陪你一起走过考研的日子之阅读篇（分论题型篇）

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陪你一起走过考研的日子之阅读篇（分论题型篇）

(摘自厦大考研网)

                                                感谢craig557网友提供资料

一、中心思想题
中心思想题的概述：考研英语阅读中是否有中心思想题？传统的阅读理论中是有的，这一点是没有疑问的。但是在考研中准确的说是没有中心思想题的。因为大家应该还记得我们只有在小学的时候老师在讲语文课本时才会问我们一篇文章的中心思想的，但是到了初三以后老师就不再问我们文章的中心思想了，而是改问一篇文章的论点是什么？究其原因，因为从初三起我们学习的全部是议论文，对于议论文而言，我们只说它的论点是什么而不说它的中心思想是什么；小学学习的全是记叙文，只有记叙文才有中心思想。又因为上篇我们已经说过，所有考研的阅读理解的文章都是来源于美国国内发表的议论文，因此我们说在考研英语阅读中实际上是没有什么中心思想题的，只有论点题。但是我们的“大家”们一直认为有中心思想题，所以为了便于大家接受，我们在这里依旧把这样的论点题称为中心思想题。
中心思想题解题方法：我们的民族的历史文学里是没有议论文这样的文体的，或者说议论文是一个在近现代随着西方的炮火进入我们的文明的文学体裁。既然我们写议论文的模式是模仿西方的，那就是说我们在课堂上学到的写议论文的方法是完全和美国人写议论文的方法相吻合的。换句话说，就是，我们的论点写在什么地方那么美国人的论点也是写在那个位置。而我们在写议论文的时候论点有两种写法：一写在第一段第一句；二写在第一段最后一句。而且我们在文章结束的时候会在最后一段开头和结尾句写一些对第一段论点相呼应的句子。所以我们坚信，考研英语阅读的文章的论点必然在文章的第一段的首、末句中产生，而且最后一段首、末句对此论点予以呼应。也就是说，要找一篇文章的论点就看文章的首、末段的首、末句，它们共同指向的内容就是我们的论点。
因此，在考研英语中，要找一篇文章的中心思想就是找这个文章的论点，要找论点就看这个文章的首、末段的首、末句。答案必然在这个4句话中产生。在很多时候我们在读完这个4句话后发现，我们即使把这个4句话翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点，这个时候不是说我们就没有办法找到答案了。
事实上，在历年的真题里几乎所有的中心思想题我们都是不知道论点的，但是这个并不影响我们解题的。这个时候我们应该进入第2个解题的思维：选择最佳答案，而不是正确答案。如果一个选项是文章讲到的内容，但是却不是这个4句话讲到的内容，我们依旧不能选这个选项，因为该选项不是论点，最多是个论据而已。如果一个选项这个4句话没有讲到，而且文章根本就没有在任何段落提到，那么也不选，属于和文章无关的选项，但是在考试中我们发现有很多人选择无关选项，究其原因，是因为其实考研英语阅读是没有正确答案的，只有最佳答案，有的时候4个选项都是正确或错误的，但你必须选择一个最为接近原文意思的选项，而在有3个错误1个无关的时候就有人会选择无关的，其实无关选项是永远不能做正确答案的。如果一个选项和原文的意思相反那么也不选。如果有2个选项和原文4句话的意思相符合，那么还要比较哪个选项的意思最为符合原文4句话的意思，选择最全面概括这个4句话的选项。
二、 主旨大意题
主旨大意题是中心思想题中的一种最为典型的题型。解题方法如上文。
例1、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

54．The passage is mainly about .(1994)
(A) how American goods are produced
(B) how American consumers buy their goods.
(C) how American economic system works
(D) how American businessmen make their profits

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A选项是原文讲到的选项，原文第一段最后一句话说that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it，因此A是正确的，但是我们不能立刻就选A，因为我们在找最佳答案，既然是最佳就要有4个选项的比较，完全有可能4个选项都是正确的，但是只能选择一个；B选项是原文第一段最后一句讲到的，the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，因此B也是正确的，符合原文意思的；C选项原文四句话都讲到了，但是美国经济模式的运作的范围很显然大于这个4句话的范围。D选项在原文第一段的最后一句也讲到了desire of businessmen to maximize profits，因此D也是正确符合原文意思的。4个选项都是正确的，但是不同的是A、B和D只是在原文的第一段的最后一句讲到了，很显然C选项概括了4句话的全部内容，因此因该选择C。

例2、One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon-it's already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

58. What is this passage mainly about? (1994)
(A) Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
(B) conveniences brought about by computers in business.
(C) Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
(D) Advantages of credit cards in business.

