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2009考研翻译笔记(主讲:唐静)
一、考研翻译的三大基本问题
(一)考研翻译的解题“奥秘”
做真题,而不是看翻译
做翻译=写汉字
46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
(二)考研翻译的题型、命题原则和考试内容
1、题型 ①大的方面:主观题——汉字 书写工整 ②小的方面:阅读题
没有必要通读全文
有些情况下,需要阅读划线句子的上下文
划线句子有代词,需要读上下文
2、命题原则
①体裁偏向学术文献,比较抽象
②题材偏向文科领域(1998年理科的)
③划线的句子长30个字左右,为长难句
3、考试内容=考点
1)考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释
(1)专有名词
人名、地名、国家名称、术语、组织机构名称
(2)专业术语
Big Bang大爆炸理论
inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论
SARS非典
(3)学科术语
anthropoloist人类学家
anthropological人类学的
inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论
SARS非典
(4)词组
as……as by means of
home appliances家用电器
die out灭绝
(5)多义词:
school 学派 before以前 serve起作用
life 生命、生活
(6)熟词生义
set (成套)设备;集、集合
offend 冒犯;排污超标;污染超标
particle 粒子
(7)生词:超纲词
2)考察一般性翻译技巧,包括词序调整、词义选择
A、词序调整:即改变英语单词在汉语译文中的先后顺序
46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
在联系不同民族和国家方面,电视也许以前没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此重大的作用。
例如:I studied very hard in the classroom at 6 every morning. 我每天早晨六点钟在教室认真学习。
B、词义选择:即选择一个单词的意思来翻译,解决单词问题(单词不认识怎么办)
词义选择的方法:
a、分析词根、词缀
multimedia 多媒体,传媒
determinism 决定论
methodology 方法论
anthropological 人类学的
b、分析上下文来翻译:①借生词的上下文来造句
人类有能力______环境 (改造/征服/适应)
Television is one of the meas.
(电视是一种工具/方式/媒介)
②借助上下文或根据汉语习惯做同义替换
aspect方面
P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.
deal with 处理,解决 aspect在这里为“问题”
P10-50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”
处理挑战?deal with在这里为“应对/解决”
在应对(面对/解决)如此大规模的挑战的时候,…
P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.
优雅的系统? elegant“完善的、完美的、优良的”
3)考察具体句型的翻译
包括定语从句、状语从句、被动结构
(三)考研翻译的方法
直译为主,适当意译
直译不等于死译
考研翻译的标准和步骤:
1、标准:准确、通顺、完整
严复:信、达、雅
傅雷:神似
钱钟书:化境
2、衡量的方式:读
3、翻译步骤:
第一步:通读全句、查找连接
第二步:分析成分、划分意群
第三步:选择词义、表达贴切
第四步:适当调整、书写译文
考研翻译步骤例题:P7
61)One difficulty is that / almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to / states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature ,and so on.
