国际经济法笔记：INCOTERMS2000相关法律问题（原创）

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<br>INCOTERMS2000相关法律问题
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<br>    《国际贸易术语解释通则》由国际商会于1936年制订初版，规定买卖双方在交货（仅指有形货物）方面各自的权利义务以及责任、费用和风险的划分。已经六次修订，现为第七个版本，2000年1月1日起生效。未涉及事项有：所有权或其它产权的转移、违约行为及其后果、某些情况下的免责。\r<br>一、《Incoterms2000》对《Incoterms1990》的修改
<br>背景：①无关税区的广泛发展。使得有关清关、缴纳关税和办理海关手续的费用等规定已不再适应这些无关税区成员间的现实情况；②国际货物买卖中采用EDI和电子邮件增多，集装箱和多式联运在国际货物运输中的比重不断提高。1990版虽已有所考虑，但仍未能清楚界定有关费用的负担，有些规定则因脱离实际造成交易当事人履行困难；③FCA对不同交货地点装卸义务和相关费用的承担未有明确规定。\r<br>1、        FCA下装卸货义务有实质性变化。\r<br>1990版：根据7种运输方式区别7种交货要求，区分整箱货与拼装货，未\r<br>规定装卸货义务和堆场服务费负担。\r<br>2000版：简化了FCA术语的结构和内容，取消了不同运输方式和整箱货与\r<br>拼装货的区别，指出交货地点的选择就决定了在该地点装卸货义务的负担。卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方负责装货；若卖方在任何其它地点交货，卖方不负责卸货。货到场站后，卸货以及此后的一系列费用则由买方承担。\r<br>2、        对FAS和DEQ下办理清关手续和缴纳关税义务进行了重新调整。\r<br>FAS下由卖方办理出口清关手续，关由卖方自担风险和费用，取得任何出口\r<br>许可证或其它官方许可，包括缴纳海关手续费用、关税和其它费用。而在DEQ术语下，则改为由买方办理进口清关手续并在进口时支付一切办理海关手续的费用、关税、税款和其它费用。\r<br>3、        通过在双方当事人的清关义务项下补充条件限制用语“在需要办理清关\r<br>手续时”（where applicable），解决了《通则》在关税区内部的适用问题。\r<br>4、        CIF和CFR条件下提供租船合同副本的要求取消。因为卖方与船东之间
<br>经常有一些互惠安排，并不希望让第三人知悉，以保护商业秘密。\r<br>5、        赋予交易当事人选择超过船舷风险转移标准的自由\r<br>规定FOB、CFR、CIF仅适用于海运和内河运输。如当事人各方无意越过船舷\r<br>交货，则应选用FCA（或CPT、CIP）。\r<br>6、        其它修订
<br>改进了买卖双方义务列述方式；概念用语与相关公约接轨。\r<br>二、术语内容\r<br>1、        E组：（EXW）\r<br>卖方仅在自己的地点为买方备妥货物，属于实际交货条件（physical
<br>delivery）,不适宜采用信用证方式付款。\r<br>2、        F组（FCA、FAS、FOB）\r<br>共同特点是卖方必须按照买方的指示交运货物至买方指定的承运人，但卖方\r<br>并无义务订立运输合同或指定承运人。区别在于：（1）FCA可适用于任何运输方式，而FAS、FOB只适用于海洋和内河运输方式。（2）风险划分界限不同：FCA情况下如在卖方所在地交货，则当货物装上买方指定的承运人提供的运输工具时风险转移；如在其它地点交货则当货物在卖方的运输工具上尚未卸货但已交给买方指定的承运人处置时风险转移；FAS在买方指定的装运港装货的船边风险转移；FOB货物超过船舷时风险转移。（3）装卸费用负担：FCA卖方负责本地装货费用，买方负责它地卸货费用。FAS卖方不承担装船费用。FOB装卸费用取决于港口的习惯做法和载货船只经营方式。程租情况下除非港口有不同规定卖方要负担装船费用（最好通过合同明确约定装船费、理舱费和平仓费负担划分问题）。班轮情况下装船费用已经包括在班轮运费当中。\r<br>3、        C组（CFR、CIF、CPT、CIP）\r<br>共同点是卖方都必须按通常条件并承担费用订立运输合同。属于装运合同而\r<br>非到货合同，指定地点是费用所至地点而非交货地点。（1）CIF、CIP下，卖方办理运输保险并支付保险费用。（2）CFR、CIF交货地点仍然是装运港。（3）CIP、CPT下，卖方向承运人或第一承运人交货，风险从货物交由承运人时转移。\r<br>4、        D组DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP
<br>共同点是卖方负责将货物运至约定的目的港或目的地交货，并承担货物运至\r<br>目的地交给买方处置前的全部费用和风险，属于到货合同性质。（1）DAF关境前尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置，办妥出口清关手续。（2）DES目的港船上交给买方处置。DEQ区别在于码头上交货，卸货费用要由卖方承担。（3）DDU目的地运输工具上的货物交给买方处置。这三种术语下进口清关手续和海关税费都由买方负责。但（4）DDP卖方负责办理进口清关手续，并将运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置。\r<br>
<br>FOB （Free on board...named port of shipment）\r<br>“Free on Board” means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship’s rail, the FCA term should be used.
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<br>A  THE SELLER’S OBLIGATIONS
<br>B  THE BUYER’S OBLIGATIONS
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<br>A1  Provision of goods in conformity with the contract
<br>The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be required by the contract.
<br>B1  Payment of the price
<br>The buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.
<br>A2  Licenses, authorizations and formalities
<br>The seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export license or other official authorization and carry out, where applicable, all customs formalities for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any country.
<br>B2  Licenses, authorizations and formalities
<br>The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import license or other official authorization and carry out, where applicable, all customs formalities for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any country.
<br>A3  Contract of carriage and insurance
<br>a)  Contract of carriage    no obligation
<br>b)  Contract of insurance    no obligation
<br>B3  Contract of carriage and insurance
<br>a)  Contract of carriage    the buyer must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment.
