的时间。
一些科学家对把氢气作为一种未来的燃料很感兴趣。氢燃烧比其他燃料燃烧都更清洁，而且容易生产。但是在氢气能广泛用于汽车之前，必须先解决复杂的技术问题。    电车安静，而且实际上不排放任何废气。但是，电车用以获取能源的电池通常含有有害的化学物质。在电池被抛弃后，这些化学物质就变成了污染物。由于电池供应的能量不如汽油燃烧产生的能量大，因此今天的电车不可能像汽油驱动的车辆跑得那样远或那样快。此外，电池必须经常充电，充电所需的能源来自发电厂，而发电厂本身也是污染源。尽管如此，在像加利福尼亚这样一些已制定零排放法的地区，电车是满足零排放法要求的可能选择。
设法使汽车更清洁的持续不断的探索是对工程师以及化学家、材料科学家和技师提出的严峻挑战。我们过去的愿望是维护汽车给我们发达的世界带来的行动自由。而目前这种广泛探索同我们过去的愿望一起，反映出我们对环境的强烈的新关注。
Ⅰ. Cloze
In 1975, tens of thousands of people were evacuated from Haicheng, in China, a few hours before a large earthquake struck the city. Western scientists regard earthquakes as 1 , and evacuations in anticipation such as this are  2  impossible. What gave the game 3  , according to the Chinese authorities, was the 4 behavior of animals such as rats, snakes, birds, cows and horses.
It could have been a lucky 5 . It seems unlikely that these animals could have detected underground “pre-shocks” that were 6 by the sensitive vibration-detecting equipment that 7 the world’s earthquake laboratories. But it is 8  . And the fact that many animal species behave queerly before other natural events, such as storms, and 9 they have the ability to detect others of their species 10 distances which the familiar human senses could not manage, is well 11 . Such observations have led some to 12 that these animals have some sense organ designed specifically to detect underground vibrations. What is more likely, 13 , is that they have an extra sense—a form of perception that people 14  . The best guess is that they can feel and understand vibrations that are 15 through the ground.
16 any of this really has implications    17    such things as earthquake prediction is, of course, highly    18  . But it is a reminder 19 the limitations of human senses can cause even competent scientists to overlook obvious 20 of inquiry. Absence of evidence, it should always be remembered, is not evidence of absence.

1.［A］ incredible ［B］ unimaginable ［C］ unpredictable ［D］ indispensable
2.［A］ therefore ［B］ nevertheless ［C］ otherwise ［D］ moreover
3.［A］ in ［B］ up ［C］ off ［D］ away
4.［A］ unique ［B］ strange ［C］ particular ［D］ alien
5.［A］ event ［B］ opportunity ［C］ phenomenon ［D］ coincidence
6.［A］ missed ［B］ picked ［C］ witnessed ［D］ omitted
7.［A］ crowds ［B］ surrounds ［C］ scatters ［D］ gathers
8.［A］ uncertain ［B］ natural ［C］ feasible ［D］ possible

9.［A］ when ［B］ if ［C］ that ［D］ unless
10.［A］ of       ［B］ in ［C］ at ［D］ within
11.［A］ performed ［B］ hypothesized ［C］ conducted ［D］ established
12.［A］ refute ［B］ suggest ［C］ predict ［D］ verify
13.［A］ hence ［B］ though ［C］ besides ［D］ therefore
14.［A］ lack    ［B］ need ［C］ seek          ［D］ possess
15.［A］ distributed ［B］ delivered ［C］ transmitted ［D］dispatched
16.［A］ So ［B］ Although ［C］ If ［D］ Whether
17.［A］ for ［B］ to ［C］ by         ［D］ in
18.［A］ unreliable ［B］ documentary ［C］ speculative ［D］ imaginative
19.［A］ that ［B］ when ［C］ so ［D］ because
20.［A］ ranks ［B］ lines ［C］ traces ［D］ tracks

◎ Ⅱ. Reading Passages
Part A 阅读理解
★ Passage One
The need for solar electricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress had been made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research funds has been devoted to the study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence that this technique holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells.
Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and are successfully used in the space program, where cost is not an issue. 1) While single crystal silicon has been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scarce materials can have even higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more than 100 to make them practical for commercial uses. Beside the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear in the final device. Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost materials have been unacceptably small. Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells.
This difficulty can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials: that is, they have only short-range order rather than the long-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. Crystalline silicon must be made 200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion, whereas only 1 micron of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of 100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 50 cents per square foot.
Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on a misconception about the feature which determines efficiency. 2) For example, it is not the conductivity of the material in the dark which is relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtlessly find even less costly amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.

1. Which of the following pairs of terms does the author regard as most nearly synonymous?
［A］ Solar and extraterrestrial.
［B］ Crystalline silicon and amorphous materials.
［C］ Amorphous materials and higher efficiencies.
［D］ Photovoltaic devices and solar cells.
2. The author is primarily concerned with          .
［A］ discussing the importance of solar energy
［B］ explaining the function of solar cells
［C］ presenting a history of research on energy sources
［D］ describing a possible solution to the problem of the cost of photovoltaic cells
3. The author mentions recent attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon primarily in order to       .
［A］ minimize the importance of recent improvements in silicon solar cells
［B］ demonstrate the superiority of amorphous materials over crystalline silicon
［C］ explain why silicon solar cells have been the center of research
［D］ contrast crystalline silicon with polycrystalline and ribbon silicon
4. The material in the passage could best be used in an argument for          .
［A］ discontinuing the space program
［B］ increased funding for research on amorphous materials
［C］ further study of the history of silicon crystals
［D］ increased reliance on solar energy
5. The tone of the passage can best be described as .
［A］ analytical and optimistic             ［B］ biased and unprofessional
［C］ critical and discouraged ［D］ hesitating and inconclusive

【疑难长句翻译与注解】
1. It is safe, ..., ..., ..., and...parts.
【译文】  太阳能发电安全、环保、有效、用之不竭，而且不需要太多设备。
【注解】  moving part指“运动机件”，即下一句提到的device。
2. The basic problem..., but...devices.
【译文】  使用太阳能光电设备的根本问题是经济问题，直到最近，在研制低成本的太阳能光电设备上，几乎没有取得什么进展。
【注解】  这里，economics不能理解为“经济学”，而应该根据下文理解为“制造光电设备的成本”。
3. The larger part..., despite...promise.
【译文】  大部分资金用于研究单晶硅太阳能电池，虽然证据表明这种技术的前景并不乐观。
【注解】  promise在这里的意思是“前景，前途”。
4. Crystalline silicon...issue.
【译文】  晶体硅太阳能电池在宇航项目上得到成功应用，因为在这类项目中，成本不是问题。
5. Beside the fact...， ...device.
【译文】  最初使用的晶体硅除了昂贵以外，硅中有95%的成分不能用于成品设备，造成了浪费。
【注解】  final device指“成品设备”(比较：final product指“最终产品，成品”)。
6. Recently, there have...；but to date small.
【译文】  最近，有些人试图研制多晶硅和带状硅，这些材料比高质单晶硅成本小，但是，迄今为止，这些成本明显小的材料的效能低得不实用。
7. Moreover, these materials..., and cells.
【译文】  而且，这些材料之所以便宜，惟一原因是在制造晶体半导体设备时使用了无序性方法，而无序性降低了晶体太阳能电池的功效。
8. Amorphous materials...materials: that is, ...crystals.
【译文】  与晶体材料相比，非结晶体材料使原子结构发生无序变化，即：它们只有晶体的短程序列特征，而没有晶体结构的长期周期性特征。
9. Crystalline silicon..., whereas...necessary.
【译文】  必须要使晶体硅达到200微米厚，才能吸收足够的阳光进行有效的能量转换，而合适的非结晶体材料只要1微米厚就够了。
10. Crystalline silicon..., but foot.
【译文】  晶体硅太阳能电池每平方英尺造价超过1美元，而非晶形膜每平方英尺造价只有50美分。
11. Although many scientists..., they...power.
【译文】  许多科学家虽然已经认识到非晶硅太阳能电池的低成本，但是他们也感到，要生产出这样的电池并使之产生足够的功效、在很大程度上满足对电能的需要是不可能的。
12. Already, solar cells..., and further...efficiencies.
【译文】  用非结晶体材料研制的太阳能电池的使用功效已经远远超过6%，未来的研究必将找出成本更低但功效更高的非结晶体材料。

★ Passage Two

Imagine a ladder with 3 billion rungs rising more than 800,000 kilometers above Earth— more than twice as high as the moon. Imagine also that each rung is divided by a line and that on either side of the line is printed one of four letters of the alphabet. Finally, envision yourself climbing the ladder and writing down the pairs of letters that make up each rung. 3) If you could climb one rung per second, recording the letters in notebooks as you go, it would take you approximately 100 years to reach the top of the ladder. Your notebooks would contain enough information to fill 5,000 books the size of a typical novel.
This imaginary task gives some ideas of the challenge facing biologists in the United States and elsewhere as they embark on a monumental project: deciphering all the coded information in the human genome, all the genes in a human cell. Genes, the basic units of heredity, guide the development and functioning of our bodies. All plant and animal life on Earth is governed by genes, and every species has its own individual genome. We human beings have a genetic makeup that is uniquely our own.
The project to achieve a complete understanding of the genome is by far the largest coordinated effort ever undertaken in the biological sciences. It involves hundreds of scientists working full-time and may take 15 years and $3 billion to complete. But supporters of the idea say the results should more than justify the labor and expense. They predict that a complete understanding of the human genetic code would provide untold benefits for humanity, for example, those abilities to diagnose, cure, and eventually prevent many diseases caused by faulty genes. 4) And biologists, they say, would acquire a far deeper understanding of life itself—how life began, how it evolved, how embryos develop, how the brain works, and why people age and die. 5) So great is the challenge of deciphering the genome, and so far-reaching the possible benefits, that many scientists have called that goal the Holy Grail of biology.
Nevertheless, the project is controversial. Many biologists say it will not lead to practical applications any faster than studying individual genes, one at a time. For one thing, they note that merely reading the code of a gene tells you little about that gene’s role in life. Up to now, the usual approach in learning about human genes has been to start with a known disease, track down the gene (or genes) involved, and decode it (or them). That method is comparable to reading only books that you know something about. The strategy being taken in the genome project is more like the opposite—reading every book in the library to find those with information of value to you.

1. In the first paragraph the author uses the metaphor in order to          .
［A］ illustrate the structure and function of the genome
［B］ explain why it is impossible to achieve an understanding of the genome
［C］ give the reader the idea of the immensity of the genome project
［D］ argue that it is not enough to study individual genes
2. The word “decipher” (in the first sentence of the second paragraph) probably means          .
［A］ break down and classify          ［B］ discover and interpret
［C］ challenge and modify ［D］ identify and record
3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of the genome project?
［A］ It enables us to understand the life process better.
［B］ It may help to disclose the causes of many diseases.
［C］ It will eventually lead to longer life expectancy for people.
［D］ It will help to save labor and expense in curing patients.
4. When scientists call the goal of the genome project the Holy Grail of biology, they mean it is a          .
［A］ difficult-to-achieve goal of biology
［B］ wrongly-targeted goal of biology
［C］ long-cherished goal of biology
［D］ sacred but imaginary goal of biology
5. It is implied that opponents of the genome project believe that          .
［A］ studying individual genes is too narrow an approach
［B］ the genome project will not benefit the medical science
［C］ the result from studying individual genes is more applicable
［D］ it is not possible and practicable to read every book in a library

【疑难长句翻译与注解】
1. Imagine also...alphabet.
【译文】  再想像一下：每个梯级用一条线分开，而线的两边印上四个字母中的一个。
2. Finally, envision...rung.
【译文】  最后，想像自己正在爬梯子，将构成每对字母的梯级写下来。
3. This imaginary task...project:...human genome, all the genes in a human cell.
【译文】  美国和世界各地的生物学家面临一项重大工程的挑战，这个假想的任务使人们对这个挑战的强度获得一些认识，这个挑战就是：破译人体基因组中的编码信息。
【注解】  monumental意为“纪念碑(式)的，重大的”；genome project指破译基因组的工程项目。
4. The project to achieve...sciences.
【译文】  该工程的目的是取得对基因组的全面认识，这是生物科学界迄今最大的协作项目。
【注解】  by far在此强调最高级。
5. They predict that..., for example, ...diagnose, cure, and...genes.
【译文】  他们预计，对人体基因编码的全面认识将给人类带来无法言喻的利益，例如，使人类能够诊断、治疗并最终预防基因缺陷造成的很多疾病。
【注解】  those abilities是benefits的同位语，其后的不定式短语是它的后置定语。
6. Many biologists say..., one at a time.
【译文】  许多生物学家说，与逐个研究个别基因相比，这项研究也不会获得更快的应用。
【注解】  这里的含义是：两种研究都不会很快获得应用。
7. The strategy being taken...to you.
【译文】  基因组工程研究目前采取的策略正好相反，即：通读图书馆中所有的书，寻找那些对你有价值的信息。

Part B 观点与例证
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on how to choose appropriate adapted technology, followed by a list of choices. Choose the most suitable one from the list A~F for each numbered subheading (1~5). There is one extra choice which you do not need to use.

People with disabilities can use adapted technology (AT) to gain new skills, keep old ones and live more independently. An appropriate technology solution will hopefully decrease a person’s need for help or eliminate it all together. However, choosing the right technology is often a difficult task. This article offers strategies and tips to use when considering a technology solution.

（1）Be actively involved in making the decision.
When the end user is central to making the decisions about technology, the more likely it will effectively promote independence. Funding sources want to ensure that any device purchased is needed. Ultimately, the responsibility for success falls on the end user. The wrong decision can mean your job or at least be costly.

（2）Get others involved.
If you are considering getting some adapted technology, seek out feedback from others.

The team approach.
Traditionally, the user, a family member or significant other, teacher, immediate supervisor, technology consultant, are often members of the team. If the technology is being purchased by an agency, a school, or an employer, the end user will likely go through an assessment team. Try adding nontraditional team members if you think it will improve the group’s problem solving skills.
Another end user, someone good at crafts, or even a classmate will look at the issues differently and often have valuable insights. Be outspoken, and don’t be afraid to be a courageous problem solver. It will make for a much more elegant solution. Remember the group is there to solve a problem and decide if this technology is the best approach. That is why it is best to avoid a team where the end user and technology dealer are the two main parties of a team. It can become a feeding frenzy between the two. Remember the adapted technology dealer has a mortgage to pay and groceries to buy, and you, the end user, are a means to that economic end.

（3）Focus on function.
Often, disabilities distract people, making them unable to see any potential or ability. By focusing attention on functional skills, we move away from looking at someone in a clinical way and more toward a functional assessment.

(4)Thinking in general terms.
Generalize about the use of the device. Where will you use it? Could it be helpful in other settings? Are there other people at the office or in the family who could use the device? By thinking in general terms about the device, you can get more use or increase the effectiveness of the device.

(5)Strive for simplicity.
The best technology solution is a no-technology solution. However, adapted technology users only need what will help in accomplishing the task, in the simplest, most efficient way.