第一步:通读全句、查找连接
第二步:分析全句,划分译群
主语:one difficulty 谓语:is that引导的表语从句
从句的主语:almost all of what is called behavioral science(被动) 谓语:continues
第一个to:不定式的符号 第二个to:介词的符号,后接名词4个名词:states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature作并列宾语
第三步:选择词义表达
1、 one 一个 difficulty 困难 is 是 that almost 几乎 all 所有 what is called 被称之为 behavioral science 行为科学 continue 继续 trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪 behavior 行为 第二个to 到 states of mind 心理状态 feelings感觉、感情、情感 character 性格 train 特征 human 人类 nature大自然;本性 and so on 等等
第四步:适当调整、书写译文
2、 one 一个 difficulty 困难 is 是→在于 that almost 几乎 all 所有 what is called 被称之为→所谓的 behavioral science 行为科学……(不通顺)
3、 one 一个 difficulty 困难 is 是→在于 that almost 几乎 all 所有→全部 what is called 被称之为→所谓的 behavioral science 行为科学……(不通顺)
4、 将all放在behavioral science 后:一个 困难 在于所谓的行为科学 几乎 全部 都(加上)continue继续 trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪 behavior 行为 第二个to 到……(不对劲)
5、 第二个to 到换为根据:一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都 continue继续 trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪 behavior 行为 第二个to 根据……(还不对劲)
6、 第二个to 根据放到trace跟踪前:一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都根据 心理状态 情感 性格特征 人类本性 等等 方面(加上) 继续 追踪 行为(差不多了)
“根据”换为“依靠”,后加“从”; “继续追踪行为”替换为“寻找行为的根源”完成翻译:难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都依靠从心理状态、情感、性格特征、人类本性、等等方面寻找行为的根源。
63)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago ,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
一、通读:为and划分的并列结构
二、1、第一句主语:The role of natural selection in evolution 谓语was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago:时间状语
翻译第一句主语:natural自然 selection选择 in 在 evolution进化 过程中(加上) The role的作用
翻译状语:only a little more than a hundred years ago 仅仅在100多年前
翻译谓语:formulate(没背过……)
formulate v. formla 公式、方程式、等式
molecular formula 分子式 hedge fund 对冲基金 NASDAQ纳斯达克
formulate:(用公式、方程式…)阐明,为常考单词
第一句话翻译:自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅仅在100多年前才阐明。
2、第二句主语:the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual
翻译第二句environment 环境 shaping 塑造 and和 maintaining保持 behavior of the individual 个体行为的选择 is only beginning to 才刚刚开始 be recognized and studied认识和研究
完全翻译:自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅仅在100多年前才(得以)阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为的选择作用(则)刚刚开始(加以)认识和研究。
翻译考点——定语从句
一、定语从句的翻译
绝对重点、绝对考点、绝对考
1、前置定语从句
即把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面
例1:P8 (61)Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modity the environment in which they live ,thus subjecting all other ;life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
furthermore 而且,进一步说
furthermore /therefore /hence /thus因此、从而(为常考词)
humans 人类have 有ability 能力
modity:(人类)改造(环境),根据上下文判断
in which引导定语从句,they live前置
上半句:而且,人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境;
subject sth. to sth. 使遭受、使……服从于……
subject n. 科目、学科、课程、主题、对象(为常考词)
v.使遭受、使经历、使……服从于……
the subject of experiment 实验的对象
P1-75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
新的思维方式和思维对象
life form 生命形式、生活方式(根据上下文)
peculiar 特有的;独特的
peculiar… to… 所特有的
P4-74)concepts peculiar to
idea:想法;观点
完全翻译:而且,人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境,从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
例2:P3 71)But even more important ,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past ,for① what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago .
①for 表并列,所连接的主语:what they were seeing;谓语为were,系动词;他们所看到的
表语:the patterns and structures
that existed 15 billion years ago,定语从句
①for前的并列结构中,it was…that,为强调结构句
●强调结构的翻译方法:还原强调部分后直接翻译
强调部分the farthest 最远的,放到后面
前半句:但是更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象
pattern:模式/形状 structure:结构
翻译:但是更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前就存在的形状和结构。
(后面一堆废话)
例3:P9-62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
这句话,果在前因在后,用“之所以…是因为”来翻译。
be obliged to sb:感谢,感激
be obliged to do sht:被迫做某事,有责任做事情
some of these languages=some languages其中一些
P1-71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.
since:自从…以后(来)(后面有数字);从此以后(无数字,作状语)
them指的是前面的languages;die out灭绝;灭亡
assimilate同化 native languages本族的语言、母语
at a lost:不知所措,迷茫
take lost:亏损;
完整翻译:我们之所以应该感谢他们是因为其中一些语言已经消失,由于那些说这些语言的民族已经灭亡或者被同化,进而失去了他们的母语。
例4:P1- 72) This trend began during the Second World War ,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientic establishment cannot generally cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
主句:This trend began during the Second World War 从句由when引导,从句主语:several government谓语:came to the conclusion 后接that引导的同位语从句
同位语从句的主语:the specific demands 后接that引导的定语从句that a government wants to make of its scientic establishment 同位语从句的谓语:cannot generally cannot generally be foreseen in detail
This trend began during the Second World War
这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间, |
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