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是电脑的商业使用的方法，文章在最后一段讲到了电脑的商业使用的问题，因此A是符合原文意思的；B的意思是商业中电脑带来的便利，原文讲到了B选项，明显的证明是bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers，所以B也是正确并符合原文意思的；C的意思是自动化在商业企业中的重要性，文章4句话没有讲到自动化的问题，更没有讲到什么重要性，因此C是和原文无关的选项；D的意思是商业中信用卡的重要性，文章在第一段的第一句话就讲到了信用卡，但是没有讲到信用卡的重要性，因此D也是无关选项；因此这个题目的答案必然在A和B中产生。这个时候我们应该比较A和B有什么不同的地方。我们发现A强调的是“方法Approaches”而B强调的是“便利conveniences ”，很显然文章着重讲解的是电脑带来的便利，因此这个题目应该选B


例3、Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding-the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schoerrorps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

61. This passage mainly deals with . (1994)
(A) the differences of children in their learning capabilities
(B) the definition of exceptional children in modern society
(C) the special educational programs for exceptional children
(D) the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是孩子在学习能力上的不同，但是文章的4句话并没有讲到学习能力的问题，因此是无关选项；B的意思是例外的孩子（弱智儿童）在现代社会的定义，文章4句话虽然讲到了exceptional children，但是并没有给它下定义，因此也是无关选项；C的意思是针对exceptional children的特别的项目，文章在最后一段讲到了这个问题；D的意思是调整教育以适应那些exceptional children的必要性，文章也讲到了；因此答案必然在C和D中产生，那就比较它们的不同，发现一个强调项目，一个强调必要性，而文章的4句话是强调必要性的多一点，因此应该选D；

例4、Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor betweegogo and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot populatiogogotationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
20. The passage is mainly about . (1998)
(A) the features of volcanic activities
(B) the importance of the theory about drifting plates
(C) the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
(D) the process of the formation of volcanoes

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是火山运动的特征，该4句论点句并没有讲到这个问题，因此属于无关选项；B的意思是漂流板块理论的重要性，4句论点句也没有谈到漂流板块的问题，同A；C的意思是 hot spots在地球物理学研究中的重要性，文章讲到了hot spots的重要性，那么讲到地球物理学了吗？其实火山运动不就是地球物理学的一部分吗？因此看一个选项讲到没有，不应该仅仅看有没有一样的单词文章中出现没有，而且还要看相近意思的单词或句子出现没有，因此C是符合原文意思的正确选项，但是不能立刻选择，因为我们找的是最佳答案；D的意思是火山构成的过程，虽然这个4句话讲到了火山，但是没有谈及火山构成过程的问题，属于无关选项；因此这个题目应该选C；



例5、When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:‘Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty five kilograms. ’
This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?

9. This passage is mainly .(2000)
(A) a survey of new approaches to art
(B) a review of Futurist poetry
(C)about merits of the Futurist movement
(D) about laws and requirements of literature

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是对于搞艺术的新方法的调查，很显然文章4句话没谈到什么调查的问题，因此属于无关选项；B的意思是对于 Futurist poetry的回顾，表面上看4句话没有谈到这个问题，其实回顾包括了Futurist poetry的各个方面，它的范围远远大于文章4句话的内容，因此该选项是属于意思范围大于原文的选项，因此与原文意思是相吻合的，但是不能立刻就选，我们还要看看其他选项，从而确定哪个是最佳答案；C的意思是Futurist movement的优点，这里没有谈到什么优点，所以也属于无关选项；D的意思是与原文最后一段的第一句话意思相反的，所以不选；因此这个题目的最后最佳答案是B；


例6、Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticigogoo many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

59. What is the passage mainly about?(2001)
(A) needs of the readers all over the world
(B) causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
(C) origins of the declining newspaper industry
(D) aims of a journalism credibility project

