最新考博写作指南（三）

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三）    连贯
一个好的段落除了要求切题外，还要求语意连贯，这样可使段落乃至整篇文章结构严谨、自然通顺，层次分明。所谓连贯，就是要求写作者在展开段落时符合自然规律或全乎逻辑地将前后句子街接起来。 74x.$b  
使段落连贯的方法有很多，其实本章第一节“展开段落的常用方法”中所介绍的按时间顺序、空间顺序、比较对照、举例归纳等方法就是通常采用的行之有效的方法。
除此之外，我们还可以采取使用过渡词语，用代词街接和用递增法与递减法等三种方法。 k@o-uKc  

1．    使用过渡词语

  英语中用来指明句子之间关系的过渡词语多种多样，以下只是最常见的部分英语过渡词语。 Y%LAf<R,'%  
（1）    补充新的事实或看法：
again, also besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover…
（2）    确立空间顺序：
above, below, here, there, inside, outside, nearby, beyond, over, under… {U!8[D]  
（3）    确立时间顺序：first, then, before, after, finally, at last, meanwhile, later… v>%~ &F  
（4）    说明或举例：
for example, for instance…
（5）    说明因果关系：because, in the second place, most important, since, in as much as, accordingly… 5KO8_ u  
（6）    用于限制、反驳或对照： although, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, but, yet, while, whereas… #wv`)1  
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2．用代词衔接
代词可以使读者想起它所替代的名词。写作时使用代词既能避免不必要的重复，又可以将句子或词组紧密地连接在一起。例如： {c 2{@h  
Granny made a long journey outward, looking for Hapsy. What if I don’t find her? Her heart sank down and down, there was no bottom to death, she couldn’t come to the end of it. The blue light from Cornelia’s lampshade drew into a tiny point in the center of her brain, it flicked and winded like an eye, quietly it fluttered and dwindled. Granny lay curled down within herself, amazed and watchful, staring at the point of light that was she herself, her body was now only a deeper mass of shadow in an endless darkness and this darkness would curl around the light and swallow it up. e.DzH'$p  
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3．用递增法与递减法 $4P  c_&  
所谓递增法就是按照段落中所要表达内容的重要性，由次到重、由弱到强地依次递增。采用此法可引人入胜，不知不觉地将读者引入高潮（见例①）。而与递增法相反的递减去，则是将段落中最重要的内容放在段首，然后围绕其思想或重要性进行分项，逐一进行分析（见例②）。例如： T@}yu<8^oo  
①    An author has many different ways to show what a character is like. Certain hand movements, ways of speaking, or style of dress tell something about a character. Other characters may talk about the characters, or the author may even make revealing comments. How a character reacts to something done to him or her is also important. But most information comes from what a character says and from what a character does. oTq*5oy  
②    Laziness is a sin. It is not only considered as immorality and wastefulness but also a source of unhappiness. Because of their unwillingness to do things, they are usually unwelcome in any group task, which makes them feel lonely. Besides,… [s8v9d^q  
但是，许多习作者由于不会运用上述技巧，他们的作文往往松散零落，杂乱无章，参加考试时就会失分。现分析以下两段考生的习作： ,Q2!{b`!^b  
①    Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. Today, many women have a profession. They worked as well as men, playing an important part in the factories. There are many women in government also. They lead other people, control, and make out plans. There are many women scientists. They invent new things to improve our lives. %< R:^ Zrq  
以上段落中各句子的语法基本正确，但句与句之间缺少联系，整个段落显得零乱松散。将这段文字重新组织修改一下，就能得到较好的效果： xvI+]sM Q  
Women are playing an increasing important part in society today. Women make up a large portion of the labor force now. They are playing an important role in factories and in government as well. Like men workers, they can also run machines, drive buses, and hold administrative position. Moreover, there are many women scientists who perform inventions and make discoveries for our society. x&0z /TKH  
②    This device (tape-recorder) is useful in many ways. For example, in an interview, a journalist can use it to replace the taking of shorthand note. Also in learning English, students can use it in practicing their listening skills. Moreover, they can record their own voices and listen to them to improve their spoken English. Therefore, tape-recorders can be used widely in our work and study. p|#Hl>vY  
以上段落也选自考生作文。该文作者灵活地运用了连词和代词，如：for example, moreover, also, it, they, them, their, therefore等，使得文章通顺流畅，得分较高。 t":i8b+  
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四）    完整 H3(}]e=  
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所谓的完整是指写作者在展开段落或阐述主题与中心时，应做到尽可能的全面和详细，使读者不会感到缺少什么或留有疑问。请看下列段落： XWL?x  
There are three reasons why John is not going to university. In the first place, his father is dead and if John went to university, his mother would be left all alone. She has a few friends, but they do not live near, and she would probably have to spend most evenings alone. Consequently, although he wants to go to university very much, John is going to take the job instead. xDSO18-(  
以上段落的主题句是“约翰不去上大学有三个原因”，而作者只提到“约翰如果去大学，就会留下母亲孤独一人”，那么其它两个原因呢？因此，此段落不完整，没有按照主题思想完全展开。现重新改写如下： S[ vdJ (  
There are three reasons why John is not going to university. In the first place, his family is quite poor and his father is dead. Since he has four young brothers and sisters still at school, he feels that he should help his family financially as soon as possible. Secondly, if John went to university, his mother would be left alone to look after the young children. Finally, he has been offered a good job with excellent chances of promotion. Consequently, although he wants to go to university very much, John is going to take the job instead. }`& AY]]K  
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五）    展开段落的范文与点评 {s si~
  
