|
6#

楼主 |
发表于 2006-10-17 21:02:40
|
只看该作者
Barry Buzan, “The English School: An Underexploited Resource in IR”, Review of International Studies, 27(3), 2001, p.471
<br /> 比较直接的提出借鉴的是任晓:“向英国学派学习”,《世界经济与政治》,2003年第10期;间接的以英国学派的存在来论证中国学派的可能性;秦亚青:“国际关系理论的核心问题与中国学派的生成”,《中国社会科学》,2005年第3期。
<br /> 比如对于学派变迁以及特征乃至现阶段代表人物的分析都有惊人的共性。基本上都采取了与邓恩或者奥利?维夫(Ole Waver)相同的标准,即以1958年英国委员会为学派起点,以“国际社会”为主线,以怀特-布尔为核心人物,例如唐小松:“英国学派的发展、贡献和启示”,《世界经济与政治》,2005年第7期,pp.21-22。
<br /> 关于内部叙述的分析方法(internal discourses analysis),参见Brian C. Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: a disciplinary history of International Relations, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998
<br /> 比如国内有位数不少的学者将英国学派的发展追溯到1958年英国委员会的建立,这明显是邓恩的思路.参见Tim Dunne,Inventing International Society: A History of the English School, London: Macmillan, 1998
<br /> 布尔对英国国际关系研究传统与美国社会科学研究带着强烈个人感情色彩的比较,明确的指出了英国学者的共性,隐含着一种以国家划分学术派别的倾向,参见Hedley Bull, “International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach”, in Knorr and Rosenau eds., Contending Approaches to International Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966, pp.20-38
<br /> 关于英国学派的定义,参见Roy Jones, “the English school of international relations: a case for closure”, Review of International Studies, 1981,Vol.7(1), pp.1-3; 关于英国学派的批评和终结,参见同引文p.12。琼斯在发表此文时已经是一个颇有成就的国际关系学者,并曾与1981-1984年担任过英国国际关系研究协会(BISA)下属期刊《国际研究评论》的主编。
<br /> Suganami: “The Structure of Institutionalism: An Anatomy of British Mainstream International Relations”, International Relations, 1983, vol.7, p.2363
<br /> Sheila Grader. “the English School of International Relations: Evidence and Evaluation’, RIS, Vol. 14(1), 1988, p.42
<br /> 威尔逊延续了琼斯与苏加纳米对于英国学派的界定,威尔逊对格拉德的反驳参见 Wilson: “The English School of International Relations: A Reply to Sheila Grader”, RIS, 1989, Vol. 15(1), pp.49-52
<br /> 关于1980年BISA就英国学派相关讨论的背景与过程,包括布尔,诺西奇等人的回答,参见苏加纳米相关回忆,Hidemi Suganami, “British Institutionalists, or the English School, 20 Years on”, International Relations, 2003, Vol. 17(3), pp.254-255
<br /> 琼斯认为英国学派学者一方面切断了自己与柏拉图以来的经典政治学理论之间的联系,另一方面也很少真正投身于包括英格兰人、苏格兰人和威尔士人共同创造的“英国(British)政治经济学研究的自由主义传统中”,因此,既配不上“经典”,也配不上“英国”(British)。而“English”一词,却可以恰当的表示出这个学派以英格兰的伦敦经济学院为根据地的特征来。考虑到琼斯本人来自与威尔士的卡迪夫(Cardiff),这样一个词语就更加具有明确的指向性。参见Roy Jones, “the English school of international relations: a case for closure”, Review of International Studies, 1981,7: pp.1-2,相关讨论还可参见Richard Little, “Neorealism and the English School: A Methodological and Theoretical Reassessment”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 1(1), 1995,p.32
<br /> 布朗(Chris Brown)认为这样的名称“暗示绝大部分英格兰的国际关系学者(或者更确切的说,英国学者)都是学派的一份子,这明显是错误的”, 因此,最合适的称呼应该是“以‘国际社会’为研究焦点”的学者集体。参见Chris Brown: Understanding International Relations, Houndmills: Macmillan, 1997,p.52
<br /> 沃特森(Adam Watson)是一个例外。参见沃特森为2001年RIS专刊所作绪言,Adam Watson, “Forward”, RIS. Vol.27, 2001,pp.467-470。需要指出的是,沃特森并不能算第一代学者的核心人物。
<br /> 邓恩给出了五个理由,参见邓恩与布赞的通信,<a href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/polis/englishschool/dunne1.htm" target="_blank">http://www.leeds.ac.uk/polis/englishschool/dunne1.htm</a>