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是全世界读者的需要，但是文章第一段已经告诉我们文章谈及的对象仅仅是美国的读者，而且我们的论点是为什么读者不满意，因此这个选项不选；B的意思是公众对于报纸失望的原因，符合文章论点句（第一段的文句一般就是论点句），因此该选项正确，但未必是最佳答案；C的意思是走下坡路的报纸行业的起源，这个问题文章根本就没讲到，文章是问读者不满意的不相信的原因；D的意思是 记者业可信度项目的目的，虽然讲到了这个问题，但是它不是论点句，所以这个题目应该选择B；

三、 标题题
标题题是指要求我们给一篇文章选一个标题的题目。因为我们在考研英语阅读中所有的文章都是议论文，所以我们要按照给议论文选标题的习惯和方法来解答。我们在写议论文的时候，一般标题和论点是相关的，而且是一针见血的指明论点的。所以要问一篇文章的标题就问这个文章的论点，而文章的论点必然是在首、末段的首、末句中产生的，因此标题类题目的答案必然是一个在意思内容上最全面概括首末段首末句这个4句话意思范围的选项。
例1、What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors ; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial”thinking about things technological.
Why megogoe schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman. ”
A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process… The designer and the inventor… are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist. ”
This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. , like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. ”
When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

16. The best title for this passage might be .(1996)
(A) Inventive Mind (B) Effective Schooling
(C) Ways of Thinking (D) Outpouring of Inventions
解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是发明创造的思想，表面看这个选项文章没有谈到，但是再仔细看看就发现其实A的意思范围包括了B和C，B和C都在文章最后一段的第一句话中产生即 schools,和spatial thinking，因此在这个三个选项中如果有正确答案的话只能是A；D的意思是发明创造的出现，文章讲到这个问题，但是文章第一段的文句论点句，很显然文章是想找的Outpouring of Inventions的原因，但Outpouring of Inventions是结果，所以D犯了个因果倒置的错误。所以这个题目选A；

例2、If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group or managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that's God.” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor.”
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a positierrors and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.

45. The best title for the text may be .(2002)
(A) Use Humor Effectively (B) Various Kinds of Humor
(C) Add Humor to Speech (D) Different Humor Strategies

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是有效果的使用幽默，文章讲到了这个问题，比如对经理应该说秘书的不是，而对于秘书应该说经理的不是；B的意思是各种各样的幽默，这个文章没有讲到，文章虽然讲到了幽默，但是没有谈到幽默的种类的问题；C的意思是把幽默添加到演讲里，在文章最后异端的最后一句话里讲到了这个问题；D的意思是不同的幽默的战略，很显然这个在第一段最后一句话也谈到了；所以可以成为正确答案的是A、C和D；但是只能选一个最佳答案，我们发现A的意思范围包括了C和D，因此这个题目的最佳答案是A

三、 目的题
目的题包括全文目的题和局部目的题。当我们问一篇文章的写作目的是什么的时候就是问这一篇议论文的写作目的，而议论文的写作目的总是为了说明文章的论点，所以全文目的题的答案也是在首末段首末句中产生，但是由于考研里已经考查了主旨大意题和标题题，所以再考全文目的题就是一个简单的重复，因此在历年的真题里几乎不考全文目的题，在这里我们也不详细的讲解该题型。局部目的题是问作者或他人对文章的局部问题的写作目的。因此从本质上讲局部目的题和全文的论点没有直接的关系，它的答案也不是在首末段的首末句中产生的。
这种题目的解题步骤如下：
第一步：看题干确定情感态度的主体，如果主体是作者我们一般是根据局部对象找到出题句（得分句）；如果主体是其他人，我们一般根据该其他人的名字或称呼来找到出题句（得分句）；
第二步：找到出题句（得分句）后就用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法解读这句话的意思，寻找作者或他人的局部目的；
第三步：如果在出题句（得分句）中找不到局部目的，那么就要求助于本出题句（得分句）的辅助句（就是辅助我们读懂出题句的句子）。一般出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的第一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的所有文字；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的最后一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的倒数第二句；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的中间一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是本句话的前一句和后一句。这个题目的正确答案必然在这个题目的得分句和辅助句中产生。
第四步：寻找最佳答案；
例1、Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding-the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schoerrorps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

