天文学 the sun is the central body of the solar system
太阳是太阳系的中心天体。
航空 the speed of a plane is associated with the shape of its body and wings.
飞机的速度与机身及机翼的形状有关。
航天the body needs special exercise in a spaceship to suit the weightless conditions.
人体需要在宇宙飞船中进行专门训练才能适应失重状态。
因此,要注意辨认多义词的一般意义和专业意义,以及在各种不同学科中的不同译法, 使译文语言更为符合汉语表达习惯。比如:evidence 一词,普通意义为“证据、根据”,但在99年真题74题中interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study,根据文章讨论历史学研究的专业背景,译为“史料”。
同样,以下词义都根据具体专业学科做了适当变化:
computers with in-built personalities (2001:72)
安装有内置个性芯片的计算机 (而非“性格”)
home appliances will also become so smart that …(2001:74)
家用电器也会变得如此智能化…。(而非“聪明”)
far-reaching changes in social patterns
社会模式的深刻变革 (而非“变化”)
Governments are often force to introduce still further innovations (2000:74)
各国政府常常不得不出台进一步的革新措施…(而非“介绍”)
3. 据搭配确定词义
一般说来一个孤立的词其词义是游移不定的,但当词处于特定的搭配关系中时,它的词义受到周围词的制约就会明朗化了,所以我们说“word has no meaning till it is in a context (词在上下文中方有意义)。”比如hot词义很多,但在特定的搭配关系中词义就很明确了:
例:The specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. (1996)
一般来说,一国政府对其科研机构提出的具体要求是无法详细预测的。(不译“建立”)
例:monitors that will disable them when they offend (1996:72)
如果汽车排污超标,监控器就会使其停止行使。
例:Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food." (1991:74)