<br /> Dunne: “All Along the Watchtower: A Reply to the Critics of Inventing International Society”, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 35(2), 2000; Andrew Hurrell: “keeping History, Law and Political Philosophy Firmly Within the English School”, RIS, Vol. 27(3), 2001, 布赞明确提出:“谁‘是’或者‘不是’的问题远不如谁参与了对话以及他们的贡献如何这样的问题有意思。”Buzan and Little: “The ‘English patient’ strikes back: a response to Hall’s mis-dignosis”, International Affairs 77(3), 2001, p.944
<br /> 将曼宁排除在外首先源于邓恩在1998年关于学派史的叙述,参见Dunne:Inventing International Society: A History of the English School, 1998, 随着时间的推移,邓恩仍然坚持这一结论,参见Dunne: “Society and Hierarchy in International Relations”, International Relations, Vol. 17(3), 2003
<br /> 参见Little:“The English School’s Contribution to the Study of International Relations”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6(3), 2000
<br /> 苏加纳米指出:英国学派“由曼宁发起,其追随者包括詹姆斯,诺西奇以及布尔”,Suganami: “The Structure of Institutionalism: An Anatomy of British Mainstream International Relations”, International Relations, 1983, vol.7, p.363;威尔逊指出:“诺西奇是这个紧密的学术团体之重要一员……他的著作……与英国学派其他著作极为相似。”, Wilson: “The English School of International Relations: A Reply to Sheila Grader”, RIS, 1989, Vol. 15(1), p.55
<br /> 邓恩明确指出:“曼宁与诺西奇不属于学派”参见Dunne:Inventing International Society,1998,p.15,
<br /> Buzan: “From International System to International Society: Structural Realism and Regime Theory meet the English School”, International Organization,Vol. 47(3),1993, p.328
<br /> Little: “Neorealism and the English School: A Methodological, Ontological and Theoretical Reassessment”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 1(1), 1995, p.32
<br /> 关于巴特菲尔德的评价,参见 Dunne: Inventing International Society: A History of the English School, London: Macmillan, 1998, p.73;关于卡尔的评价,参见 Dunne同引书,p.182
<br /> Chris Brown: Understanding International Relations, Houndmills: Macmillan, 1997,p.52
<br /> Ian Hall,“Still the English Patient? Closures and inventions in the English School“, International Affairs, Vol. 77(4), pp.934-935 部分hall的观点来自于与笔者的通信
<br /> 布尔指出:“国际社会的观念-现代国家共有的利益与价值观以及由此而产生的规则与制度-在卡尔的《二十年危机》中几乎没有任何体现。”参见Hedley Bull: “‘The Twenty Years’ Crisis Thirty Years On”, In Alderson and Hurrell eds., Hedley Bull on International Society. London: Macmillan. 2000, p.137
<br /> 英国委员会健在的成员沃特森在2001年RIS关于英国学派的论坛前言中,将布赞“重新整合英国学派”的主张理解为“重新发起英国委员会”就是一个很明显的例子。参见Adam Watson, “Forward”, RIS, Vol. 27(3), 2001, p.467
<br /> Suganami: ‘C. A. W. Manning and the Study of International Relations’, RIS, Vol. 27(1), pp.91-107
<br /> Brown: Understanding International Relations, 2nd ed. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001
<br /> Buzan: From International to World Society?: English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004, pp.30-31
<br /> Ian Hall, “Still the English Patient? Closures and inventions in the English School”, International Affairs, Vol. 77(4), pp.934-935
