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发表于 2006-4-20 20:31:16
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4、“外交”的参与者(1) <br /><br />In the first instance a marked feature of modern diplomacy is the enhanced role of personal diplomacy by the head of state or government. Frequently such initiatives are at the expegogoador, who might have only a limited formal involvement for example in a special summit. <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?现代外交的第一个标志性的特征就是政府首脑外交的地位的提高。首脑的这种自主的行为,限制了正式的大使(职业外交官)的作用,他们可能仅在一些有限的场合如:特别峰会上,参与外交事务。 <br /><br /><br /><br />“外交”的参与者(2) <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?Second, the growth of post-war multilateral diplomacy has seen periodic involvement of a wider range of ministries with some involvement in external relations, such as industry, aviation, environment, shipping, customs, health, education and sport. The task for the foreign ministry is to establish in effect a lead position or otherwise co-ordinate both the formulation and implementation of international agreements. <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?第二,战后随着多边外交的兴起,有更广泛的政府部门参与到对外事务的处理中来,比如:产业、航空、环境、航运、海关、卫生、教育和体育。外交机构的主要职责就是在签订和执行外交协议过程中建立有效的领导地位或协调机制。 <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?<br /><br /><br />“外交”的参与者(3) <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?Third, non-state actors have proliferated in number and type, ranging from traditional economic interest groups through to resource, environmental, humanitarian, criminal and global governance interests. In some instances NGOs are closely ligogo, while others are transnationally linked. Above all, the institutionalisation of NGOs in the diplomatic process, especially in multilateral conferences, has become an important distinguishing feature of recent diplomacy. (R. P. Barston, Modern Diplomacy, London and New York: Addison Wesley Longman Limited, Second Edition, 1997, pp.4-5.) <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?第三,非国家行为体在数量和类型上大幅增长,涉及领域也由传统的经济利益集团扩展到资源、环境、人权、犯罪、全球治理利益。在某些情况下,非政府组织与官方机构联系紧密,同时其他的又跨国性的联系着。尤其是非政府组织的公共机构在外交过程,尤其是多边国际会议上,已经成为近期外交的的重要显著特征。 <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?<br /><br /><br />5、“外交”的内容(1) <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?One of the most striking aspects of post-war diplomacy is the rapid growth in volume of diplomatic activity since the end of the 1960s. To a large extent this has come about because of the expansion of multilateral and regional diplomacy, much of it economic or resource related. <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?战后外交一个显著特征就是自60年代末期以来外交活动数量的大量增长。很大程度上,这是由多数与经济、资源相关的多边及区域性外交的扩展所造成的。 <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?<br /><br /><br />“外交”的内容(2) <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?The broadening of the international agenda especially since the 1970s into issues concerning trade, technology transfer, aviation, human rights, transnational environmental and sustainable development questions has continued with the increasing addition of novel or revived threats. (R. P. Barston, Modern Diplomacy, London and New York: Addison Wesley Longman Limited, Second Edition, 1997, p.5.) <br /><br />?? ?? ?? ?尤其是70年代以来,随着新兴、复兴威胁的增加,有关贸易、科技转化、航空、人权、跨国及可持续发展问题的国际会议范围逐渐扩展。 <br /><br /> |
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