长难句+考研英语英译汉（阅读理解C节）

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长难句+考研英语英译汉（阅读理解C节）　　
　　解决考研英语长难句的意义
　　1.阅读，抓不住句子重点，在一个句子上浪费太多时间。最后根据不完整的理解，碰运气乱猜答案。
　　2.翻译，提笔不知从哪里下手；胡乱写几行，卷面乱，不知所云，影响得分。
　　长难句到底难在哪里？
　　1）结构复杂，逻辑层次多;
　　2）单词意思常需根据上下文判断;
　　3）代词的指代关系复杂;
　　4）并列成分多;
　　5）修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长;
　　长难句的破解的几个基本要点
　　?把握规律（按照所讲的基本方法）
　　?充分利用现有语法、词汇知识，提高知识的产出效率。
　　?破解核心是化繁为简，化难为易。
　　?如为翻译，则必须打草稿！
　　长难句解决的具体步骤
　　?1、抓主干
　　?2、理顺主从句子关系
　　?3、分块翻译。
　　?4、根据第1、2步调整汉语句子顺序、润色词语。
　　版块1 关于英译汉
　　一、英语和中文的区别
　　1. 英语重结构，汉语重语义
　　We here highly resolve that these dead should not die in vain-that this nation, under god, shall have new birth of freedom--and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the world.
　　“敬爱的英明的亲爱的导师、领袖、舵手、引路人、先驱者、设计师、明灯、火炬、照妖镜、打狗棍、爹妈、爷爷奶奶、老祖宗、老猿猴、太上老君、玉皇大帝、观音菩萨、总司令，您日理万机、千辛万苦、积重难返、积劳成疾、积习成癖、肩挑重担、腾云驾雾、天马行空、扶危济贫、匡扶正义、去恶除邪、壮阳补肾、大便不通、还百忙之中亲身……”
　　他不来，我不走。
　　Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.
　　2. 英语多长句，汉语多短句
　　Mr. Song is my English teacher who is fat, short, bold but still attractive.
　　Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
　　3. 英语多从句，汉语多分句
　　On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
　　4. 英语多被动，汉语多主动
　　And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
　　New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.
　　5. 英语多抽象，汉语多具体
　　Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food."
　　“The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.”
　　But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
　　6. 英语多变化，汉语多重复
　　The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.

　　It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
　　7. 主语、宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词”
　　There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
　　8. 英语多引申，汉语多推理
　　While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
　　9. 英语多省略，汉语多补充
　　Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
　　10. 英语多前重心，汉语多后重心
　　I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.
　　The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.
　　中英文化差异
　　Mr. Brown is a very white man. He was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him, he was in a brown study. I hope he'll soon be in the pink again.
　　a Penelope’s  web/ the Web of Penelope
　　a Pandora’s box
　　all at sea
　　二、考研英译汉概要
　　1、命题思想
　　研究生英语入学考试中，英译汉一直是许多考生比较薄弱的环节。而翻译是一门艺术，它要求译者将一种语言所表达出来的内容转换成另一种语言符号。这就要求考生不仅要透彻地理解原文，还要忠实、准确、通顺、完整地把原文的内涵再现出来，只有符合这些要求，才能在考研中的英译汉部分取得满意的分数。
　　2、命题方式
　　大纲明确指出：英译汉部分主要考查学生准确理解概念和结构较复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个画线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。英译汉部分的试题为5个小题，每题2分，共10分，答题时间为30分钟左右。
　　3、近年试题的命题范围
　　研究生入学考试的英译汉文章的选材是有一定范围的。大致说来，题材均与文化、教育、心理学、经济、科技等内容相关，比较中性，没有过多过偏术语，体裁一般是议论文。下面所列的是近十年来英译汉试题的内容：
　　1996年 科学研究在不同领域发展不平衡的原因
　　1997年 人们如何对待动物是否涉及首先问题
　　1998年 宇宙的新发现
　　1999年 历史研究的方******
　　2000年 政府发挥其社会经济职能需要专家的协助
　　2001年 未来学家对未来几十年科技发展及其对社会影响的预测
　　2002年 有关行为科学的研究问题
　　2003年 有关人类学的研究方法和文化概念
　　2004年 语言结构和思维过程之间的关系
　　2005年 电视与传媒
　　2006年 知识分子的定位
　　2007年 法律知识对记者工作的重要性
　　4、试题的命题特点
　　1）句子较长、结构复杂、内容抽象
　　例1：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003)
　　例2: Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. （2002）
　　例3：It applies equally to traditional historians who views history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. (1999)
　　2）对画线部分句子的理解需借助上下文
　　例1：Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. (1997)
　　例2：When that happens, it is not a mistake: It is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. (1997)
　　例3：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (2000)
　　3）句子中的词汇一词多义的情况较多
　　例1：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians them-selves. (1999)
　　例2：Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. (1997)
　　5. 考试内容=考点
　　①考察专有名词、词组和多义词的翻译。
　　②考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词义选择、词序调整、词性转换和增词法。
　　③ 考察具体句型的翻译步骤和方法，包括定语和定语从句、状语和状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、并列结构、比较结构、倒装结构、插入结构、被动结构、否定结构、形式主语和there be句型。
　　6. 评分标准：
　　共5小题，每小题2分，总计10分。
　　※如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。
　　※如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法有错，按错误译法评分。
　　※中文错别字不个别扣分，按每题累计扣分。每三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。
　　例子：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies（2003）
　　评分样题：
　　Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,
　　0.5                                0.5
　　subjecting all other life forms to  their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
　　0.5                         0.5
　　（0分）另外，人类具有调适生活的能力，这样，易于反对所有其他的生命形式进入他们自己奇观的思想和幻想中。
　　（0.5分）并且，人类具有能力改变和适应他们的环境，其它的生命形式也适应人类的愿望和爱好。
　　（1分）更进一步说，人们有改变他们所生活的环境的能力，这使得人们随着他们的想法和爱好来安排其他所有的生活方式。
　　（1.5分）不仅如此，人类还有改造他们所处的环境的能力，这就是以人类自身所特有的观念和喜好来改造其他所有生命形式。
　　（2分）而且，人类还有改造他们所居住的环境的能力，这样，使其他的生命都服从于他们特有的思维和想法。