Finally, remember, choosing the right adapted technology specialist, vendor, dealer, and training are as important as selecting the best product. Follow these tips, and you will choose and buy the best adapted technology you need.

［A］ It’s common for users to successfully use a device in an insulated clinical setting, like a computer lab or demonstration center, when evaluating or learning about the device. But still they are unable to use it in a real world setting.
［B］ Sometimes parents consider purchasing a computer for their child so she can do homework. When they consider the purchase generally, they need to look at the computer needs of the entire family. Could an older sister use it to write reports? If it came with a modem, can mom fax or E-mail work from home?
［C］ For example, even when you are choosing a very simple, low-tech piece of equipment, talking it over with other users, or a person who knows you well, will offer another perspective. They may see pitfalls that weren’t obvious to you.
［D］ Here a good question to ask is, “What does this person want or need to do that he or she currently cannot do?” From there the team can begin to look for ways to alter the environment to enable the person to function more independently.
［E］ For example, a reacher is a technology, which allows a person to grab an object they could not reach under other conditions. It’s uncomplicated, and not very costly.
［F］ It’s better to actively participate in the process and ask lots of basic questions than try to fix a mess later. Just think about your closets. Is there something there that you do not use? Why aren’t you using it? The wrong size? Not your style? Uncomfortable to use? Ugly? Like most things we use, adapted technology must fit who we are: physically, emotionally, culturally and personally. The decision is more than just buying a product.

◎ Ⅲ. Translation
Translate the underlined sentences in the Reading Passages of Part A into Chinese.

◎ Ⅳ. Writing

Part A 应用文
Directions:
An annual meeting of department managers scheduled on Tuesday is put off. Send a fax to inform people concerned. The fax should announce:
1） that the meeting is put off；
2） the reason for it；
3） further arrangement.
You should write about 100 words.

Part B 英语写作
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ:
Ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｐｉｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｇｉｖｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｔｏｎｉｔ．Ｙｏｕａｒｅｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄｔｏｗｒｉｔｅｏｎ tｈｅＡｎｓｗｅｒＳｈｅｅｔｗｉｔｈｎｏｌｅｓｓｔｈａｎ１８０ｗｏｒｄｓ．

审题指导

标题提示应以议论为主，最好下笔前先立意。文章应观点鲜明，无论认为克隆技术对人类有利还是有害，或是利弊兼而有之，都应注意论证的选材及文章结构逻辑。既可以从某个具体例子展开讨论，也可概括性论证。
Useful Expressions

1. human cloning experiments 克隆人试验
2. cloned babies 克隆婴儿
3. test-tube babies 试管婴儿
4. surrogate mothers 代理母亲
5. give birth to/create a baby 生出/创造出一个婴儿
6. to perform miracles 表演魔术；创造奇迹
7. cell 细胞
8. genetic engineering 遗传工程
9. Dolly the lamb (克隆)羊羔多利
10. treatment for infertility 不育症的治疗
11. to be born with defects 天生有缺陷
12. an ethical problem 伦理道德问题
13. a moral issue 道德问题
14. immoral 不道德的
15. unethical application of scientific theories 不道德地应用科学理论
16. human value 人类价值观，人的价值
17. a scientific breakthrough 科学突破, 突破性科学进展
18. universal/general opposition 普遍反对
19. to be pessimistic/optimistic about 对……感到悲观／乐观

练习答案与题解
◎ Ⅰ. Cloze
1.［C］ unpredictable
段首句讲1975年中国海城地震前几个小时，成千上万的人撤出了海城。本句所讲西方科学家对地震的看法，从全文的主题，特别是下文“impossible”等词以及中国政府对这个现象的解释可以看出，本题应选unpredictable(不可预测的)才合逻辑。其余选项均不合文意：incredible，“难以置信的，不可思议的”；unimaginable，“无法想像的”；indispensable，“必不可少的”。
2.［A］ therefore
本题考对上下文逻辑的理解。本句“像海城一样在地震前就撤离不可能”与前文“地震是不可预测的”是因果关系，故选therefore(因此)。其余选项均不合逻辑：nevertheless(尽管)表示转折；otherwise(否则)表示相反；moreover(此外)表示递进。
3.［D］ away
give something away有“泄露”的意思，gave the game away在此意为“暴露了秘密”，符合文意。其余选项与give搭配时含义分别为：give in，“妥协，让步”；give up，“放弃”；give off，“放出，释放”。
4.［B］ strange
根据常识和下文“许多种动物表现异常(many animal species behave queerly)”可以判断此处应选strange(奇怪的)。其余形容词都不适用于描写动物在地震前的表现：unique，“独特的，特殊的”；particular，“特定的，特殊的”；alien，“相异的，外国的，不相容的”。
5.［D］ coincidence
本句主语It指代上文“鼠、蛇等动物在地震前表现异常的现象”，下句的解释（这些动物能够觉察到地下的预震似乎不大可能）表明在某些人看来这些现象在震前出现只是偶然，故应选lucky coincidence,“巧合”。其余选项均不合逻辑：event，“事件”；opportunity，“机会，机遇”；phenomenon，“现象”。
6.［A］ missed
本题考定语从句的谓语，主语是关系代词that，指代主句中的pre-shocks，所选动词是被动语态。missed意为“错过，漏掉”，符合文意：“没有被敏感的测震仪器发现的地下预震”。omitted意为“省略，忽略，删除”，在此不适用。其余选项与文意相反：picked，“捡拾，采摘，辨别，挑选”；witnessed，“见证，目击”。
7.［A］ crowds
本题考动词用法。定语从句主语that指代“仪器(equipment)”；crowds在此用作及物动词，意为“群聚于，拥塞，挤满”，是正确选择。其余选项均不适用：scatters作及物动词用时意为“散播，撒布”；surrounds意为“包围，围绕”；gathers用作及物动词时意为“使聚集，收集，逐渐获得”。
8.［D］ possible
本题考对上下文逻辑的理解。本句主语it指代上文所讲动物预知地震一事，句首But以及下文所讲事实(fact)都表明本句观点应与上文(lucky coincidence, unlikely)不同，故选possible(有可能的)。其余选项均不合逻辑：uncertain，“不肯定的”；natural，“自然的”；feasible，“可行的，可操作的”。
9.［C］ that
本题考句子结构。只要看出并列连词and连接的两个从句都是fact的同位语，便可断定that为正确选择。
10.［C］ at
本题考介词与名词的常用搭配。一般具体讲多远要用at，如at a distance of 20 miles(在20英里之外)，at a few steps’ distance(在几步路以外)，at a considerable distance(在相当远的地方)等。本句...at distances which the familiar human senses could not manage意为“……我们所熟悉的人类感官能察觉(同类)的距离以外”。
11.［D］ established
本题考动宾搭配。只要看出本句动词的主语是the fact，便不难断定应选及物动词established(确立，使得到公认)。其余选项均不同fact作动宾搭配：performed，“表演，执行，履行”；hypothesized，“假设”；conducted，“引导，处理，指挥，传导”。
12.［B］ suggest
suggest有“建议，提出”等意思，符合文意：动物能够察觉(detect)人类无法感知的情况，这些现象(such observations)使有些人提出这些动物有专门用以感觉地下震颤的感官。其余选项不合逻辑：refute，“驳斥”；predict，“预言”；verify，“证实，证明”。
13.［B］ though
本题考逻辑。本句“可能性更大的是(What is more likely)”否定了上句内容，故应选表示转折的though(然而)。其余选项均不合逻辑。
14.［A?/SPAN> lack
本句破折号后面的同位语旨在解释某些动物所具有的“额外感知力(extra sense)”，即“人类所没有的某种感知形式(a form of perception)”，故应选lack(缺乏)。其余选项均不能说明extra sense：need，“需要”；seek，“寻求”；possess，“具有”。
15.［C］ transmitted
本题考动宾搭配。从句的主语that指代vibrations(震颤)，transmitted通常指“(信号，电波等的)传播，传导”，是正确选择。其余选项均不适用：distributed，“分配，分布”；delivered，“递送，送达”；dispatched，“派遣，发送”。
16.［D］ Whether
本题考句子结构。只要看出主句的谓语动词是is，其主语是从句...any of this really has implications...，便可判断出应选Whether引导主语从句。其余选项均不能引导主语从句。
17.［A］ for
for有“对于，为了”等意思，在此符合文意：“这一切对于预测地震这类事情有无任何意义……”。其余选项均不适用。
18.［C］ speculative
从全文特别是结尾可看出作者对动物是否能预测地震的问题的明确态度，speculative是speculate(推测，推断)的派生词，意为“猜测的，推测的”，符合文意。其余选项均不合文意：unreliable，“不可靠的”；documentary，“文献的，记录的”；imaginative，“富有想像力的”。
19.［A］ that
本题考句子结构。从句“the limitations...can cause...”是“reminder”的同位语，故需用that引导。其余选项均只能引导状语从句，在此不适用。
20.［B］ lines
本题考搭配。line有“方法，界限”等意思，lines of inquiry即“调查方法”，符合文意：“即使能力很强的科学家都有可能因人类感官的局限性而忽略显而易见的调查方法；没有证据并不等于证明没有。”其余选项均不适用：ranks，“列，排，等级”；traces，“痕迹，踪迹，微量”；tracks，“跑道，轨迹”。

◎ Ⅱ. Reading Passages

Part A 阅读理解
Passage One
1.［D］意为：光电设备和太阳能电池。
在第一段第四句中，下半句中提到的this technique指上半句中提到的single-crystal silicon solar cells。本句说这项研究前途不乐观，第三句中称low-cost photovoltaic devices的研究进展不大。由此可见，在这两句中，作者实际上用这两个词语来指称同一种东西。
2.［D］
第一段第三、四句提到，使用太阳能设备的根本问题是经济(指制造成本)问题，直到最近，在研制低成本的太阳能设备上几乎没有取得什么进展。大部分资金用于研究单晶体硅太阳能电池，虽然证据表明这种技术的前景并不乐观。下文在技术上对这一问题进行了具体分析。
3.［A］
第二段第四句提到，最近人们试图研制多晶体、带状硅，这种材料比高质单晶体硅成本低廉，但是到目前为止，这些低成本材料的效能低得不实用。
4.［B］
在第四段最后一句作者指出，用无结晶材料研制的太阳能电池的使用效能已达到6%以上，将来的研究必将找出成本更低但产生更高效能的无结晶材料。在本文中，作者对此项研究表示了肯定和乐观态度。另请参阅第三段。
5.［A］
从文章第四段最后一句来看，作者的态度是乐观的。另请参阅第三段和第4题题解。

Passage Two
1.［C］
在第一段作者使用了一个比喻，这个比喻的用途在第二段第一句得到说明：这个假想的任务使人们对于生物学家们所面临的挑战获得一些认识，这个挑战就是：破译人体所有遗传基因中的编码信息。这里所谓“挑战”即指任务重大、不容易完成。
2.［B］
该词意为：破译；解释。
3.［D］
第三段第五句提到了［A］表达的内容，第四句提到了［B］表达的内容。同时，这两句话都暗示了［C］(它最终将使人延长寿命)表达的内容。
4.［C］
the Holy Grail原指耶稣在最后的晚餐时所使用的杯(或盘)，这里转义为“长久渴望的东西”。这句话是对第三段的小结，第三段主要列举了研究的潜在意义。
5.［C］
第四段提到反对者的意见，他们认为，一方面：这项研究不像单个基因的研究那样会很快得到应用；另一方面：仅记录基因遗传密码并不能说明它在生命过程中所起的作用。

Part B 观点与例证
1.［F］
该部分指出在买技术设备时，最终的使用者要积极参与到做买的决定过程中来。［F］选项告诉我们询问一系列的问题，积极参与到过程当中，要比事后面对一片混乱要强得多，并对此举例进行了说明，指出作决定并不只是买一件产品。其中，“actively participate in the process”和“the decision”是关键词语。
2.［C］
  该部分指出你在考虑买设备时，要听从别人的建议和反馈。［C］选项中的例子，指出即使你只是买一个比较简单的低端科技产品，通过跟其他使用这种产品的人或者你熟悉的人进行交谈，也会让你有一个新的看法；指出这些人可以帮你找到你注意不到的很明显的缺陷。
3.［D］
  该部分指出购买时要把焦点放在功能用途上。［D］选项中指出要问的一个很好的问题是：“要用这个设备的人现在所不能做的事情是什么呢？”而这个问题就是在购买时，从用途上要考虑的主要问题，与本部分一脉相承。
4.［B］
  该部分告诉我们对设备的用途还要进行综合考虑。［B］选项举例说当父母为孩子买电脑时，还要考虑整个家庭的需要，这就是对设备用途的综合考虑。这是对该部分主题的举例阐述。其中选项中“consider the purchase generally”也能提示考生选出正确答案。
5.［E］
  该部分告诉我们，购买时要以简单为目标；指出改装型科技设备的使用者只需要能以最简单、最有效的方式帮助完成任务的东西。［E］选项所举例子指出，一个拿东西的工具，就是一个技术设备，它能让人拿到在其他情况下拿不到的东西。这种工具不复杂，也不贵。［E］选项用具体例子说明了为什么购买时要以简单为目标。其中“uncomplicated”是关键词。

◎ Ⅲ. Translation
1. 这是一个简单主从复合句。句架是While single crystal silicon has been proven..., ...and scarce materials can have even..., costs must be reduced by...to make them practical for...。前面While引导让步从句，在这个从句中含两个并列的句子，由and连接；主句是costs must be reduced...; 在to make them practical for...中，them指materials。本句应译成：虽然已经证明单晶硅在太空研究项目中使用的效率高达18％，而且其他更昂贵的和稀有的材料使用效率更高，但是成本必须减少到1/100以下，才能使那些材料的商业使用成为切实可行。
2. 这是一个简单主从复合句。句架是...， it is not the conductivity...which is..., but only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in the presence...。句中which引导定语从句，修饰前面的the conductivity of the material in the dark; the conductivity in the presence of sunlight是photoconductivity的同位语。本句应译成：例如，关系重大的不是处在黑暗中的材料的电导性，而仅仅是材料的光电导性，即材料在阳光照耀下的电导性。
3. 这是一个简单主从复合句。句架是If you could..., recording...as you go, it would take you...100 years to reach...。If引导条件状语从句，recording引导分词短语，作climb的伴随状语，在状语中as you go又引导时间状语从句，修饰recording。主句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to reach引导的短语。本句应译成：如果你每秒钟爬一个梯级，在爬的同时把字母记录在笔记本上，你大概需要用100年的时间才能爬到梯顶。
4. 这是一个简单主从复合句。句架是...biologists, ..., would acquire a...understanding of life...。破折号后都是用来进一步说明a deeper understanding of life。本句应译成：他们说，生物学家将对生命本身有更深刻的了解——生命怎样开始、生命如何演变、胚胎如何发育、大脑如何工作、人为何衰老和死亡。
5. 这是一个倒装的并列主从复合句，两个分句由and连接。句架是The challenge of...is so great and the possible benefits(are省略) so far-reaching...that...。that引导结果状语从句。the Holy Grail of biology是goal的补语。Holy Grail＝Grail，意为“长期追求的目标，渴望得到的东西”。本句应译成：破译基因组密码的挑战如此巨大，可能得到的益处如此深远，因而许多科学家把那个目标称作生物学的“圣杯”(意为长期追求的目标)。

◎ Ⅳ. Writing
Sample for reference:
Part A 应用文

To Whom This May Concern，

The Board of Directors decided that the annual meeting of department managers originally scheduled on tomorrow is put off due to problems of the weather.
According to the weather forecast at noon, a heavy snow is in progress and Highways 302 and 308 are to be closed by midnight today. As a result, transport to and from the headquarters of the enterprise becomes impossible. Consequently, the meeting is postponed. Further notice for the renewed date will be delivered by 5 p.m. tomorrow.

