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政党通过给选民一个承诺来获得统治与执行新政的权力,这就是民主的工作过程。
而美利坚合众国的政府运作流程却是这样的:政党通过给选民一个承诺来获得席位,除非六十个参议院都隶属于你,否则不能说有统治权。
去年是一个历史上少见的用冗长演说捣乱之年。
参议员汤姆·尤德尔打算改变参议院的陈规,因为回归宪法,你根本找不到有关多数天然正义的依据,他十分精彩的论证了与我们经常听到的相反,少数服从多数根本不是一个放之四海而皆准的原则,而且这也并不是长久以来形成的传统。实际上这还是因为共和党发现自己属于少数派之后才发展起来的理论。
汤姆·沙勒认为,因为守旧派不愿意做出多少改变,所以多数派体制使美国有着右倾的政策。可布什不是做了很多改变吗?某种程度上吧。但布什政府的所有政策总结起来不就是透支未来吗。无资金支持的减税,无资金支持的医保改革,无资金支持的战争,诸如此类数不胜数。布什从未证明过负责任地管理美国是可能的,因为他根本没尝试过。
尤德尔的理论是正确的。我们需要改变参议院。否则,我们将会亲手将祖国缔造为香蕉共和国。
译者注1:保罗·克鲁格曼(Paul R. Krugman, 1953 年-)美国经济学家。保罗·克鲁格曼是自由经济学派的新生代, 理论研究领域是贸易模式和区域经济活动。目前是普林斯顿大学经济系教授。2008年获诺贝尔经济学奖。这是他发表在纽约时报他的专栏《自由派的良知》上的观点。
译者注2:香蕉共和国:是一个经济体系属于单一经济(通常是经济作物如香蕉、可可、咖啡等)、拥有不民主或不稳定的政府,特别是那些拥有广泛贪污和强大外国势力介入的国家的贬称。通常指中美洲和加勒比海的小国家。这里泛指执政能力很弱的国家。
英文原文:(纽约时报,2010年1月27日)
The Curse Of The Supermajority
Paul Krugman
Here’s how democracy works: political parties that make an effective appeal to voters get the right to govern and implement new policies.
Here’s how the United States government works: political parties that make an effective appeal to voters get seated — but can’t govern unless they have 60 Senators.
The past year has been a spectacular demonstration of the crippling effect of the filibuster on America’s ability to deal with, well, anything.
Sen. Tom Udall is proposing a change in Senate rules, going back to the Constitution — which says nothing about supermajorities. Here’s his very good analysis, including a demonstration that the universal requirement for supermajorities isn’t, contrary to what you often hear, isn’t a long-standing tradition; it’s something that only developed recently, and mainly since Republicans found themselves in the minority.
Tom Schaller argues that the supermajority gives American policy a center-right bias, since conservatives don’t want to do much. But didn’t Bush manage to do a lot? Yes, in a way. But the thing about Bush policies were that they were all buy-now-pay-later: unfunded tax cuts, unfunded expansion of Medicare, unfunded wars. Bush never demonstrated that it’s possible to govern America responsibly, because he never tried.
Udall is right. We need to fix the Senate. Otherwise, we’re headed for full banana-republic status.
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