<br /> 参见C. A. W. Manning, The Nature of International Society, London: George Bell and Sons,. 1962; Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight eds., Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, London: Allen & Unwin, 1966; Brian Porter eds., The Aberystwyth Paper, Oxford: Oxford University. Press, 1972; Alan James eds., The Bases of International Order: Essays in Honor of C.A.W. Manning, London: Oxford University Press, 1973; John Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order, Princeton University Press, 1974; Northedge, The International Political System, London: Faber & Faber, 1976; Bull, Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1977; Wight, Systems of States, eds., by Bull, London: Leicester University Press, 1977; Wight, Power Politics, eds., by Bull and Carsten Hlbraad, Lester University Press,1978
<br /> 邓恩的观点影响了学多学者,例如厄普(Roger Epp)就明确表示“遵循邓恩的思路将曼宁排除在外”,参见Epp: “The English School on the Frontiers of International Relations”, RIS, Vol.24(special issue), 1998, p.48,
<br /> Buzan: “Not Hanging Separately: Responses to Dunne and Adler”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 2005, Vol.34(1), p.184
<br /> 琼斯当年批评学派的一个重要原因也就是他认为曼宁、怀特等人虽然已去世多年,但是他们的学生仍然对其保留着非常强烈的个人崇拜,即使他们的著作中问题再多,他们的学生仍然将其奉做经典。在琼斯看来,这实在是不可思议。Jones:“the English school of international relations: a case for closure”, Review of International Studies, 1981,Vol.7(1)
<br /> 巴特菲尔德一方面认为美国的发展令人失望参见, 另一方面却认为确定传统方法与美国实证社会科学之间的“正确关系”比完全否定科学注意要更可取, Hebert Butterfield: “Untitled paper on scientific method in international theory”, April 1968, Butterfield Papers 109/2,在巴特菲尔德看来,英国学者应该了解美国同僚的研究成果,同时又不被其左右。参见Butterfield: Letter from Butterfield to Peter Savigear, February 16, 1970
<br /> F. S. Northedge, The International Political System, London: Faber & Faber, 1976, p.321
<br /> F. S. Northedge and M. J. Greive, A Hundred Years of International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1972, p.ix
<br /> Hollis, M. and Smith, Steve: Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990;Smith Steve eds.,: International Relations: British and American Perspectives, Basil Blackwell, 1985
<br /> 布赞在回应霍尔的批评时表现出极大的不耐烦,“琼斯的批评至少对‘英国学派’一词的形成有所帮助……霍尔过早的死亡证书仅仅让人怀疑他充当批评者的能力。”,Buzan and Little: “The ‘English patient’ strikes back: a response to Hall’s mis-dignosis”, International Affairs 77(3), 2001, p.946, 而当邓恩含蓄的批评布赞试图“改变英国学派的理论基础”时,布赞却采取非常和缓的态度。邓恩的批评参见Tim Dunne: “System, State and Society: How Does It All Hang Together?”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 2005, Vol.34(1), p.159, 布赞的回复参见Buzan: “Not Hanging Separately: Responses to Dunne and Adler”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 2005, Vol.34(1)
<br /> 参见布赞关于英国学派相关学者的书目,<a href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/polis/englishschool/documents.htm" target="_blank">http://www.leeds.ac.uk/polis/englishschool/documents.htm</a>
<br /> 邓恩与布赞对此有一个很一致的立场。参见邓恩对于布赞著作的评价以及布赞的回复。Tim Dunne: “System, State and Society: How Does It All Hang Together?”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 2005, Vol.34(1); Buzan: “Not Hanging Separately: Responses to Dunne and Adler”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 2005, Vol.34(1); 值得注意的是,与布赞对话的还有作为建构主义代表的阿德勒(Adler),在后者看来,布赞对于建构主义仍然借鉴学习得不够,参见Emanuel Adler: “Barry Buzan’s Use of Constructivism to Reconstruct the English School: ‘Not All the Way Down’”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 2005, Vol.34(1)
<br /> |
|