We regret the inconvenience this change will cost you.Alice Brown
Secretary of the Board

Part B 英语写作

Humans have long been fascinated with the idea of creating living creatures like ourselves, as evidenced in the picture. Since childhood we have learned how the Monkey King pulls out a few of his hairs, breathes to them, and little monkeys appear to help him fight the monsters.
Now this dream seems to have come true, with the announcement that cloned babies are created with human cells. Although still waiting for authentification as to the true origin of those babies, we know that the day is not far when humans are able to mass-produce human beings with the same magic power of the Monkey King.
While some people welcomed the cloning technology as scientific wonders, others are really concerned with its implications. And I think their worries are justified. History has taught us that humans are capable of self-destruction with advanced technology. Who is to say that cloning technology is to be applied only for the benefits of mankind as a whole, and not used to serve the interests of a few lunatics like Hitler? What will happen to families if we no longer need a mother and father to produce a baby? If babies can be mass-produced with traits or features desirable to their producer or potential customer, no one can guarantee a few privileged will not take advantage of the new technology to preserve their interests by creating only cloned beings inferior to themselves.
So our concerns now should not be focused on when or by whom the first cloned babies are born or how to improve the technology. We need laws, international regulations before the technology is perfected.

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:17:28

U14  Language and Commenication
语言与交际

Preface to The Columbia Encyclopedia

Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)

Notes

课文参考译文

练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

Preface to The Columbia Encyclopedia

The Columbia Encyclopedia began its existence in the 1920s when Clarke Fisher Ansley and Columbia University Press recognized the need for a “first aid” for those who read. They created a handy, reliable one-volume encyclopedia that would be a suitable companion to a good dictionary and atlas. Now in its sixth edition some 80 years later, The Columbia Encyclopedia continues to serve the purposes for which it was conceived.
Like the world we live in, the contents within this book have changed in many significant ways since the first edition, but even the seven years since the last edition have seen changes of great importance. In the early 1990s electronic mail was unknown to most Americans and the World Wide Web was just being born; now they have transformed the Internet into an inescapable part of our lives, both at home and at work. Inside this encyclopedia’s cover you will find articles on electronic mail and the Web as well as on many other aspects of the computer revolution that affect our lives. Reference books, too, have been affected by the computer revolution, and some days it seems that the death of the printed encyclopedia is here. Those of our readers who feared that this would happen to The Columbia Encyclopedia need fear no longer. With this new edition of the book, Columbia University Press reaffirms the vision that first led it to publish this work. That vision has not been invalidated by the information revolution. Readers continue to want a book that can be turned to for information whenever needed. This encyclopedia remains the handiest one-stop, one-volume solution for that need.
Each time the encyclopedia is opened a similar journey can begin, and it is the rare reader who has not been fascinated by what there is to know about the world. More than 80,000 cross-references will lead you from entry to entry on the countries, regions, and cities of our world; the plants and animals with which we share this planet; and those men and women who have made and are making history in government, business, the sciences, and the arts. You cannot learn everything here, but The Columbia Encyclopedia remains quite a kit for “first aid”. The sixth edition of The Columbia Encyclopedia encompasses the discoveries, crises, and other events of the 1990s— and the innumerable decades and centuries gone before. For a one-volume work, the scope is immense. The nearly 51,000 entries in the encyclopedia assemble six and a half million words on a vast range of topics. Changes in the arts and literature, in mathematics and physics, in medicine and politics, in society and sports, and in many other fields can be found in the articles within this book. The genetic and reproductive revolutions in all their complexity will also be found within our pages: the hopes and challenges of gene therapy and the Human Genome Project.
The encyclopedia always has been both informative and a pleasure to read, and we are pleased to say—and our loyal readers will be pleased to hear—that it remains as it was. The editors and writers who have produced this edition have striven to provide our readers with useful articles that are both reliable and readable: accurate, perceptive, concise, and at times even a little witty. In this they were no different from their predecessors, and although this edition is the work of new writers, researchers, and editors, the encyclopedia is also the product of the accumulated efforts and insights of all those who labored before us. Nearly 1,300 new entries grace this volume, and almost 40 percent of the existing entries were revised when preparing this edition. We have made a special effort to expand and enrich our computer, medical, and other science coverage, even while maintaining the traditional strengths that have made the encyclopedia a great reference work.
My editorial colleagues on this project were professionals of the highest caliber, with decades of accumulated experience working on encyclopedias and other reference books; they were as knowledgeable, dedicated, and hardworking a group of people as anyone could hope to work with. I think I may say for all of us who worked on the book in so many different ways, both on this edition and on earlier ones, that we all regard this encyclopedia less as a book than as a kind of public trust. We always have committed ourselves to giving our readers the best, despite the imperfections that inhere in any human endeavor. We hope that those who use this encyclopedia experience the pleasure and insight that we have worked to provide.
1. From the last sentence of the second paragraph we learn that the sixth edition of the encyclopedia          .
［A］ is better than any other books in meeting your need for information
［B］ encompasses all the changes brought about by the information revolution
［C］ continues to be a convenient, reliable one-volume reference book
［D］ survives the information revolution by keeping its original purposes
2. What seems to have undergone the greatest changes in the sixth edition of the encyclopedia?
［A］ The contents.
［B］ The range of subjects covered.
［C］ The purposes.
［D］ The principles.
3. Paragraph 3 is similar to Paragraph 2 in that both emphasize          .
［A］ the unchanged purposes in this edition
［B］ the enrichment made in this edition
［C］ the range of topics covered only in this edition
［D］ the general features of the encyclopedia
4. How many entries have been added to the sixth edition?
［A］ Nearly 51,000.
［B］ 6.5 million.
［C］ 40 percent as many as the existing entries.
［D］ Nearly 1,300.
5. While new entries are added to this edition, what remains unchanged is the          .
［A］ writing and editing team
［B］ coverage of knowledge
［C］ writing and editing principle
［D］ insight of the writers and editors

答案与题解
1.［C］
在本句中，one-stop的含义是“不需要再去参阅其他工具书”，在这本百科全书中读者就能找到自己需要的所有东西。that need指读者的需要。
［D］意为：没有受到信息革命的影响，保持了其最初目的。
2.［A］意为：内容。
文章第二段重点谈论了信息革命给百科全书的内容带来的影响，第三、四段提到其他新知识内容的影响。
［B］意为：涵盖的领域。涵盖的领域并没有多大改变，变化的是某个领域的内容更加充实。
［D］意为：(编写)原则。
3.［B］意为：本版充实的内容。
［C］不对。例如：旧版本中也包括计算机网络方面的内容，新版本只是丰富了这方面的内容，吸收进一些新的词条。
4.［D］
根据第四段倒数第二句，新增添的词条(entry)约1 300条，而旧版本中40%的条目被修订(revise)。
5.［C］意为：编写原则。
参阅第四段和最后一段。

Notes
1. 第一段第二句中atlas作“地图册”讲。
2. 第三段第一句是一个并列主从复合句，前后两个分句由and连接。句架是Each time... a similar journey can begin, and it is the...reader who...。在前面句子中，the encyclopedia is opened是由关系副词when所引导的定语从句，修饰each time，只是关系副词when在句子中省略了。后面分句是一种强调结构，在这里强调主语reader，后面what引导名词从句，作介词by的宾语。
3. 第三段第三句中kit作“成套工具”讲。
4. 第三段第四句是一个简单句，句架是The sixth edition of...encompasses the discoveries, crises, and other events of the 1990s—and the...。句中破折号后的内容是进一步具体解释前面句子中of the 1990s的。
5. 第四段第三句是一个并列主从复合句，前后两个分句由and连接。句架是...they were no different from..., and although this edition is..., ..., ..., the encyclopedia is...the product...and insights of all those who...。后面的分句是一个简单主从复合句，主句是the encyclopedia is...。although在句中引导让步状语从句。
6. 第四段第四句中grace是动词，是“给……增光”的意思。
7. 第五段第二句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是I think I may say..., ..., that we all regard...。句中that引导名词从句，作say的宾语。for all of us who ...仅是一个状语；关系代词who引导定语从句，修饰us。less...than在句中作“与其说……不如说”讲。
8. 第五段第三句中committed ourselves to 作“承诺……做某事”讲。

课文参考译文
《哥伦比亚百科全书》序言

《哥伦比亚百科全书》是在20世纪20年代问世的，当时克拉克•费希尔•安斯利和哥伦比亚大学出版社都认识到读书人需要“急救”。他们出版了一部方便而可靠的一卷本百科全书，希望它会成为一部好词典和地图册的合适同伴。现在，80年后的《哥伦比亚百科全书》已印刷了第六版，仍继续为当初构想的目的服务。
像我们所居住的世界一样，这部书的内容同第一版相比已在许多重要方面发生了变化，但即使在上一版问世之后的7年中也发生了重大变化。在20世纪90年代初，电子邮件对大多数美国人都是陌生的，万维网刚刚开始出现；现在，电子邮件和万维网已把国际互联网变成我们生活中不容忽视的一部分，在家中和工作中都是如此。在这部百科全书中，你会找到有关电子邮件和互联网的条文，以及关于影响到我们生活的计算机革命的许多其他方面的条文。参考书也受到计算机革命的影响，看来印刷的百科全书总有一天会寿终正寝的。我们的读者中担心《哥伦比亚百科全书》会出现这种情况的人再也不需要担心了。哥伦比亚大学出版社借本书这个新版问世的机会重申最初导致出版这部书的看法。信息革命并没有使那个看法作废。读者们继续需要一本在他们需要获得信息的任何时候都能进行查阅的书。这部百科全书仍然是满足那种需要的最方便的、一应俱全的一卷本解答工具书。
每次打开这部百科全书都能开始一次类似的旅行。很少有读者不为这本介绍世界的书着迷。书中八万多相互参照会引导你阅读一个个词条，来了解我们世界上的一些国家、地区和城市；了解这个星球上与我们共同生存的植物和动物；了解在政府、企业、科学和艺术界已经创造历史和正在创造历史的那些男男女女。你们不能在这里学到一切，但是《哥伦比亚百科全书》仍是一个相当不错的“急救”工具。第六版《哥伦比亚百科全书》包含20世纪90年代以及在那之前无法数清的岁月和世纪的发现、危机和其他事件。这部一卷本百科全书是包罗万象的。书中近5.1万个词条把题材广泛的650万字收集在一起。能在这部书的条文中发现艺术和文学、数学和物理学、医学和政治、社会和体育以及许多其他领域发生的变化。在我们的书中也能发现错综复杂的遗传学革命和生殖革命：基因治疗法以及人类基因组工程的希望和挑战。
这部百科全书一向是既能提供信息又读起来令人愉快，而且我们乐于说——我们的忠实读者也乐于听——这部书和过去一样。完成这一版的编辑和作者已力争向我们的读者提供既可靠又具有可读性的实用条文：准确、犀利、简明、有时候甚至有点诙谐。在这方面，他们与前任没有两样，虽然这一版是新作者、新研究人员和新编辑的作品，但是这部百科全书也是在我们之前辛勤工作的所有那些人多年积累的努力和深刻见解的产物。差不多1 300个新词条给这一卷增了光，在准备这一版的时候几乎对40％的现有词条做了修订；甚至在保留使这部百科全书成为伟大参考书的那些传统优点的同时，我们还特别努力扩大并丰富了计算机、医学和其他科学方面的内容。
在这个项目上，我的编辑同行都是最有才能的专业人员，在编辑百科全书和其他参考书方面积累了数十年的经验；他们这批人知识渊博，具有献身精神，工作努力，任何人都希望与他们合作。我想我可以代表曾以许多不同方式编辑这一版和较早各版百科全书的所有的人说，我们大家都认为这部百科全书与其说是一部书，还不如说是公众对我们的一种信任。尽管人类的任何尝试都有内在的缺陷，我们始终承诺要把最好的东西呈献给我们的读者。我们希望使用这部百科全书的人能感受到我们尽力提供给他们的快乐和深刻见解。
Ⅰ. Cloze
The English language is in a bad way but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is 1 and our language— 2 the argument runs—must inevitably share in the general collapse. It 3 that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental fondness for things old-fashioned, like 4 candles to electric light or horse-drawn carriages to airplanes. 5 this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape 6 our own purposes.
It is clear that the 7 of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes: it is not 8    simply to the bad influence of any individual writer. But an effect can become a cause, 9 the original cause and producing the same effect in an 10 form and so on indefinitely. A man may take 11 drinking because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely 12 he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and 13 because our thoughts are foolish, but the careless use of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is 14  . Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which 15 by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to 16 the necessary trouble. Getting rid of these habits and 17 thinking more clearly is a necessary first step towards political 18  . The fight against bad English is not 19 and certainly is not the 20 concern of professional writers.

