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发表于 2006-7-25 12:30:45
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[7] Hedley Bull,“International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach”, pp.83-84.<br /><br />[8] Donald J. Puchala, Theory and History in International Relations, New York and London: Routledge, 2003; Roy Preiswerk,“Could We Study International Relations as if People Mattered?” in Gordon Feller, Sherle R. Schwenninger, Diane Singerman,eds., Peace and World Order Studies: A Curriculum Guide, 3rd edition, New York: Transnational Academic Program, Institute of World Order, 1981, pp.2-23; K.J. Holsti, “Scholarship in an Era of Anxiety: The Study of International Politics during the Cold War”, in Tim Dunne, Michael Cox, and Ken Booth, eds., The Eighty Years’ Crisis: International Relations, 1919- 1999, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp.37-38.<br /><br />[9] Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1994.<br /><br />[10] Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, p.ix.<br /><br />[11] 兰克强调:最重要的国家利益是他所说的“政治利益”,即国家在对外关系中维护自身独立和争取权势,它支配和决定其他国家利益;国内生活中的意识形态或利益问题,从属于国际权势政治和国家对外地位。这是兰克用以解释现代历史和评判时事的一项原则,名曰“对外政策第一”。见时殷弘、郝莹:《利奥波德·冯·兰克的国际政治观》,载《欧洲》,1998 年第4 期,第4-10 页。<br /><br />[12] 兰克认为,“关于大革命的原因已经有了许多讨论,而且人们是在绝不可能找到的地方去寻找它们。在我看来,最重要的原因之一是导致FaGuo政府声誉扫地的FaGuo国际地位的变化。……因其他生气勃勃的国家的兴起(正是这些国家减抑了FaGuo先前的势力)而来的所有状况,都被FaGuo人归咎于它们对外政策的无能,归咎于它们国内情势的确实无可否认的堕落。FaGuo国内的改革运动由此而起,它太快地转变成了一场革命,而它从一开始也正是针对外部世界的”。参见Leopold von Ranke, “The Great Powers”, in Georg G. Iggers and Konrad von Moltke, eds., The Theory and Practice of History, Indianapolis: The Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc., 1973, p.91。<br /><br />[13] Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, pp.51-52.<br /><br />[14] Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, p.x.<br /><br />[15] John Lewis Gaddis, “Living in Candlestick Park”, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1999; 引语见该文最后一段。<br /><br />[16] G. P. Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century, Boston: Beacon Press, 1959, chapter 10;以下关于基佐的引语见该书第181~182 页。<br /><br />[17] 《马克思恩格斯选集》第四卷,北京:人民出版社,1972 年版,第332 页。<br /><br />[18] 然而,也需要指出,基佐和“政治学派”有着倘若偏重宏观史(特别是“科学的”宏观史)就容易有的一大弊端,即履行不了基佐本人说的“历史的外在面相学”任务。基佐“缺乏讲故事和描绘的能力,缺乏图画般和戏剧般的想象力,缺乏对个人和事物个性的兴趣。他的历史记录过于对称均匀。对他的最透彻的批评来自圣伯弗。‘从远处来看的历史经历了一种变形……构成历史的愚蠢、野心、成百上千稀奇古怪的偶然事件统统不见了。每一个偶然事件都成了必然。基佐的历史过于符合逻辑,以致不是真的’”。 参见G. P.Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century, p.182。<br /><br />[19] Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, New York: Random House, 1987, pp.17-22.<br /><br />[20] Paul Kennedy, “Mahan versus Mackinder: Two Interpretations of British Sea Power”, in Paul Kennedy, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1870-1945: Eight Studies, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983, pp.41-85.<br /><br />[21] Paul Kennedy, The Realities behind Diplomacy: Background Influences on British External Policy, 1865-1980, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981, p.23.<br /><br />[22] 本段的谈论大体依据Strategies of Containment 一书前言,引语亦取自该处。参见John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982。 <br /><br /> |
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