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1． 按动作步骤或顺序展开段落 iQx[@xCgX  
To build a wood fire flat requires minimum tending, you need paper, cardboard, kindling, a few small logs, and two or three large logs. First, you should wind up the paper into a tight ball or roll it into a cylinder and tie it into a loose knot. Next, fold some of the cardboard over the paper. Then lay the kindling over it, forming a pyramid. Use three or four of the small logs around the bottom edge to hold the cardboard in place. Then pile the remaining small logs and all the large ones onto the pyramid. Finally, light the paper. Once the fire is started, it will need only the occasional addition of another log to keep burning for hours. PaS 5'  
从以上段落我们可以看出，按动作步骤或顺序陈述的段落中最常用的过渡词语为：“first”,“next”,“then”,“finally”等。这些词语表示一步步地向前推移的行为。 {3Fac3y  
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2． 按空间顺序展开段落 (\(F}O;E  
On one side, beginning at the very lip of the pool, was a tiny meadow, a cool, resilient surface of green that extended to the base of the frowning wall. Beyond the pool a gentle slope of earth ran up and up to meet the opposing wall. Fine grass covered the slope-grass that was spangled with flowers, with here and there patches of color, orange, purple and golden. Below, the canyon was shut in. There was no view. The walls leaned together abruptly, and the canyon ended in a chaos of rocks, moss-covered and hidden by a green screen of vines and creepers and boughs of trees. Up the canyon rose far hills and peaks, the big foothills, pine-covered and remote. And far beyond, like clouds upon the border of the sky, towered minarets of white, where the Sierra’s eternal snows flashed the blazes of the sun. w<M T`1  
以上段落对峡谷的描述采取由近及远、由小大到的方式，从宁静的小湖（最小最近的景物）到塞拉山脉（最大最远的景物），犹如一幅山水画，徐徐舒展开来。过渡词语“on one side”，“beyond the pool”，“below”，“up the canyon”，“and far beyond”使得空间位置极为明确。 y-i~<'  
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3． 用定义法展开段落 i
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  Natural resources are the supplies we draw from a bountiful earth, such as food, building and clothing materials, minerals, water, and energy…. There are two categories of natural resources: renewable resources and mineral resources. Resources derived from living matter such as food, clothing, and wood, are renewable resources because they are replenished each growing season. Even if one season’s crop is consumed, the next season brings a renewed larder. But mineral resources such as coal, oil, atomic energy, copper, iron, and fertilizers are not renewed each season. They are nonrenewable, one-crop resources, and the earth’s supplies are fixed. Xkj*Wr)3g  
以上段落先给自然资源下定义，然后对自然资源进行分类、分析。 va-808w=  

4．用分类法展开段落 !ug 5+pXF  
The recorded music on sale falls into three categories. The first is classical music; the second, easy listening music and the third, dancing music. Classical music is entirely traditional and formal. It is hard to follow. So it mainly catches the attention of the educated people. Easy listening music, also known as light music is structurally simple and pleasing to ears. The melody is beautiful and easy to understand. Most people like it. Dancing music is popular for dancing parties. It is lively and energetic and especially favored by the young. :O JG>Jd(  
以上段落对磁带音乐分为三类，先总述，后详述每一类的特点及其欣赏对象。 }
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5．用比较对照法展开段落 g6B\f+v  
I have two good friends. They are quite different in character and yet have something in common. One of them is a jolly fellow and fond of company, and the other is a quiet and rather unsociable sort of chap. The jolly one likes all kinds of games. He is clever, but he doesn’t care much for books. The other one, however, likes being alone and loves reading. He never plays games. In spite of all these differences, they are so really kind and sympathetic, so honest and straightforward, so loyal and true. They are both fine and unselfish fellows. I like them both. c7Y1[@ *  
以上段落既写出了作者两个朋友的相同点，又写出了他们的不同点，并分别对它们进行了比较对照。通过这种方法，把两个人的性格反差描述得非常生动。 0O-Z^zC++  

6．用因果法展开段落 !3w[  
The blizzard last March disrupted many peoples’ lives. Thousands of households were without power for hours and, in some cases, days. Children could not get to their schools, and adults either could not get to their jobs or could not get home from their jobs. Motorists were stranded on snow-blocked roads and highways, and motels in a three state-area were filled to capacity. It took road crews and power company crews three weeks to undo what the three-day blizzard had done. DWfb soDy  
以上段落通过因果顺序进行扩展。文中一系列的连锁后果都是由一个原因引起的，即段首句中的“三月的暴风雪”。 7!%b]-XXz  

7．用举例法展开段落 FzsAhO"Wt
  
There are many kinds of programs on TV that people like to watch. Often, important political and social events can be watched on TV while they are happening. Many people like to watch them. Many people, for example, watched the landing of the astronauts on the moon. A second kind of program that people like to watch is called a talk show. On this kind of show, one person interviews several famous people. In the conversations, you can learn many interesting things about important people in theatre, politics, sports, and other fields. A third kind of program that people like to watch is a program in a foreign language. There are some TV channels that broadcast all of their programs in Spanish, French, or some other languages. Many people who speak those languages watch these programs. Students who are studying foreign languages sometimes watch these programs to learn the language better. @c+?rY/  
以上段落列举出三种电视节目作为例证，来说明段首主题句中“人们喜爱的电视节目”这一主题。 1%Wn="|  

8．用归纳法展开段落  P,/ 5R  
Marriage is certainly a gamble and so is the bringing into existence of children, who could prove sad liabilities. A journey, a business transaction, even a chance remark may result immediately or ultimately in tragedy. Perpetually we gamble—against life, destiny, chance, the unknown—call the invisible opponent what we will. In a word, most of life is a gamble, involving some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result. qr,AN]B  
以上段落先进行细节列举，然后由此归纳出段尾的一般性结论。