1.［A］ decadent ［B］ declined ［C］ degenerated    ［D］ deficient
2.［A］ so ［B］ then ［C］ like ［D］ with
3.［A］ precedes ［B］ follows ［C］ confirms ［D］ necessitates
4.［A］ replacing ［B］ preferring ［C］ substituting ［D］ alternating
5.［A］ Alongside ［B］ Beyond ［C］ Underneath ［D］ Around
6.［A］ for ［B］ to ［C］ with ［D］ in
7.［A］ growth ［B］ process ［C］ decline ［D］ revision
8.［A］ referred ［B］ because ［C］ owed ［D］ due
9.［A］ renovating ［B］ restoring ［C］ refining ［D］ reinforcing
10.［A］ exemplified ［B］ intensified ［C］ affiliated ［D］ alleviated
11.［A］ on ［B］ for ［C］ to ［D］ in
12.［A］ though ［B］ if ［C］ when ［D］ because
13.［A］ inaccurate ［B］ intermittent ［C］ ignorant ［D］ superfluous
14.［A］ reversible ［B］ innumerable ［C］ incidental ［D］ artificial
15.［A］ extend ［B］ spread ［C］ expand ［D］ stretch
16.［A］ make ［B］ wait ［C］ save ［D］ take
17.［A］ for ［B］ when ［C］ thus ［D］ while
18.［A］ regeneration ［B］ refutation ［C］ reconciliation ［D］ recollection
19.［A］ eloquent ［B］ trivial ［C］ primary ［D］ permanent
20.［A］ compulsory ［B］ excessive ［C］ comparative ［D］ exclusive

◎ Ⅱ. Reading Passages
Part A 阅读理解
★ Passage One
Assertiveness involves acting in one’s own best interests by expressing one’s thoughts and feelings directly and honestly. Essentially, assertiveness involves standing up for your rights when someone else is about to infringe on them. To be assertive is to speak out openly.
The nature of assertive communication can best be clarified by contrasting it with submissive communication and aggressive communication. Submissive communication is consistently giving in to others on points of possible contention. Submissive people tend to let others take advantage of them. Typically, their biggest problem is that they cannot say “no” to unreasonable requests. A common example is the college student who can’t tell her roommate not to borrow her clothes. They also have difficulty voicing disagreement with others and making requests themselves. In traditional trait terminology, they are timid. Although the roots of submissiveness have not been investigated fully, they appear to lie in excessive concern about gaining the social approval of others. However, the strategy of not making waves is more likely to garner others’ contempt than their approval. 1) Moreover, individuals who use this style often feel bad about themselves and resentful of those who they allow to take advantage of them. These feelings often lead the submissive individual to try to punish the other person by withdrawing or crying. These manipulative attempts to get one’s own way are sometimes referred to as “passive aggression” or “indirect aggression”.
It is sometimes difficult to differentiate between assertive communication and aggressive communication. In principle, the distinction is fairly simple. Aggressive communication involves an intention to hurt or harm other people. Assertive behaviour includes no such intention to do harm, but it does involve defending your rights. The problem in real life is that assertive and aggressive behaviour may overlap. When someone is about to infringe on their rights, people often fight back at the other party while defending their rights. The challenge, then, is to learn to be firm and assertive without going a step too far and becoming aggressive.
Advocates of assertive communication argue that it is much more adaptive than either submissive or aggressive communication. They maintain that submissive behaviour leads to poor self-esteem, self-denial, emotional suppression, and strained interpersonal relationships. They assert that aggressive communication tends to promote guilt, alienation, and disharmony. In contrast, assertive behaviour is said to foster high self-esteem and satisfactory interpersonal relationships.
Of course, behaving assertively does not ensure that you will always get what you want. 2) The essential point with assertiveness is that you are able to state what you want clearly and directly. Being able to do so makes you feel good about yourself and will usually make others feel good about you, too. And, although being assertive doesn’t guarantee your chances of getting what you want, it certainly enhances them.

1. The best title for this passage is             .
［A］ The Nature of Assertiveness
［B］ The Contrast between Submissive and Assertive Communication
［C］ Interpersonal Communication Strategies
［D］ Submissive and Aggressive Communication
2. A contrast is made in the passage with a view to          .
［A］ illustrating the detrimental effect of aggressive communication
［B］ emphasizing the importance of consistent behaviour
［C］ illuminating the nature of assertive communication
［D］ spelling out a step-by-step strategy in interpersonal communication
3. Contrary to their expectations, submissive people often          .
［A］ fail to say “no” to unreasonable requests
［B］ can not let others take advantage of them
［C］ become aggressive when they are subjected to contempt
［D］ end up resenting those who infringe on them
4. The chief difference between assertive and aggressive communication lies in             .
［A］ the kind of reaction when a person is subjected to infringement
［B］ the intention in defending one’s rights even if it is not threatened
［C］ the satisfaction a person extracts from the defence of his own rights
［D］ the attitude a person takes towards solving the problem in real life
5. The most important thing about being assertive, compared to submissive and aggressive communication is that             .
［A］ a person gets what he wants
［B］ it gives a person self-esteem
［C］ it enables a person to fight back
［D］ it opens more opportunities for a person

【疑难长句翻译与注解】
1. Essentially, ...them.
【译文】  就其本质而言，果断自信指当别人要侵害自己的权利时敢于站出来维护它们。
2. Submissive communication...contention.
【译文】  顺从型交际指在可能引起争议的方面总是让步于别人。
3. However, the strategy...approval.
【译文】  然而，不惹是生非的策略更可能引起别人的蔑视，而不是赞许。
【注解】  make waves指“捣乱，惹是生非”。
4. These manipulative...“indirect aggression”.
【译文】  这种企图操纵他人而实现自身欲望的行为，有时被称做“被动型好斗”或“间接好斗”。
【注解】  get one’s own way意为“随心所欲”。
5. The challenge, then, ...aggressive.
【译文】  这里，人们所面临的考验是如何做到坚定、果断，但又不越雷池一步，且不会变得好斗。
6. Advocates of...communication.
【译文】  主张进行果断自信交际的人认为，这种交际方式比顺从型或好斗型交际方式更有助于提高人的适应能力。

★ Passage Two
What is the most obvious thing that all animate beings have in common? We all communicate with each other, often quite elaborately. Think for a moment about what animals are doing when they communicate. They are using what we know as signs, to communicate with each other about some situation that is present at that moment: gathering the group, alarm, hunting, mating. We do this too, but we do vastly more. We are the only possessors of language, a complex system of symbols allowing us to communicate about anything we can imagine. So the communication gap between us and all other life is that we can tell others something they do not already know. True language enables us to verbalize about what is not there.
This is a huge difference. Experts in several related fields agree that the development of language must have a close relation to the evolution of a larger and more complex brain. 3) Our language ability is probably also related to an increase in social complexity, and this in turn may have something to do with the whole speech side of language: anatomical developments that gave us a much greater ability to form a wide variety of sounds. But there is no way to prove even these assumptions, obvious as they may seem.
If we look at human evolution, we can make an interesting inference. 4) Objects such as elaborate tools, pottery, articles of clothing, ritual objects and the like that are found around 35，000 years ago give no direct evidence of language, but allow us to assume confidently that their makers must have possessed it. Is it possible to imagine something as highly refined and subtle as the cave paintings of 15,000 years ago without language to enable manipulation and transference of ideas?
The Homo sapiens that migrated out of Africa at least 100,000 years ago were most likely in possession of language. Was this something short of the fully-developed stage we find everywhere today? We can never know. However, we can be confident that their communication already had the basic blueprint of language. 5) The original language carried out of Africa soon started diverging into separate languages, as our distant ancestors slowly migrated into Northern Europe and Asia, and from there to Australia. Later on, it was also from Asia that the people who became our Native Americans migrated to this continent.
As all these humans migrated, over millennia they more and more moved out of reach of each other, and their speech ultimately developed into the world’s 6,000 distinct languages we can observe around us today. Possession of language is a defining mark of our humanity, and it has been faithfully accompanying us ever since our branch first emerged as a distinct species.

1. The passage is mainly about          .
［A］ the evolution of language
［B］ the differences between human and animal communication
［C］ the characteristics of human language
［D］ the function of language
2. Which of the following is one characteristic of human communication?
［A］ Communicating information with quite elaborate signs.
［B］ Describing a hunting experience to a fellow being.
［C］ Warning a fellow being of an approaching predator.
［D］ Sending out a signal to call fellow beings together.
3. The author seems to assume that             .
［A］ the development of language is closely related to the evolution of the brain
［B］ use of elaborate tools is no conclusive evidence for the existence of language
［C］ language is essential to the manipulation and expression of ideas
［D］ cave painters of 15,000 years ago were most likely to be language makers
4. The author’s idea of language history is based on the assumption that             .
［A］ man is the only language possessor
［B］ the development of language has its ups and downs
［C］ language development is largely determined by the maturity of the brain
［D］ languages share a common origin
5. In the last sentence of the passage, “our branch” refers to          .
［A］ the Americans
［B］ the Homo sapiens
［C］ animate beings
［D］ the Europeans

【疑难长句翻译与注解】
1. They are using...， to...at that moment: gathering the group, alarm, hunting, mating.
【译文】  他们使用我们称做符号的东西，相互之间谈论着此时此刻所发生的事情：集合、警告、打猎、交配等。
2. True language...there.
【译文】  真正的语言使我们能够用词语表达尚不存在的东西。
3. But there is no way...seem.
【译文】  但是，由于这些假设可能看起来是不言而喻的，所以即使这些假设也是没法证明的。
【注解】  obvious as they may seem相当于一个让步从句。
4. Is it possible to imagine...ideas?
【译文】  如果没有语言来构思和传达思想，怎么想像能创作出一万五千年前如此精美细致的洞穴绘画呢？
5. Was this something...today?
【译文】  这种语言是否缺少今天我们在各地所发现的那个成熟阶段呢？
【注解】  short of意为“缺乏、不足”。
6. Possession of language...species.
【译文】  拥有语言是我们人类的一个区别性标志，自我们作为一个特殊的物种存在以来，语言能力一直伴随着我们。

Part B 段落排序
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1~5 you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A~G to fill in each numbered box. The first and last paragraphs have been placed for you in boxes.

［A］ Along with this great source of communication comes an entirely new vernacular (行话，土话). The vocabulary and abbreviations associated with the Internet allow us to communicate using fewer words and in smaller amounts of time. The Internet has created new words such as bandwidth and hyperlink. Hyperlink is a term for a text link from one site to another and bandwidth is a term for the amount of data being transferred at the current time. These are both terms that are specific to the internet.
［B］ Some critics are more skeptical, saying that it not only destroys English grammar but also lacks proper etiquette. It has been said that such things as capitalization on the Internet signifies things such as yelling in this age of cyber communication. Word inflection is another critical part of this. It is hard to determine the person’s tone and meaning of their statements just from looking at plain text. Some critics go as far as to say that this new vernacular with all of its slang and abbreviations is killing the traditional English language and method of communication. Allowing this shorthand and slang goes against most traditional grammar rules and etiquette.
［C］ The ability to communicate virtually in real time across the globe makes the net the fastest form of communication and media available today. Being able to send a message from Aiken, South Carolina, to Beijing, China, in roughly 1 second is amazing. This makes the Internet the biggest and fastest form of mass communication and research. The ability to do research as well as publish it to a huge collection of information accessible worldwide can only be done with the use of the Internet.
［D］ Other terms of the vernacular like abbreviations have been created such as “LOL” meaning laugh out loud, and “BRB” which is short for be right back. Other words used to define terms related to the Internet also have other meanings such as “Farm” which refers to a group of web servers hosted in the same location and not a place where hay and livestock are kept.
［E］ Yet opponents of the Internet disagree with this vernacular entirely. They believe that the Internet results in laziness and poor grammar. The new abbreviations and shorthand for words, which, in terms of proper grammar would be considered gross errors, are criticized by a few scholars who believe that although culture is evolving the same old English grammar rules should apply. Scholarly journals refer to this as a break-down of the English language.
［F］ On the other hand, there are plenty of people who would argue for the exact opposite point. They point out that the vernacular is unique to our culture and is spreading like wildfire. Their belief which is held by many Americans today is that this enhances writing activity among children and young adults. Young adults are the most active participants today in online communication whether it is in email or chat rooms. The invention of this unique vocabulary and way of communication continue to evolve on a daily basis.
［G］In conclusion the Internet is a great means for easy mass communication across the world. It is much faster in the sense that it is nearly instantaneous and uses many shorthand forms as well as slang to shorten word length and maximize communication. Some critics claim that this will eventually destroy the traditional structure of the English language and its grammar as we know it today. The majority of people, however, find it to be the easiest form of mass communication available with the least effort and least amount of expense. This medium of communication will continue to enhance our lives for many years to come.

Order:
C → 1.      → 2.      → 3.      → 4.      → 5.      → G

◎ Ⅲ. Translation
Translate the underlined sentences in the Reading Passages of Part A into Chinese.

◎ Ⅳ. Writing

Part A 应用文
Directions:
You are to choose a piano course for your daughter who is a beginner. Write an e-mail message to the headmaster of a training school and ask for:
   1） schedule and locations of the lessons；
   2） lesson books they use；
   3） the fee for each teaching session.
You should write about 100 words.

Part B 英语写作
Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ：
Ｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙａｎｄｗｒｉｔｅａｎｅｓｓａｙｅｎｔｉｔｌｅｄ “ＷｈｉｃｈｔｏＩｎｃｌｕｄｅ”.
Ｉｎｔｈｅｅｓｓａｙｙｏｕｓｈｏｕｌｄ:
１）ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｔｈｅｐｉｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｉｔｓｍｅａｎｉｎｇ;
２）ｇｉｖｅｙｏｕｒｃｏｍｍｅｎｔｏｎｔｈｅｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎ．
Ｙｏｕｓｈｏｕｌｄｗｒｉｔｅａｂｏｕｔ２００ｗｏｒｄｓ.

审题指导

本题要求写议论文。作文的标题本身是个问题，画面提示也较清楚：（新字典）应收入哪些现代词汇？下笔前应考虑文章主题，即本人基本观点：收入哪些词，为什么收入？可从不同词语意义或语言对社会影响角度讨论，也可从语言产生原因或其他角度讨论。画面所给出的中英文词汇可尽量利用，以节省思考时间，但如有其他熟悉的词汇也可，原则是举例不用多，能说明观点即可。不认识的词可避而不用。
Useful Expressions