59. In paragrah 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that . (1994)
(A) the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
(B) exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
(C) exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
(D) the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
解析：
第一步：看题干确定情感态度的主体，如果主体是作者我们一般是根据局部对象找到出题句（得分句）；如果主体是其他人，我们一般根据该其他人的名字或称呼来找到出题句（得分句）；根据本题的题干知道本题没有谈到局部情感态度的主体，只提到了the leading actor on the stage这个情感态度的对象，因此根据该对象我们在文章的第二段的第二句话找到了出题句（得分句）；
第二步：找到出题句（得分句）后就用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法解读这句话的意思，寻找作者或他人的局部目的；这句话的意思是当主角在舞台上抓住了我们的注意力的时候，我们意识到了配角和戏剧场景本身的重要性。因此文章谈到主角的目的很显然是为了说明配角和戏剧场景也很重要，但是没有这样的选项，所以我们要求助于辅助句；
第三步：如果在出题句（得分句）中找不到局部目的，那么就要求助于本出题句（得分句）的辅助句（就是辅助我们读懂出题句的句子）。一般出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的第一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的所有文字；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的最后一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的倒数第二句；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的中间一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是本句话的前一句和后一句。这个题目的正确答案必然在这个题目的得分句和辅助句中产生。本题的辅助句是第二段的第一句和第三句；
第四步：寻找最佳答案；A的意思是exceptional children的成长与他们的家庭和社会有很大关系，文章第一个辅助句讲到了，所以是正确的，但是不能立刻就选A，因为我们寻找的是最佳答案；B的意思是exceptional children比普通的孩子更容易受到他们家庭的影响，文章得分句和辅助句都没有比较两者，所以是文章没有提及的选项不选；C的意思是exceptional children是家庭和社会兴趣的核心，所以是文章没有提及的选项不选；D的意思是社会的需要比exceptional children的需要更加重要，所以是文章得分句和辅助句都没有提及的选项不选；因此这个题目最后选择A；

例2、“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know igogo microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But, ” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available. ”
This year, 50 percent of the 910, 000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process, ” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays. ”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. “First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”

63. The example of Pasteur in the passage in used to .(1994)
(A) predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
(B) indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
(C) prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
(D) warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered

解析：
第一步：看题干确定情感态度的主体，如果主体是作者我们一般是根据局部对象找到出题句（得分句）；如果主体是其他人，我们一般根据该其他人的名字或称呼来找到出题句（得分句）；根据本题的题干知道本题没有谈到局部情感态度的主体，只提到了Pasteur这个情感态度的对象，因此根据该对象我们在文章的第一段的最后一句话找到了出题句（得分句）；
第二步：找到出题句（得分句）后就用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法解读这句话的意思，寻找作者或他人的局部目的；这句话的意思是想想Pasteur这个人吧，他发现了很多种感染的原因，但是那是在五、六十年后人们才有了治疗方案；所以文章说Pasteur的目的就是为了说明治疗方案在人们发现感染原因很久后才知道。但是没有这样的选项，所以我们要求助于辅助句；
第三步：如果在出题句（得分句）中找不到局部目的，那么就要求助于本出题句（得分句）的辅助句（就是辅助我们读懂出题句的句子）。一般出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的第一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的所有文字；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的最后一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的倒数第二句；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的中间一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是本句话的前一句和后一句。这个题目的正确答案必然在这个题目的得分句和辅助句中产生。本题的辅助句是第一段的倒数第二句；
第四步：寻找最佳答案；A的意思是预言癌症的秘密将要会在10年后被揭露，文章得分句和辅助句都没有讲到，所以是无关选项；B的意思是暗示治疗癌症的前景是光明的，文章也没有谈到治疗癌症前景的问题，所以是文章没有提及的选项不选；C的意思是证明癌症在50、60年后会得到治疗，文章得分句和辅助句也没有谈到，所以是文章没有提及的选项不选；D的意思是在癌症得到征服前我们还有很长的路要走，因此这个题目最后最佳选择D；

panda511

谢谢楼住了啊!!!!!