<br>b)   Contract of insurance    no obligation
<br>A4    Delivery
<br>The seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at the named port of shipment and in the manner customary at the port on board the vessel nominated by the buyer.
<br>B4    Taking delivery
<br>The buyer must take delivery of the goods when have been delivered in accordance with A4.
<br>A5    Transfer of risks
<br>The seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have passed the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment.
<br>B5    Transfer of risks
<br>The buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods
<br>●        from the time they have passed the ship’s rail named port of shipment; and
<br>●        from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery which arise because he fails to give notice in accordance with B7, or because the vessel nominated by him fails to arrive on time, or is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.
<br>A6    Division of costs
<br>The seller must, subject to the provision of B6, pay
<br>●        all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have passed the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment; and
<br>●        where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.
<br>B6    Division of costs
<br>The buyer must pay
<br>●        all costs relating to the goods from the time they have passed the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment; and
<br>●        any additional costs incurred, either because the vessel nominated by him fails to arrive on time, or is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, or because the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and
<br>●        where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and for their transit through any country.
<br>A7    Notice to the buyer
<br>The seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.
<br>B7    Notice to the buyer
<br>The seller must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and required delivery time.
<br>A8    Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
<br>The seller must provide the buyer at the seller’s expense with the usual proof of delivery in accordance with A4.
<br>Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document, the seller must render the buyer, at the latter’s request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining a transport document for the contract of carriage (for example, a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, or a multimodal transport document).
<br>Where the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.
<br>B8    Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message
<br>The buyer must accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A8.
<br>A9    Checking-packaging-marking
<br>The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4.
<br>The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to ship the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport (for example modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
<br>B9    Inspection of goods
<br>The buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection expect when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
<br>A10    Other obligation
<br>The seller must render the buyer at the latter’s request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of shipment and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any country.
<br>The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for procuring insurance.
<br>B10    Other obligations
<br>The buyer must pay all costs and charges in obtaining the documents or equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.
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