1. words； terms； phrases； terminology； expressions词汇；表达
2. reflect reality反映现实
3. coin a word创造新词
4. express a new idea表达新观点
5. convey new ideas传达新思想
6. globalization全球化；network card 网卡；IP telephone/internet phone网络电话；cyber-economy 网络经济；netizen 网民；digital TV数码电视；greenhouse effect温室效应；eco-environment生态环境；e-business电子商务；download下载；mobile phone移动电话；visual phone可视电话；cyberspace网络空间；DINK丁克；the information age信息时代；comsat/communications satellite通讯卫星
练习答案与题解
◎ Ⅰ.Cloze
1.［A］ decadent
本文主要讨论英语退化的问题。段首句讲英语情况不好但人们一般认为无法有意识地改变这种状况。接下来解释这种看法的理由：我们的文明正在堕落，因此语言只能不可避免地一起衰退。and引导的并列句后句中 the general collapse (整体崩溃)指上文人类文明的情况，decadent 是 decay (腐朽，衰退)的形容词形式，符合文意。其余选项不妥：decline 作及物动词用是“辞谢，婉拒”的意思，作“减少，衰退，衰落”讲时是不及物动词，在此用过去分词形式不妥；degenerate (衰退，堕落，蜕化)是不及物动词，也不能用被动语态；deficient 是deficiency (缺乏，缺陷)的形容词形式，在此不合文意。
2.［A］ so
两个破折号之间是插入语，用于解释本句观点的来源；the argument 即指段首句提出的普遍看法；so 有“这样，如此”等含义，常作状语置于句首; so the argument runs 意为“人们如是说”，符合文意。
3.［B］ follows
follow 有“结果是，是……的必然结果，因……而引起”等意思，It follows that 是常用句型，用于引出因上文而成立的结果，本句意为“由此可见，任何反对滥用语言的努力都是某种怀旧情结……”。其余选项均不能以 it 作形式主语后接 that 引导的主语从句：precedes，“先于，在……之前”；confirms，“确认，证实”；necessitates，“使成为必要，需要”。
4.［B］ preferring
本题主要考动词和介词搭配。四个选项中只有 preferring 与 to 连用，且符合文意：后半句举例说明 sentimental fondness for things old-fashioned：“就像宁要蜡烛不要电灯或宁乘马车而不坐飞机一样”。其余选项常用搭配如下：replace A with B,“以B取代A”；replace A by B，“以B代替A”；substitute A with (by)B，“以B替代A”；substitute A for B，“以A代替B”；A substitute for B，“A代替B”；alternate A with B, alternate between A and B，“(以)A和B交替”。
5.［C］ Underneath
本句主语为 the half-conscious belief, this 指上文观点， Underneath 有“在……下面，在……背后”等含义，符合文意：这种想法基于一种没有完全意识到的看法，即语言是自然生成的而不是我们为了某种目的制造的工具。其余介词均不适用。
6.［A］ for
“为某种目的”要用“for a purpose”，其余介词均不适用。
7.［C］ decline
根据全文主题，特别是上段 in a bad way, general collapse, abuse of language 以及本句中 bad influence 可以推断出，此处只有 decline (衰退，衰落)符合文意，其余选项均不合逻辑：growth，“成长”；process，“过程，进程”；revision，“修订，修正”。
8.［D］ due
上文讲“很显然，一种语言的衰退一定有其最根本的政治经济原因”，冒号后解释原因所在：不是仅仅由于某个作者的不良影响。due to 为固定词组，意为“由于，因为”，常作表语。because 是连词，后接从句，如接名词要用 because of。其余选项虽可与介词 to 连用，但 be referred to 意为“被提及，被提交”，不合文意；owe (欠，应把……归功于)为及物动词，作“由于”讲时要用 owing to。
9.［D］ reinforcing
从下文失败者饮酒的例子可以看出作者在此阐述语言与思维方式可以互为因果的辩证关系。结果可以成为原因，并强化最初的原因。reinforcing (加强，加固，补充)为现在分词作状语，符合文意。其余选项均不合适：renovating，“更新，修复”；restoring，“恢复，修复”；refining，“提炼，精制，提纯”。
10.［B］ intensified
intensified 意为“增强，加剧”，intensified form 即“强化了的形式”，在此符合文意：“……造成同样的但更严重的结果，如此不断循环下去。”其余选项均不适用：exemplified，“举例证明，是……的榜样”；affiliated，“使隶属/附属于，使紧密联系”；alleviated，“减轻，缓解”。
11.［C］ to
take to 有“开始喜欢，开始从事，开始沉湎于”等意思，其余介词均不适用。
12.［D］ because
本题考上下文理解。作者以失败和喝酒的因果关系为例说明语言与思维相互影响，故应选引导原因从句的连词 because：一个人可能因为认为自己是个失败者而常常喝酒，却又由于喝酒而失败得更加彻底。
13.［A］ inaccurate
本题主要考理解。本句主语 It 指代上文 the English language，根据本段主题，特别是下文 the careless use of our language 等线索可以推知 inaccurate (不精确的，不准确的)为正确答案。其余选项均不合文意：intermittent，“间歇的，断断续续的”；ignorant，“无知的”；superfluous，“多余的，过量的”。
14.［A］ reversible
本题主要考理解。作者讲明滥用语言的危害后，接下来讲问题的关键所在；根据下文的进一步阐述可以判断出作者要讲的关键问题是语言和思维的相互作用这一过程，并非一定像上文所讲的那样要继续恶化下去；两者是可以相互促进向好的方面转化的，故选 reversible (反向的，可逆的)。其余选项与文意无关：innumerable，“无数的，数不清的”；incidental，“偶然的”；artificial，“人工的，不自然的”。
15.［B］ spread
本题主要考主谓搭配。习惯(habits)的“传播，流传，蔓延”要用 spread 表示，其余选项均不适用： extend，“延长，延伸”；expand，“扩张，展开”；stretch，“延伸，拉长”。
16.［D］ take
本题考常用词组。take (the) trouble 意为“不辞劳苦，费力”，符合文意：如果愿意不怕麻烦，做些必要的努力，这些坏毛病是可以避免的。其余选项均不适用：make trouble 意为“捣乱”，一般不用冠词；wait意为“等待”；save (the) trouble 意为“避免麻烦，省事”。
17.［C］ thus
根据上文，并列主语“改掉这些毛病”和“更清晰地思考”应为因果关系，故选表示结果的副词 thus (因此，如此)。其余选项既不是副词且又不符合逻辑。
18.［A］ regeneration
作者在此讲到使用规范语言的意义。regeneration 是 regenerate (再生，重生)的名词形式，意为“恢复，重生，新生，革新，复兴”，符合文意：……是向政治复兴迈出的必要的第一步。refutation 是 refute 的名词形式，意为“驳斥，反驳”；reconciliation 是 reconcile 的名词形式，意为“使和好，调解”；recollection 是 recollect 的名词形式，意为“回忆，追想”。
19.［B］ trivial
根据全文主题及下半句话，本题只有选 trivial (不重要的，微不足道的)才符合文意：与不好的英语 (bad English)作斗争并非小事。其余选项均不合文意：eloquent，“雄辩的，有说服力的”；primary，“初级的，首要的，基本的”；permanent，“永久的”。
20.［D］ exclusive
作者最后强调规范语言的重要性：应该是大家关心的问题。exclusive 意为“专有的，独占的，排他的”，符合文意：……不只是专业作者关心的问题。其余选项均不合文意：compulsory，“强制的，义务的，必修的”；excessive，“过分的，过度的”；comparative，“比较的，相当的”。
Ⅱ. Reading Passages

Part A 阅读理解
Passage One
1.［A］意为：果断自信的本质。
文章旨在说明果断自信的交流方式的特点与益处。文章第一段总括了这种交流方式的特点，第二段对比了这种交流方式和顺从型交流方式的差别，第三段对比了与好斗型交流方式的差别，第四段对这三种交流方式进行了概括，最后一段通过指出果断自信的交流方式的益处对全文进行了总结。文章的侧重点在于说明果断自信的交流方式，与其他两种交流方式做对比仅仅是为了更好地说明它的特点和益处。
2.［C］意为：阐明果断自信的交流方式的本质。
第二段第一句提到，通过将果断自信的交流方式与顺从型和好斗型交流方式进行对比，最能清楚地阐明果断自信的交流方式的本质。文章在第二、三、四段将三种交流方式的特点做了详尽的对比，最后一段再次回到果断自信的交流方式这个主题上。
［D］意为：详细地说明人际交流过程中逐步的策略。
3.［D］意为：对侵害他们的人最终会感到怨恨。
第二段主要介绍了顺从型交流方式的特征与后果。该段倒数第三、四句提到了两方面的后果，一是习惯这种交流方式的人最终可能获得的是别人的蔑视而不是赞许，二是这些人事后的自我感觉经常不好，对那些占自己的便宜的人会感到怨恨。
［C］意为：受到蔑视时会变得好斗。
4.［A］意为：人受到侵害时的反应方式。
习惯好斗型交流方式的人有伤害人的意图，而习惯于果断自信的交流方式的人没有伤害他人的意图，但是后者的确也涉及保护自身的权利(含义是二者均是为了保护自己的权利)。从现实生活中看，二者有相同的地方(overlap 原意为“交叉”或“重叠”)，当有人要侵害我们的权利时，我们在保护自身的权利时经常向对方进行反击。这样看来，我们面临的一个困难就是学会怎样表现得坚定而果断自信，但又不越雷池一步，不会变得好斗。总结起来看，二者的主要区别在于面临侵害时的反应方式。
［C］意为：人从保护自身的权利中所获得的满足。
5.［B］
第四段对三种交际方式进行了总结。主张果断自信的交际方式的人坚持认为，顺从型的交际方式最终使人丧失自尊，走向自我否定，情绪处于压抑状态，人际关系紧张。而好斗型的交际经常使人产生内疚和疏远的感觉，导致不和谐的气氛。相比之下，果断自信的行为却能给人以很强的自尊心，创造出和谐的人际关系。最后一段也强调了在交流过程中获得良好自我感受的重要性。

Passage Two
1.［A］意为：语言的演化。
本文主要探讨的是语言的诞生和演化过程。第一段简述了人与动物交流方式的区别。第二段之后就开始对语言的诞生和演化过程从人类进化的角度进行探讨。
2.［B］意为：向另外一个人描述(自己)狩猎的经历。
注意：这个问题的答案并不能从文章中直接找到，只能根据原文讲明的道理推断出。第一段比较了动物的交流同人的语言交流的差别，语言使我们能够谈论我们可以想像的任何东西。我们与其他生物在交流方式上的差别是：我们可以告诉其他人他们不知道的东西。真正的语言使我们能叙述出(说话时)不在现场的东西。向别人叙述自己的经历时，这件事情当然已经过去(指在说话时已经不存在了)。第二段第一句再次提到这个方面的差别是一个(人与动物的交流方式的)巨大差别。
3.［C］意为：语言是运用和表达观念的基础。
第三段提到，从人类进化的过程，我们可以(就语言的产生)做出有意义的推断。虽然一些原始器具不能直接证明语言的存在，但是，从中我们可以做出有把握的设想：制作它们的人肯定会说话。一万五千年前的原始洞穴壁画是那样精致，如果没有语言的使用来运用和表达观念，怎么能够想像可以创作出这样的东西?这里作者实际上做出了这样的设想：正因为存在思想观念的交流，这些壁画才创作得如此精美，而不通过语言表达的思想是模糊而混沌的。
［B］意为：精致工具的使用根本不是语言存在的确凿证据。
4.［D］
根据倒数第二段的叙述，作者似乎在假设原始人和原始语言产生自非洲，随着人类的迁徙，他们也将语言带到世界各地。
［B］意为：语言的发展几经沉浮。
5.［B］意为：人类。
Homo sapiens 是拉丁语，指人类，英语的解释是：the species to which modern humans belong。

Part B 段落排序
1.［A］
所给首段［C］主要讲，因特网成为现在最为快捷的通讯手段和媒体，能使人们实现全球即时的交流。从南卡罗来纳州的Aiken发一封信到中国北京只需一秒钟，这实在是很神奇。这使得因特网成为最大最快的大众交流和研究的形式。从事研究并将研究成果发表到全世界都能利用的巨大信息库中，这只有通过因特网才能做到。［A］开头的this great source of communication是紧承上文的关键词，Along with是衔接词，意为：随着这巨大的信息交流资源产生了一种全新的行话。网上使用的词汇和缩写使得我们可以用较少的词、在更短的时间内进行交流。因特网产生了许多新词，如宽带、超链接。超链接这一术语指从一个网址到另一网址的文本链接；宽带是指目前正在被传输的数据量的一个术语。这两个都是只用于因特网的术语。
2.［D］
上段讲了两个terms，可知［D］开头的Other terms of the vernacular正好与此紧密衔接，意为：这种行话的其他缩写术语也被创造出来，如LOL表示laugh out loud（大声笑），BRB 是be right back（马上回来）的速写。另外一些用于定义与因特网相关的词也有了不同的含义，如Farm是指在同一地点的网络服务器，而不是放干草养牲畜的地方（农场）。
3.［E］
由于上两段讲了因特网上出现的新术语，［E］选项开头用Yet转折，引出反对者的观点：然而，因特网的反对者完全不认同这种行话。他们认为，因特网使人懒惰并导致糟糕的语法。词汇的新缩写和速记根据通常的语法规则都应算是严重错误，一些学者对此予以批评，认为尽管文化在演变发展，但应遵循原来相同的英语语法规则。学术期刊将此称为英语语言的崩溃。
4.［B］
由于上段是讲反对者的意见，从［B］开头的Some critics可知此段仍是在讲此话题，而且用了比较级more skeptical表示递进。［B］意为：有些批评者持更怀疑的态度，认为这种行话不仅毁坏了英语语法，而且缺乏适当的礼节。有人说，网上用的诸如单词字母大写这样的东西就象征着在这个数码交流的时代大声喊叫等缺乏礼貌的行为。词的变格是受到指责的另一方面。只是读一个无变格的文本不能判断出一个人的语气和语句的意思。一些批评者甚至认为，这种充斥各种俚语和缩写的新行话是在毁灭传统的英语语言和交际方式。允许这种速写和俚语是与大多数传统语法和礼节背道而驰的。
5.［F］
上两段是讲反对者的观点，而［F］开头用On the other hand引出支持者的观点：另一方面，有很多人支持的观点却恰恰相反。他们指出，这种行话对于我们的文化非常独特，正像野火一样蔓延。他们的观念被今天的许多美国人所认同，认为能加强儿童和年轻人的写作活动。不论是电子邮件里还是聊天室中，年轻人是今天网上交流最主要的参与者。这种独特的词汇及交流方式每天都将会有新的发明。
最后一段［G］是对以上所讲观点的一个总结概述，也可以看出文章是从反对方和支持方的对照，谈了人们对网络行话的不同态度。
Ⅲ. Translation
1. 这是一个简单主从复合句。句架是Moreover,  individuals who...often feel bad... and resentful of those who...。句中前后两个 who 都是关系代词，引导定语从句，分别修饰 individuals 和 those。本句应译成：而且，使用这种方式(待人)的那些个人往往会感到难过，同时又对那些占自己便宜的人感到愤愤不平。
2. 这是一个简单主从复合句。句架是 The...point...is that you are able to state what...。that引导名词从句作表语；在表语从句中 what 又引导名词从句，作动词 state 的宾语。本句应译成：有关果断自信的重要一点是，你能清楚和直接地说出你要什么。
3. 这是一个并列主从复合句，前后两个分句由 and 连接。句架是 Our...ability is...related to an increase..., and this...may have something to do with the ...speech side of language: anatomical developments that gave us...ability to form...。冒号后 anatomical developments that...是用来说明 speech side of language 的。本句应译成：我们的语言能力大概也与社会复杂性增加有关系，而这一点可能与语言的整个说话能力有关系：人体结构的发展使我们更能发出多种声音。
4. 这是一个并列主从复合句，前后两个分句由 but 连接。句架是 Objects such as...， ...， ...， ... and the like that...give no...evidence..., but allow us to assume...that...。句中第一个 that 是关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰 the like；第二个 that 是连词，引导名词从句，作 assume 的宾语。本句应译成：在大约3.5万年前发现的诸如精巧的工具、陶器、衣着用品、举行仪式使用的物件等这些物品没有提供语言的直接证据，但是使我们满怀信心地假设这些物品的制造者已经有了语言。
5. 这是一个简单主从复合句。句架是 The...language...started diverging..., as our...ancestors slowly migrated into..., ...。主句中 carried out of Africa 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 language；as引导原因状语从句。本句应译成：从非洲带出的原始语言很快就开始随着我们遥远的祖先到达北欧和亚洲，并从那里向澳大利亚传播而演变为各种不同的语言。

◎ Ⅳ. Writing
Sample for reference:
Part A 应用文
Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to inquire about the piano programs at your school. I learned from your advertisement that you offer piano courses for beginners and you have piano courses at different locations. Could you kindly send a schedule of your courses with locations near Xicheng District along with the fee for each teaching session?

In addition, please tell me the lesson books you use for beginners. We have already bought quite a few sets of lesson books. I wonder if some of them can be put to use.

Please send me the information as soon as possible.

Thanks a lot.

Yours,
Li Ming

Part B 英语写作

Which to Include？

Had Lu Xun come back to our 21st century China, he would not have understood what we are talking about if he were to read a Beijing Youth Daily, watch a talk show on TV, or listen to us discussing our daily life, for many of the words people are using every day were unheard of 20 years ago, let alone in Lu Xun’s time. Such technical terms as “cloning” and “intranet” have come into everyday use, while new phrases such as “DINK” and “cyberholic” have been accepted without trouble. In short, with the rapid technical and social changes, our language is changing.
These changes call for compilation of new dictionaries or updating the existing ones to reflect the change, which poses a big problem for linguists and serious publishers: which words are to be included? Should we include indiscriminately every word or phrase in use, or should we select only those that have a “positive effect” on the mind of the young and exclude the ones that are considered to have “bad influence”?
It depends on the intended users of the dictionary. If the dictionary is compiled for school children to learn proper language, care should be taken not to expose them to the dark side of our society. On the other hand, for a dictionary to be used by us grown-ups, all words should be included, because we are capable of judging which are appropriate expressions to use on what occasions. After all, it is out of necessity that words are created and so they remain in use until we no longer need them and discard them.

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:20:25

U15  Science and Its Development
科学及其发展

Creating a Better International Community for All
Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)
Notes
课文参考译文
练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

Creating a Better International Community for All

The time has arrived for a fundamental re-thinking of the strategy for co-operation between rich and poor, with the avowed aim of helping the poorest of the poor back on to their own feet to join the race for human betterment. Four steps could change the shape of our global community.
First, rich and poor need to learn to talk together. As a start, the world’s democracies, rich and poor, should join in a quest for common action. Once again the rich G8 met in 1999 without the presence of the developing world. This rich-country summit should be the last of its kind. A G16 for the new millennium should include old and new democracies such as Brazil, India, South Korea, Nigeria, Poland and South Africa.
Second, rich and poor countries should direct their urgent attention to the mobilisation of science and technology for poor-country problems. The rich countries should understand that the IMF and the World Bank are by themselves not equipped for that challenge. The specialised UN agencies have a great role to play, especially if they also act as a bridge between the activities of advanced-country and developing-country scientific centres. They will be able to play that role, however, only after the United States pays its debts to the UN and ends its unthinking hostility to the UN system. We will also need new and creative institutional alliances. A Millennium Vaccine Fund, which guaranteed future markets for malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS vaccines, would be the right place to start. The vaccine-fund approach is administratively straightforward, desperately needed and within our technological reach. Similar efforts to merge public and private science activities will be needed in agricultural biotechnology.
Third, just as knowledge is becoming the undisputed centrepiece of global prosperity, the global regime on intellectual property rights requires a new look. The United States prevailed upon the world to toughen patent codes and cut down on intellectual piracy. But now transnational corporations and rich-country institutions are patenting everything from the human genome to rainforest biodiversity. The poor will be ripped off unless some sense and equity are introduced into this runaway process. Moreover, the system of intellectual property rights must balance the need to provide incentives for innovation against the need of poor countries to get the results of innovation. The current struggle over AIDS medicines in South Africa is but an early warning shot in a much larger struggle over access to the fruits of human knowledge. The issue of setting global rules for the uses and development of new technologies—especially the controversial biotechnologies—will again require global co-operation, not the strong-arming of the few rich countries.
Fourth, and perhaps toughest of all, we need a serious discussion about long-term finance for the international public goods. The rich countries are willing to talk about every aspect except money: money to develop new malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS vaccines; money to spur biotechnology research in food-scarce regions; money to help tropical countries adjust to climate changes imposed on them by the richer countries. The World Bank makes mostly loans, and loans to individual countries at that. It does not finance global public goods.
We will need, in the end, to put real resources in support of our hopes. A global tax on carbon-emitting fossil fuels might be the way to begin. Even a very small tax, less than that which is needed to correct humanity’s climate-deforming overuse of fossil fuels, would finance a greatly enhanced supply of global public goods. No better time to start than as the new millennium begins.

1. According to the author, the 1999 G8 summit             .
［A］ ignored the need of the developing countries for growth
［B］ should have discussed issues that interested the poor
［C］ was the last meeting without the presence of developing countries
［D］ should have invited developing countries to participate
2. It is implied in the third paragraph that UN agencies are not able to play a more active role in helping the poor countries because             .
［A］ the IMF and the World Bank have not provided enough financial support to them
［B］ the United States does not give due support to the United Nations
［C］ the Millennium Vaccine Fund does not collect enough money from public and private agencies
［D］ these agencies have made no efforts to merge public and private activities and act as a bridge between them
3. The lack of AIDS medicines in South Africa is mentioned to demonstrate             .
［A］ the danger of AIDS spreading worldwide if not controlled by coordinated efforts
［B］ the failure of poor countries to share the achievements made in science
［C］ the injustice done to the poor countries by their former colonists
［D］ the consequences resulting from people’s lack of scientific knowledge
4. Which of the following constitutes the greatest challenge in bettering our global community?
［A］ Transferring new patents to the countries in need.
［B］ Establishing UN agencies to take care of the poor countries.
［C］ Recruiting enough money for global public benefits.
［D］ Setting up a proper channel for dialogue between the rich and the poor.
5. In the text “the new millenium” refers to             .
［A］ one thousand years beginning from 2000
［B］ the cooperation between rich and poor countries
［C］ the economically emerging countries
［D］ the renewed effort to cope with environmental issues

答案与题解
1.［D］意为：本应该邀请发展中国家参加。
参阅第二段。注意，这里对1999年西方八国首脑会议没有邀请第三世界国家提出了批评，认为这种会最好不要再开。但这并不意味着1999年召开的这次会议是最后一次西方八国首脑会议。另外，本文并没有说明会议讨论的内容，因此我们不知道讨论没讨论穷国的事情。
2.［B］意为：美国没有给联合国应有的支持。
第三段第四句提到，只有当美国付清欠联合国的债务（指会费），并放弃对联合国的敌对态度之后，联合国的那些专门机构才能起到其桥梁作用。由此可见，美国对联合国没有尽到它应尽的义务，致使联合国机构无法起到应有的作用。
［A］意为：国际货币基金组织和世界银行没有对它们提供足够的支持。
［C］意为：千年疫苗基金会没有从公共和私人机构那里募集到足够资金。
［D］意为：这些机构没有尽力协调公共和私人活动，没有起到二者之间的桥梁作用。
3.［B］意为：穷国没有能够分享科学成果。
第四段最后三句的意思显然是说由于知识产权的存在和缺乏国际合作，穷国无法享有新的科研成果。这里，南非艾滋病的问题仅仅是一个例子。
［A］意为：如果不协作控制艾滋病，它会有在全球范围内传播的危险。
［C］意为：穷国的前宗主国对穷国的不公正（待遇）。
4.［C］意为：为增进全球公共利益募集足够的钱。
为改进国际社会的现状，作者在本文提到了五个方面的工作。其中第四方面在作者看来最难以实现（toughest of all）。
5.［A］
该词指一个千年，这里具体指从2000年～3000年这一段时间。

Notes
1．the rich G8 指八国集团，八国包括美、英、法、德、意、加拿大、日本和俄罗斯。
2．IMF 是International Monetary Fund 这几个英文字的缩写，即国际货币基金组织。
3．to be ripped off 是美国俚语，意思是受到欺诈或被人敲竹杠。
4.  at that “而且还……”的意思。

课文参考译文

为所有人创造一个更好的国际社会

对穷国和富国之间的合作战略进行根本反思的时刻到了，公开宣布的目的就是帮助穷国中最穷的国家重新站起来，加入改善人类环境的竞赛。有四个步骤可能改变我们全世界的面貌。
首先，富国和穷国需要学会在一起交谈。作为开端，世界上的民主国家，包括富国和穷国，应当探求共同行动。八国集团在1999年开会时又没有邀请发展中国家参加。这次富国峰会应当是最后一次这样的会议了。新千年的十六国集团会议应当包括老的和新的民主国家，如巴西、印度、韩国、尼日利亚、波兰和南非。
其次，富国和穷国应当紧急关注的是调动科学和技术来解决穷国的问题。富国应当懂得，国际货币基金组织和世界银行本身并没有做好应付这个挑战的准备。联合国专门机构能发挥巨大的作用，尤其是在这些专门机构也作为先进国家和发展中国家科学中心的活动之间的桥梁的条件下。但是，只有在美国还清它欠联合国的债务并且终止其对联合国系统的轻率的敌对态度之后，联合国的专门机构才能发挥那种作用。我们还需要建立新的和创造性的联盟机构。建立新千年疫苗基金组织应该是恰当的开端。这个基金组织是疟疾、肺结核病和艾滋病等疫苗的未来市场的保证。建立疫苗基金组织的办法从行政管理层面来说是简单的、亟须的，而且也是我们的技术能力所能办到的。在农业生物工程方面需要做出类似的努力来把公私两方面的科学活动合并在一起。
第三，正如知识正变成全球繁荣的无可争辩的中心一样，全球知识产权制度需要一个新的面貌。美国劝说全世界强化专利法规，减少侵犯专利的现象。但是，跨国公司和富国机构对从人类基因组到热带雨林生物多样化的每件事都拥有了专利。除非把某种智慧和公正引进这个失控的进程，否则穷国就会受到欺诈。此外，知识产权制度必须使鼓励创新的需要与穷国获得创新结果的需要保持平衡。目前在南非出现的有关艾滋病药物的斗争只不过是在获得人类知识成果的更大规模的斗争中打出的一颗预警子弹而已。为使用和开发新技术——尤其是引起争议的生物工程——确定全球规则的问题将再次要求全球合作，而不是要求少数几个富国使用暴力。
第四，也许是最难的一点，我们需要认真讨论国际公益事业的长期资金问题。富国愿意谈论各方面的问题，但钱除外：研发疟疾、肺结核和艾滋病的新疫苗的钱，在食品缺乏的地区促进生物工程研究的钱，帮助热带国家适应富国所强加给他们的气候变化的钱。世界银行主要是提供贷款的，而且它还向个别国家提供了贷款。但世界银行并不提供用于全球公益事业的资金。
我们最终需要投入真正的资源以支持我们的希望。全球对碳排放矿物燃料征税可能是一个开端。即使征收非常少的税——低于用来纠正人类过分使用矿物燃料而对气候造成的变化所需要的税——也能为全球公益事业极大地增加资金供给。把新千年作为开始时间是最好不过了。

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:21:22

U16 History and Culture
历史与文化

Sociobiology—a Controversial Subject
Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)
Notes
课文参考译文
练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

Sociobiology—a Controversial Subject

Instead of looking at human behavior as shaped by culture, sociobiology stresses natural selection as responsible for human’s particular biological characteristics, which shape human behavior.
According to Charles Darwin, natural selection is based on four principles. First, reproduction occurs within a natural environment. Second, the genes of a species, the basic units of life that contain the individual’s traits, are passed on to offspring. These genes have a degree of random variability; that is, different characteristics are distributed among the members of a species. Third, because the members of a species possess different characteristics, some members have a better chance of surviving in the natural environment than do others—and of passing their particular genetic traits to the next generation. Fourth, over thousands of generations, those genetic traits that aid survival in the natural environment tend to become common in a species, while those that do not tend to disappear.
Natural selection is used to explain the physical characteristics of plants and animals. It is also used to explain the behavior of animals: over countless generations instincts emerged. Edward Wilson, an insect specialist, claimed that the principles of natural selection that led to human physical characteristics also led to human behavior as well. Human behavior, he said, is no different from the behavior of cats, rats, bees, or mosquitoes—it has been bred into Homo sapiens through evolutionary principles.
Wilson deliberately set out to create a storm of protest, and he succeeded. He claimed that religion, competition and cooperation, slavery and genocide, war and peace, envy and altruism—all can be explained in terms of genetic programming. The new discipline of sociobiology will eventually absorb sociology, as well as anthropology and psychology.
Obviously, most sociologists find Wilson’s position totally unacceptable. Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on: humans designing their own cultures, developing their own unique ways of life. Sociologists do not deny that genetic principles underlie human behavior, at least not in the sense that it takes a highly developed brain to develop human culture, that abstract thought could not exist if we did not have a highly developed cerebral cortex.
But sociologists find the claim that human behavior is due to genetic programming to be quite another matter. Pigs act alike because they don’t have a cerebral cortex, and instincts control their behavior. So it is for fleas, spiders, deer, elephants, and so on. But humans are far from being driven simply by instincts. Humans have abstract thought. They communicate symbolically. They discuss principles that underlie what they do. They decide on rational courses of action. They develop reasons and purposes and goals. They consider, reflect, and make choices. In short, sociologists stress that we are not pri-soners of our genes, and that is precisely why around the world we have developed so many fascinating, contrasting ways of life.

1. In the passage the author is primarily concerned with             .
［A］ supporting a position
［B］ analyzing a problem objectively
［C］ arguing against a view on human society
［D］ introducing a perspective on human behavior
2. Which of the following is NOT true according to Darwin?
［A］ Evolution follows its own natural law.
［B］ Members in a species possess different genetic traits.
［C］ It takes quite a long time for favorable genetic traits to spread in a species.
［D］ Human behavior is no different from that of animals in nature.
3. Wilson’s position is that             .
［A］ human behavior can not be explained by the principles of natural selection
［B］ the essence of human evolution is best shown in human culture
［C］ the behavior of other animals is not comparable to human behavior
［D］ natural selection is a determinant force behind human evolution
4. According to most sociologists, the sociobiological position is wrong in that             .
［A］ it misunderstands the theory of natural selection
［B］ it fails to recognize the fact that humans are creators of their own culture
［C］ it ignores the role of the cerebral cortex in evolving the human society
［D］ it ignores the fact that even animals communicate with each other
5. The sociologists seem to agree that             .
［A］ human evolution is independent of genetic programming
［B］ animal behavior is not reasonable and purposeful
［C］ human behavior is not solely determined by instinct
［D］ environmental rather than genetic factors shape human beings

答案与题解
1.［D］
  本文介绍了一门颇具争议的学科——社会生物学。
2.［D］
［D］表达的是Wilson的观点，不是达尔文的。
3.［D］意为：自然选择是人类进化的一个决定性力量。
有关Wilson的观点参阅第三、四段和第五段对他的批评。
4.［B］
  根据第五段，在社会学家看来，Wilson之所以错，是因为他忽视了社会学家研究的一个根本问题：人设计自己的文化，创造出一套自己的生活方式。另请参阅全文最后一句。
5.［C］
  参阅最后一段。最后一段最后一句是全文的总结，也是该段的总结。这句话的意思是：人并不受其基因结构的禁锢，这就是为什么全世界的人创造了自己独特的生活方式的原因。

Notes
1.第二段第五句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是...， because..., some members have a better chance of  surviving...and of passing...to...。句中some members have a better chance是主句；than do others是比较从句；because引导原因状语从句。
2.第五段第三句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是Sociologists do not deny that genetic principles underlie...， at least not...that..., that...。句中第一个that引导名词从句，作deny的宾语；后两个that引导的名词从句都是sense的同位语；在第二个同位语从句中if引导条件状语从句。underlie在句中作“构成……的基础”讲。

课文参考译文

社会生物学——一个引起争议的学科

社会生物学并不认为人类行为是由文化决定的，而是强调自然选择决定人类特定的生物特征，这些特征塑造人类行为。
根据查理•达尔文的观点，自然选择基于四个原则：第一，繁殖是在自然环境内发生的。第二，一个物种的基因——包含个人特征在内的生命基本单位——传给后代。这些基因具有一定程度的任意多变性；也就是说，不同的特征分散到一个物种的各个成员。第三，由于一个物种的成员具有不同的特征，一些成员在自然环境中的生存机会比其他成员多一些，把遗传特征传给下一代的机会也多一些。第四，世世代代以来，在自然环境中有助于生存的那些遗传特征往往会在一个物种中变成共同的特征，而无助于帮助生存的那些遗传特征往往会消失。
自然选择被用来解释植物和动物的体质特征。它还用来解释动物的行为：经过数不清的世世代代之后，本能出现了。昆虫专家爱德华•威尔逊声称，导致出现人类体质特征的自然选择原则也导致人类的行为。他说，人类行为与猫、鼠、蜂或蚊子的行为没有什么区别——人类行为通过进化原则被培育为智人。
威尔逊故意试图引起一片抗议声，他成功了。他声称，宗教、竞争与合作、奴役与种族灭绝、战争与和平、嫉妒与利他主义——所有这些都能从遗传编码角度加以解释。社会生物学这个新学科最终将吸收社会学以及人类学和心理学。
显然，大多数社会学家发现威尔逊的立场是完全不能接受的。威尔逊的立场不仅直接攻击他们(社会学家)的学科，而且还绕开社会学家所集中关注的本质问题：人类设计他们自己的文化，发展他们自己独特的生活方式。社会学家不否认遗传原则是人类行为的基础，至少不是这样的含义：发展人类文化需要高度发达的大脑；如果我们没有一个高度发达的大脑皮层，抽象的思维就不可能存在。
但是社会学家发现，人类行为是由于遗传编码而产生的说法完全是另一回事。猪的行为都一样是因为它们没有大脑皮层，控制它们行为的是本能。跳蚤、蜘蛛、鹿和大象等也是这样。但是人类远非仅仅受本能驱使。人类有抽象的思维，他们通过象征符号交流。他们讨论作为他们做事基础的原则，他们决定合理的行动方针，他们提出理由、目的和目标，他们考虑、深思和做出选择。总之，社会学家强调：我们不受我们基因的禁锢，这恰恰是我们在全世界开发了这么多迷人和截然不同的生活方式的原因所在。

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:22:11

U17 Industry and Agriculture
工业与农业
Needed: High-tech Skills
Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)
Notes
课文参考译文
练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

Needed: High-tech Skills

The skills to maintain high-technology systems are becoming as important as the creative skills that design the systems.
All across the country, buses, planes, utilities, even sewage treatment plants, miracles of modern science, are breaking down and proving unusable because we are unable to provide the companion miracle of modern maintenance.
The lack of skilled workers is most alarming in the area of nuclear power. Everyone is familiar with Three Mile Island, but numerous other dangerous incidents have been caused by carelessness or ignorance. In Virginia, the North Anna One nuclear plant was shut down when a worker’s shirt snagged a circuit breaker. Previously, employees at the same plant had jammed an emergency switch with a pencil and paper clip. At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician. At the Rancho Seco plant in California a similar incident occurred several years ago when a technician dropped a console light bulb into the wiring.
New safety requirements in the nuclear industry have created a need for more engineers and other technicians, while the fear of another Three Mile Island has led to greater emphasis on hiring qualified workers. But as the need has grown, the number of workers has not. The unpopularity of nuclear power on college campuses and its uncertain future have discouraged many students from entering the field. There was a 19-percent drop in the number of students receiving a bachelor of science in nuclear engineering in 1980, and a 10-percent drop in those taking a master’s. Regulators fear that plants, unable to find qualified workers, will lower their safety standards; in fact, one of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s regional offices recently ordered Toledo Edison Company to retract a series of promotions at its Davis-Bess nuclear plant. The promotions had gone to unqualified workers, they said, making the plant unsafe.
The panel studying the crash of the DC-10 in Chicago in 1979, which killed 273 people, listed improper maintenance as the starting point for the failures that led to the crash. That and similar findings have led the airline industry to worry that too many functions are being taken over by unqualified workers.
Both Houston, Texas, and Baltimore, Maryland, have plans to renovate old buses, at considerable expenses, because the new “advance design buses” manufactured by both General Motors and Grumman’s Flexible Industries (the only type currently available in the United States) have proved too difficult and expensive to maintain. Miami’s new air-conditioned buses broke down when the air conditioning was turned on. Houston has 150 of the General Motors buses, which have lifts for the handicapped, wide seating, air conditioning, and windows that don’t open. The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, making them unusable. Authorities solved the problem by removing the windows on forty of the buses, a short-term solution at best.Even the family automobile is becoming too complicated for most of us to fix. “There is already a competency crunch among the nation’s 525,000 auto mechanics,” says the president of the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence, which certifies mechanics. “We may already have passed the day when an individual could work on his own car,” asserts John Betti, a Ford vice-president.
What’s going to happen when we get artificial hearts? Unless we begin to fill the need for skilled technicians, we will be forced to abandon much of our technological infrastructure and return to older, simpler methods.
The high-tech repair problems we already face are testimony to the need for mechanically skilled engineers, technicians, and repair people. All of these are good occupational bets for the next twenty years. But better incentives will have to be created to attract and develop the skills needed to keep our technology practicable.

1. Modern technological innovations are breaking down because             .
［A］ they are not matched by a maintenance workforce
［B］ they are proved to be no miracles at all
［C］ they are usually innovations dangerous to the environment
［D］ it takes some time for them to become usable to their users
2. From the passage we learn that             .
［A］ high-technology systems are beneficial only when they are backed up by proper maintenance skills
［B］ safety programs are badly needed to ensure absolute safety of some nuclear utilities
［C］ many workers are good at maintaining some utilities but unable to bring about creative innovations of the systems
［D］ most workers do not believe they can do miraculous work in the field of modern maintenance
3. The Three Mile Island incident makes it clear that             .
［A］ high-technology can lead to disastrous result
［B］ there is a serious lack of skilled workers
［C］ new safety requirements are in urgent need
［D］ even a minor mistake in operation could blow up the whole facility
4. The unpopularity of nuclear power on college campuses can result in             .
［A］ the shortage of scientists in the field in the near future
［B］ an increasing likelihood of nuclear incidents
［C］ worsening designs of nuclear facilities
［D］ an end to the further development of nuclear programs
5. As a solution to the shortage of skilled engineers and other technicians, the writer proposes that             .
［A］ many more students be given the opportunity to enter related fields
［B］ programs be developed to give engineers and technicians retraining in the next twenty years
［C］ higher motivations be provided to attract more people into related fields
［D］ the present technological infrastructure be reexamined to ensure greater safety

答案与题解
1.［A］意为：它们缺乏一支保养力量与之相配。
参阅第二段。
2.［A］意为：只有被相应的保养技能支持时，高技术才是有益的。
  参阅第二段(本段实际上阐明了本文旨在说明的观点)和最后一段(本段实际上是文章的结论)。
3.［B］
  Three Mile Island的例子实际上用于说明第三段第一句说明的现象。另请参阅第四段。
4.［B］
  根据第四段，由于学生不再进入原子能专业学习，这会造成新一轮技术人才的缺乏，进而更可能导致核事故的发生。
5.［C］
  参阅文章最后一句。

Notes
1.  第二段第一句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是...， buses, planes， utilities, even..., ..., ..., are breaking down and proving...because we are unable to provide...。句中miracles of modern science起概括总结的作用。
2.  第五段第一句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是The panel studying the crash..., which ..., listed...maintenance as the starting point for the failures that...。句中which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰crash；后面that引导的定语从句修饰failures。failure在这里作“故障”讲。

课文参考译文

需要：高技术技能

保养高技术系统的技巧已变得像设计这些系统的创造性技巧一样重要。
在全国范围内，公共汽车、飞机、公用设施、甚至污水处理工厂等这些现代科学奇迹都出了毛病，都证明不能用了，因为我们不能提供与这些奇迹相伴的现代保养奇迹。
在核电领域缺乏技术熟练的工人的情况是最惊人的。人人都熟悉三里岛事件，但是许多其他危险的事故是由于疏忽和无知引起的。在弗吉尼亚州，北安娜一号核电厂关闭是因为一个工人的衬衫钩住了一个断路器。以前，同一个工厂的职工用一枝铅笔和一个回形针堵住了一个紧急开关。在佛罗里达州电力厂的克里斯特尔河工厂，放射性水泄漏的潜在严重事件可能是一个电工在不知不觉的情况下引起的。在加利福尼亚州的Rancho Seco工厂，几年前由于一位电工把仪表板上的一个灯泡掉进线路而引发了类似的事故。
核工业新的安全要求造成了对更多工程师和其他技师的需要，而害怕发生另一次三里岛事故已导致更加强调雇用合格的工人。但是在这种需要增加的同时，工人的人数并未增加。核电力在校园不受欢迎以及核电力前途未卜的情况使许多学生灰心而未进入这个领域。1980年攻读核工程理学学士学位的学生减少了19％，攻读硕士学位的学生减少了10％。管理人员担心这些核工厂在未能找到合格工人的情况下会降低安全标准；实际上，核管理委员会的地区办公室之一最近下令托莱多•爱迪生公司收回在戴维斯—贝斯核工厂的一连串提升。他们说，这些提升是提升了不合格的工人，使得这个工厂不再安全。
调查1979年DC-10飞机在芝加哥坠毁致使273人死亡事件的委员会把不适当的保养列为导致飞机坠毁的故障的起因。这次调查结果和类似的调查结果导致航空工业担心：太多的职位已被不合格的工人接任。
得克萨斯州的休斯敦和马里兰州的巴尔的摩都计划投入大量费用更新旧公共汽车，因为事实证明通用汽车公司和格鲁曼公司的灵活工业公司(美国目前仅有的类型)制造的新型“先进设计的公共汽车”太难保养，而且保养也太费钱。迈阿密的新型空调公共汽车在打开空调机后抛了锚。休斯敦有150辆通用汽车公司生产的公共汽车，上面装有为残疾人设计的升降机、宽大的座位、空调设备和打不开的窗户。去年夏天，几十辆新公共汽车上的空调机出了故障，无法使用，因而使这座城市陷入危机。政府通过拆除40辆公共汽车上的窗户的办法解决了问题，这充其量是一个短期解决问题的办法。即使家庭汽车也变得过于复杂而使得我们当中的大部分人无法修理。颁发机械师资格证书的全国汽车维修最佳学会会长说：“在全国52.5万汽车机械师中已出现了胜任资格危机。”福特汽车公司的一位副总裁约翰•贝蒂说：“我们可能已经过了个人能修理自己汽车的日子。”
在我们装上人工心脏的时候会出现什么情况？除非我们开始满足技术熟练技师的需要，否则我们就会被迫抛弃我们的大部分技术基础设施，并回到比较旧的和简单的方法。
我们已面临的高技术维修问题证明需要技术熟练的工程师、技师和维修人员。所有这些都是今后20年职业方面的好赌注。但是必须创造较好的鼓励措施以吸引和开发用以保持我们的技术具有实用价值的技巧。

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:23:21

U18  Law and the Society(Ⅱ)
法律与社会（二）

Trial by Jury, a Fundamental Right and a Flawed System
Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)
Notes
课文参考译文
练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

Trial by Jury, a Fundamental Right and a Flawed System

The right to a trial by jury is a fundamental part of the United States legal system. It is a right firmly rooted in our democratic tradition. The jury system provides a buffer between the complex and often inflexible legal system and the average citizen on trial. The right to be judged by a jury is a right that most Americans feel very strongly about. However, due to recent jury decisions, some critics are questioning the value of this institution.
Our jury system is by no means flawless. It is subject to constant scrutiny and debate concerning its merit and its downfalls. As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes. Psychological studies have been done on many aspects of jury behavior. Political scientists are also intrigued by juries and the manner in which they arrive at important decisions. Although most Americans believe in the jury system, there has been considerable controversy surrounding it lately. The public has become even more concerned about this institution recently. The outcomes of the Rodney King, the O.J. Simpson, and the Menendez brothers trials in Los Angeles and the dissatisfaction that followed the jury’s decisions are three examples of instances when the effectiveness of the jury system has come under fierce attack. From the public reaction to these decisions and others like them, it is very clear that the way in which juries reach their decisions is often as important to the American people as it is to the specific person on trial. Many people feel that the average jurist is not equipped to make the kinds of decisions they are faced with. These critics’ suggestions range from restructuring the system to totally eliminating it.
Most average Americans, I believe, feel that the right to a jury trial is a fundamental one, and its guarantees should be honored. These people would argue that laws are inflexible. They cannot deal with the individual circumstances in each case, but juries can take these into account. Still others believe that juries are favorable because they reflect the morals and values of the community they come from. Indeed, many proponents of the jury support the system because of a particular kind of jury bias, the tendency for jurors to place justice above the law.
Opponents of the system argue that juries are uneducated in legal procedures and should not be given the type of responsibility they have traditionally had. These people also argue that juries are biased. In fact, the psychological literature provides many examples of this bias. Jurors are less likely to punish a sad or distressed defendant, as opposed to a joyful one, apparently because the defendant is already being punished emotionally. Some opponents say that although juries are instructed not to pay attention to the media, they are more easily influenced by the news than judges. Critics of the jury system also point out that juries are expensive and are often unable to reach an agreement. They argue that the decisionmaking should be left up to the people who know the law, judges and lawyers.
In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness. These people suggest that juries receive instruction prior to hearing testimony. They argue that this would improve the system by providing some working legal knowledge for the jury as well as giving them an idea of what they are to listen for. Research has shown that exposing jurors to the laws involved in their decision-making resulted in significantly fewer verdicts of guilty. This finding suggests that lawyers and judges should have the responsibility of insuring that the jury is adequately informed of the legal issues at hand and the laws available to handle those issues.
On the whole, though, I feel that the American guarantee of trial by jury is a valuable one. I do feel, however, that in order to improve its utility, judges and lawyers need to accept the responsibility for educating the jury on relevant legal issues.

Reading Comprehension
1. Some critics are questioning the value of the jury system probably because          .
［A］ the jury system is unnecessarily complex and rigid
［B］ recent jury decisions are made against the democratic tradition
［C］ there is constant debate about its merit and its downfalls
［D］ some juries have made mistakes recently
2. Opponents of the jury system accuse jurors of             .
［A］ placing justice above the law
［B］ knowing nothing about the psychology of the accused
［C］ not having enough knowledge of the law
［D］ failing to consider individual circumstances of each crime
3. To which of the arguments does the author agree?
［A］ The jury system is flawed beyond remedy.
［B］ Some improvements should be made on the jury systems.
［C］ The jury system should be kept as it is.
［D］ The jury should be composed of judges and lawyers.
4. It can be inferred from the fifth paragraph that          .
［A］ the author is against the jury system
［B］ the jury is seldom adequately informed about the case it is hearing
［C］ better educated people should be selected for the jury
［D］ enough legal knowledge helps jurors make fairer decisions
5. The author’s attitude towards the jury system is          .
［A］ neutral       ［B］ biased       ［C］ negative       ［D］ positive

答案与题解
1.［D］
第一段最后一句指出，由于最近陪审团的几次裁决错误，某些批评者开始对这一体制的价值提出质疑。第二段提到了罗德尼•金等例子来说明陪审团错判，以及由此所引起的人们对这个制度的怀疑和批评。
2.［C］
参阅第二段倒数第二句、第四段第一句和第七句。
3.［B］
参阅最后一段，尤其是该段第二句。
4.［D］
第五段第五句提到，研究表明，如果让陪审员了解裁决过程中涉及的法律问题，判有罪的案件就会减少。这说明，律师和法官有责任让陪审团充分了解案件涉及的法律问题。由此推断，了解足够的法律知识对陪审员做出合理的判决非常重要。
5.［D］意为：肯定的。
重点参阅最后一段，尤其是本段第一句。

Notes
1. 第一段第三句中buffer作“缓冲区”讲。
2. 第二段第三句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是As is true..., juries are capable of...。
3. 第二段第八句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是The outcomes of..., the...,and the Menendez...trials...and the dissatisfaction...are three examples...when...。句中that followed the jury’s decisions是定语从句，修饰dissatisfaction；when引导的时间状语从句是修饰全句的。句中the Rodney King, the O.J. Simpson以及the Menendez brothers都是近年发生在美国的重大案件的当事人。
4. 第三段第四句是一个简单主从复合句。句架是...others believe that juries...because...community they come from。句中that引导名词从句，作believe的宾语;because在句中引导原因状语从句；they come from是省略了关系代词which的定语从句，修饰community。

课文参考译文

陪审团进行的审判——一项基本权利和有缺陷的制度

陪审团的审判权是美国法律制度的基本部分。这是牢牢扎根于我们的民主传统的权利。陪审团制度在复杂且往往不灵活的法律制度和受审的普通公民之间起缓冲作用。接受一个陪审团审判的权利是大多数美国人深有所感的一种权利。但是，由于最近陪审团做出的裁决，一些批评家对这个制度的价值提出了质疑。
我们的陪审团制度绝不是没有缺陷的。这个制度经常受到监督，并在涉及它的长处和衰落方面引起辩论。如同所有制度一样，陪审团也能犯错误。在陪审团行为的许多方面已进行了心理研究。陪审团和陪审团做出重大裁决的方式已激起政治科学家的好奇心。虽然大多数美国人相信这个陪审团制度，但是最近围绕这个陪审团制度已引起相当多的争议。公众最近对这个制度甚至更为关注。洛杉矶(法院)对罗德尼•金、欧•杰•辛普森和门内德兹兄弟三个案件的审理结果和陪审团做出裁决后引起的不满是陪审团制度的有效性遭到猛烈抨击的三个例证。从公众对这些裁决和其他类似裁决的反应可以非常明显地看出，陪审团做出裁决的方式对美国人民和对受审的具体人往往是同样重要的。许多人感到，普通的陪审团没有资格做出他们所面临的那类裁决。这些批评家提出了各种建议，有的建议调整这个制度，有的建议完全取消这个制度。
我相信，大多数美国平民都感到陪审团的审判权利是根本性的，陪审团的保证应当受到尊重。这些人会提出论据说法律是不容改变的。他们不能处理每个案件中的个别情况，但是陪审团可以考虑这些情况。另外也有一些人认为陪审团是有利的，因为陪审团反映出他们所在社区的道德规范和价值观。确实，许多主张实行陪审团制度的人支持陪审团制度是出于某种特有的陪审团偏见，即陪审员使正义高于法律的倾向。
反对这种制度的人提出的论据是，陪审团在司法程序方面没有受过教育，不应让他们承担他们历来承担的那种责任。这些人还提出这样的论据，即陪审团有偏见。实际上，心理学文献提供了许多这种偏见的例证。同快乐的被告相比，陪审员惩罚悲伤或痛苦的被告的可能性要小，这显然是因为被告已在感情上受到惩罚。一些反对者说，虽然陪审团已奉命不要注意媒体，但是他们更容易受新闻的影响，而不受法官的影响。对陪审团制度提出批评的人也指出，陪审团花费昂贵，而且经常无法达成一致意见。他们提出的论点是，做裁决的事应当留给懂法的人、法官和律师。
介于这两种极端意见之间的那些人同意整个陪审团制度，但是他们感到需要做一些变动以提高其效率。这些人建议陪审团在听证词之前先接受指导。他们的论据是，这样做会向陪审团提供一些适用于特定案件的法律知识，并向他们提示应该听什么证词，因而能改进这种制度。研究表明，陪审员如果了解与他们的裁决有关的法律，其结果是“有罪”的裁决将大大减少。这种研究结果表明，律师和法官有责任保证陪审团充分了解手头的法律问题和处理这些问题的法律。
但是，整体来说，我感到美国人由陪审团审判的保证是重要的。然而我的确感到，为了提高这个制度的功效，法官和律师需要承担在有关法律问题上培训陪审团的责任。

qingfengyue · 发表于 2006-8-17 20:24:15

U19  Globalization and Its Impact
全球化及其影响

The Big Squeeze
Reading Comprehension
(包括“答案与题解”)
Notes
课文参考译文
练习
   ●Cloze
●Reading Passages(包括“疑难长句翻译与注解”)
   ●Translation
●Writing(包括“审题指导”)

The Big Squeeze

Fifteen years after U.S. and European multinationals started shipping large numbers of manufacturing jobs overseas, experts are saying that the “second wave” of offshoring is at hand—and it promises to be bigger and more disruptive to the U.S. and European job markets than the first. In the years ahead, sizable numbers of skilled, reasonably well-educated middle-income workers in service-sector jobs long considered safe from foreign trade—accounting, law, financial and risk management, health care and information technology, to name a few—could be facing layoffs or serious wage pressure as developing nations perform increasingly sophisticated offshore work.
For Europe and the United States, that’s a troubling scenario at a time when there is already plenty of economic insecurity. The EU unemployment rate is 9 percent. U.S. job growth has been weak in the last few years, and real wages are falling at the fastest rate in 14 years. According to a recent report by McKinsey, many Western workers in crucial “skill-intensive industries will feel substantial pressure from low-cost countries for the first time.” And that competition will lead big firms in those sectors to buy products from developing nations, or even move plants abroad. The industries include auto parts, fabricated metals, machinery, pharmaceuticals and telecom equipment, which together account for nearly half of the manufacturing consumption in America. By 2015, notes McKinsey, those key “second-wave” industries will account for fully half of all U.S. imports from low-cost countries.
To be sure, China’s manufacturing might is still concentrated on the low end of the technology scale. And India’s fast-growing outsourcing industry which employs 1 million people and accounts for about $5 billion in exports remains dependent on call centers, telemarketing, data entry, billing and low-end software development. But both nations are poised to make great leaps forward over the next decade or two. China is obsessed with acquiring advanced manufacturing technology—including telecom and chip-making equipment—and often makes tech acquisition a part of negotiations with foreign investors. India has a deep pool of scientists, software engineers, chemists, accountants, lawyers and physicians who are steadily moving India’s IT-related outsourcing industry up the value-added chain.
Economists don’t believe that the next phase of offshoring will cause massive unemployment. But intense global competition could erode incomes and, hence, standards of living. Wages are not now tracking productivity gains. Europe faces an arguably more serious dilemma. If its companies start offshoring more, unemployment could rise—and with it the impulse to enact self-defeating protectionist laws. If it doesn’t offshore more aggressively, the Continent will lose global competitiveness and become something of a long-term loser itself.
No one can say with any authority just how much the West’s competitiveness might weaken over time. But there are suggestions that the technological edge that the U.S. and European companies have enjoyed might gradually disappear. According to the Washington-based Economic Policy Institute, the U.S. software industry lost 16 percent of its jobs in the three years from March 2001 to March 2004. That, in turn, may have dampened the enrollment of U.S. students in computer and engineering programs. As an official at the Washington Alliance of Technology Workers, a union group, asks: why major in computer science when technology jobs are headed offshore?
Europe and America must develop better strategies to compensate the workers who lose in the global trade game—and crucially, boost education and training efforts so that their workers acquire the “skill premium” they’ll need to get or stay ahead. Given the speed with which globalization is unfolding, there’s little time to lose.

1. The“second wave” of offshoring is characterized by             .
［A］ the sale of large numbers of manufactured goods to other countries
［B］ the flow of more job opportunities in skill areas to developing nations
［C］ the reduced ability of workers in advanced countries to keep their jobs
［D］ the rise of China and India as two strong competitors in IT industry
2. The U.S. firms will have to buy products from developing nations because             .
［A］ they cannot produce them all by themselves
［B］ the prices of the products are lower due to low cost
［C］ most big firms have already moved their plants abroad
［D］ the U.S. firms are finding themselves in big trouble
3. According to the author, China is becoming a serious threat to Europe and America as             .
［A］ it is acquiring more sophisticated technology
［B］ it floods the latter with technologically low-end products
［C］ it makes great leaps in developing communications equipment
［D］ it absorbs great amounts of overseas investment
4. Heightened competitiveness will result in             .
［A］ intensified confrontation between nations
［B］ massive unemployment in Europe and America
［C］ low share of European products in the world market
［D］lower wages relative to productivity
5. In face of the challenges from ongoing globalization, the author suggests that more attention be given to             .
［A］ the welfare of laid-off workers
［B］ the enactment of protectionist laws
［C］ education and worker-training programs
［D］ the“second wave” of offshoring

答案与题解
1.［B］意为：技术领域内更多就业机会流向发展中国家。
［A］意为：大量成品被卖往其他国家。
［C］意为：发达国家工人保留自己工作岗位的能力下降。
［D］意为：中国和印度作为IT产业内两个强劲的竞争者的兴起。
2.［B］意为：产品的价格由于低成本而更低。
第二段第三句提到发展中国家是低成本国家（low-cost countries），该段最后一句也提到美国从低成本国家进口产品。
［A］意为：他们自身不能生产所有这些产品。
［C］意为：多数大公司已经把工厂移到国外。
［D］意为：美国公司发现自己陷入巨大困境。
3.［A］意为：它逐渐获得更先进的技术。
  第三段提到，现在中国的生产能力主要集中在低端技术产品（也即技术含量不高的产品）上，但是在未来一二十年中，中国和印度都将产生飞跃发展。中国特别关心新技术的获得，经常把获取新技术作为同外来投资者谈判的一部分（条件）。下一段提到激烈的国际竞争使发达国家可能产生失业等问题。可见，作者的意思是：随着中国获得更先进的技术，其国际竞争力必然增强，从而给发达国家带来就业等方面的威胁。
  ［B］意为：它把低端技术产品倾销到后者。
  ［C］意为：它在开发通信设备方面产生巨大飞跃。
  ［D］意为：它吸收大量海外投资。
4.［D］意为：相对于生产率而言更低的工资。
  第四段第二、三句提到，激烈的国际竞争可能导致工人工资和生活水平的降低，现在，工资（的提高）已经赶不上生产率的提高。注意：这里并没有说工资不提高，而是指工资提高的幅度没有跟生产率提高的幅度成正比。
  ［A］意为：国家间加剧的对抗。
  ［B］意为：欧洲和美国大规模的失业。
  ［C］意为：欧洲产品在国际市场上的低份额。
5.［C］意为：教育和工人培训项目。
  作者在最后一段就欧美在全球化中面临的问题提出了解决方法，提到更重要的事情是努力发展教育和工人的培训。
  ［A］意为：失业工人的福利。
  ［B］意为：（贸易）保护法的制定。
  ［D］意为：转往国外的“第二次浪潮”。

Notes
1.be at hand：近在手边；即将到来。
2.outsourcing industry：外包产业（指商业上原来自行制造的部件改为国际采购或制造的产业）。
3.call center,telemarketing,data entry,billing and low-end software development：呼叫中心，电话营销，数据录入，广告，低端软件开发。
4.be obsessed with：使着迷于……。
5.a deep pool：一大批（deep 形容数量很大）。
6.value-added chain：增值链。
7.Wages are not now tracking productivity gains. 工资现在不跟着生产率增加了。
8.the technological edge：技术优势。edge 在文中是“优势”的意思。
9.in turn：这里表示转折，作“因而”讲。
10.skill premium：技术溢价（因为技术高而得到的额外补偿）。

课文参考译文

全球化

在美国和欧洲的跨国公司开始把大量生产岗位转往国外15年之后，专家们一直在说，转往国外的“第二次浪潮”即将出现，而且这次浪潮有可能比第一次浪潮大，对美国和欧洲就业市场的破坏作用可能更剧烈。在今后若干年中，在服务部门就业、数量可观、技术熟练且受过相当好的教育的中等收入的工人（这些职业长期以来被认为是不受外贸影响的安全职业，如会计、法律、金融和风险管理、保健和信息技术等），可能随着发展中国家承担越来越复杂的国外工作而面临被解雇的危险或受到严重的薪水压力。
对欧洲和美国来说，在已经出现许多经济不安全因素的时刻，上述情况令人担忧。欧盟的失业率目前是9%。美国就业增长在过去几年中一直是缓慢的，而且在14年中，实际工资一直在以最快的速度下降。据麦肯锡最近的一份报告说，在关键的“技术密集型产业的西方国家许多工人将第一次感受到低成本国家带来的巨大的压力。”这种竞争将导致那些部门的大公司从发展中国家购买产品，甚或把工厂转往国外。这些产业包括汽车零件、金属制品、机器、药品和电信设备，这些合在一起占美国工业制成品消费量的将近一半。麦肯锡报告指出，到2015年，那些关键的“第二次浪潮”产业将占美国从低成本国家进口的所有物资的整整一半。
毫无疑问，中国的制造能力仍集中在技术天平的低端。而印度快速发展的外包产业（这个产业雇用了100万人，出口额约为50亿美元）仍依靠呼叫中心、电话营销、数据录入、广告和低端软件开发。但是，中印两国都准备在今后一二十年中大跃进。中国特别关心获得先进的生产技术（包括电信和芯片制造设备），而且时常把获得技术作为与外国投资商谈判的部分内容。印度网罗了大批科学家、软件工程师、化学家、会计师、律师和医生，他们逐步把印度与信息技术有关的外包产业升级到增值链。
经济学家不相信转往国外的下一个阶段会引起大规模的失业。但是全球的激烈竞争可能损害（工人的）收入，从而损害生活水平。工资现在不跟着生产率增加了。欧洲面临的大概是更严重的进退两难处境。如果欧洲的公司开始更多地转往国外，那么失业就可能增加，而且随之而来的就是制定违背自身利益的保护主义法律的冲动。如果欧洲大陆的公司不更积极地转往国外，它就会在全球失去竞争力，它自己就会变成某种长期的失败者。
没有人能权威地说究竟西方的多少竞争力可能随着时间的推移而受到削弱。但是有人认为美国和欧洲的公司所享有的技术优势可能逐渐消失。据华盛顿经济政策研究所说，美国的软件产业在从2001年3月到2004年3月的3年期间削减了16%的工作岗位，因而可能已经减少了美国学习计算机和工程程序的大学生的就业机会。正如在华盛顿技术工人联盟（一个工会组织）任职的一位官员所问的那样：在技术职业转向国外的时候为什么还要主修计算机学科呢？
欧洲和美国必须制定较好的战略来补偿在全球贸易竞争中失败的工人，而且至关重要的一点是增强在教育和培训方面的努力，从而使他们的工人获得他们将需要的“技能溢价”来占据领先地位。鉴于全球化的展开速度，已经不能浪费时间了。

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