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四川大学2005年考博英语试题
作者：王进 考博英语来源：本站原创 点击数：2024 更新时间：2007-7-5
Passage 1
As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists
have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.
The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to
understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied
scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more
important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much
related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for
the theoretical scientist to work on. Let’s take a particular problem of
the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and
alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a
jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine
operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The
turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600
degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research
metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the
job in jet-propelled planes.
Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying
them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no
need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific
knowledge, scientists
specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even
further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various
sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is
entirely independent of the’ others. Many new specialties --geophysics and
biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of
two or more sciences.
1. The applied scientist ______.
A. is not always interested in practical problems B. provides the
basic knowledge for practice
C. applies the results of research to practice D. does original
research to understand the basic laws of nature
2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.
A. pure science operates independently of applied science B. the
applied
scientist discovers the basic laws of nature
C. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is done
D.
applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist
3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.
A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metals
B. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600
degrees Fahrenheit
C. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperatures
D. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures
4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted
in_____.
A. greater independence of each science
B. greater interdependence of all the various sciences
C. the eradication of the need for specialists D. the need for only
on classification of scientists
5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.
A. the horizon changes its size from year to year B. science has
developed more fields of endeavor
C. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizon
D. scientists can see further out into space
chow Passage 2
In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society,
Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep
insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses
the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on
the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book
brings a noted historian’s wisdom and perspective to bear on America’s
"culture wars".
Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And
what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of
ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed
by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the
campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate
ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United
States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held
together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the
freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation
that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James
Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best
hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what
he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of
differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten
intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His
criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism,
he understands that the radical
right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken
the Bill of Rights.
The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot"
dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful
in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger
some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner
of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice
of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold
answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and
what we should become.
6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.
A. a melting pot
B. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic process
C. a federation of ethnic and racial communities
D. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups
7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.
A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhood
B. prefers multiculturalism to monoculturalism
C. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicity
D. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity
8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.
A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhood B. is trying to restrict the
Bill of Right
C. has ended its history of racial prejudice D. has tried to obstruct
intellectual freedom
9. According to the author, Schlesinger’s book will____.
A. cause anger among the radical right B. cause anger among the
radical left
C. put an end to the culture wars in America D. provoke thinking among
the readers
10. This passage is most probably taken from __.
A. a history book B. a book introduction C. a book review D. a journal
of literary criticism
chow Passage 3
The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the
summers of1997 and 1998 was in some measure the most destructive in this
century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed ~20 billion --not to mention
the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires.
El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and
currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern
Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally,
westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and
conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards
Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and
the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the
South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal
east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub,
the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards
South America.
In last season’s cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of South
America soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This
area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with
the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El
Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,
Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires
destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along
with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for
food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led
to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for
extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record
30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and
bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on
record in 1997.
11. As El Sino builds, _____ .
A. the normal westward trade winds weaken B. the normal eastward trade
winds weaken
C. the normal westward trade winds strengthen D. the normal eastward
trade winds strengthen
12. Which of the following statements is true?
A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.
B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,
C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world’s rainforests were attacked by
droughts.
D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.
13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?
A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.
B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.
C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.
D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis
prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.
14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.
A. continuously B. in a line C. awfully D. now and then
15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.
A. an Australia observer B. a British national C. an American geographer
D. an Indonesia journalist
chow Passage 4
In patients with Huntington’s disease, it’s the part of the brain called
the basal ganglia that’s destroyed. While these victims have perfectly
intact explicit memory systems, they can’t learn new motor skills. An
Alzheimer’s patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can’t remember doing
it: a Huntington’s patient can’t do it but can remember trying to learn.
Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue
seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special
subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear.
These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit
memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the
phenomenon that famously led Parlov’s dogs to salivate at the sound of a
bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in
which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so
we can pay closer attention to what’s new and different upon encountering
a new experience.
Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are
specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names --
even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different
types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain’s cortex, within its
deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more
complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging
are only beginning to understand what goes where, and how the parts are
reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is
actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain
hurriedly retrieves the tool’s name, its appearance, its function, its
heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of
the brain. Fail to connect person’s name with his or her face, and you
experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to
experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach
our 50s.
It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn
new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported
last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in
many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."
What’s happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with
aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity".
It’s obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember
new things, but it’s equally obvious that the organ doesn’t change its
overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it’s the
connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these
connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and
the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to
repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each
specific memory.
16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who
suffers from the Huntington’s disease?
A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.
B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.
C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.
D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.
17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing
to do with implicit memory?
A. Associating a signal with an action. B. Recognizing of new features.
C. Focusing on new environment. D. Remembering a familiar face of a
friend.
18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from
damages to
his explicit memory?
A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.
B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.
C. When he sees a friend, it’s hard for him to remember his name.
D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.
19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.
A. obtain B. remove C. pull D. derive
20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.
A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing
activities
B. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.
C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.
D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and
remember.
chow Passage 5
Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family
relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation
which has been the source of friction results in greater family
organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals
and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space,
movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are
termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.
A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in
rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile,
and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility
results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its
emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when
individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a
community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of
relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and
stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits
some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt
attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other
family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of
thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and
family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those
families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated
over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly
because of different work schedules.
One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in
the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in
occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical
mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This
occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each
other. Engaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial
mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different
from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their
children.
The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in
publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in
the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in
television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When
individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the
tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become
psychologically separated from each other.
21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.
A. potential disorganization is present in the American family
B. social development results in a decline in the importance of
traditional families
C. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social
status
D. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility
22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___
A. can get more help from their family members if the are in trouble
B. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from it
C. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and
stability
D. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away
from it
23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____
A. the family members are subject to social pressures
B. both parents have to work full time
C. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get together
D. the husband, wife and children work too hard
24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in
family disorganization because____.
A. they enable the children to travel around without their parents
B. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of
their parents
C. they allow one to find a good job and improve one’s social status
D. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior
and thinking
25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose
members __
A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one another
B. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagree
C. often help each other with true love and affection
D. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV
setschow Passage 6
A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or
rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety
engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat -- could have
cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 1999
which killed 41 people.
Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first
being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel.
Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire
was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could
have got there in about six minutes.
The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the
Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of
the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified
water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of
the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per
minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal
fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine’s heat-resistant
skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to
fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be
operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should
have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from
both sides.
Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in
new tunnels, with each machine costing around ￡250,000. "That’s not
expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fighting specialist, who
adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind.
People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the
ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But
this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information
about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like
the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now
looking for financial backing to build a prototype.
26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.
A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnel
B. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel
C. it runs on a monorail and can take quick action
D. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly
27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __
A. install a Rogogat quickly B. detect the smoke quickly
C. change the ventilation D. take quick actions
28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.
A. at a speed of 500 liters a minute B. almost as fast as an airport
tender
C. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engine D. at a rate of an
airport fire tender
29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very
high,____.
A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skin
B, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnel
C. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited period
D. a Robogat is stationed at each end
30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____
A. a prototype has not yet been accepted
B. financial backing is not available
C. the machine will need fire-resistant sensors
D. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II.
Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)<, /FONT>
31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both
graduate and undergraduate students.
A. select B. choice C. alternative D. optional
32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our
main office.
A. On the point of B. With relationship to C. In the event of D. With
regard to
33.AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America’s __ process
for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.
A. stagnant B. intricate C. appropriate D. efficient
34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get
rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.
A. regularly B. normally C. usually D. constantly
35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being
symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.
A. elegant B. confident C. creative D. imaginary
36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded
by plants is good for health.
A. instinct B. implication C. perception D. conception
37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking
and a
little girl in it was___.
A. in need B. on the decline C. in disorder D. at stake
38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women’s status in
society will___ through the current law system in that country.
A. permeate B. violate C. probe D. grope
39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and
shipping is available at any time.
A. warehouse B. capsule C. garage D. cabinet
40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.
A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping
41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified
would be_____ important positions.
A. attributed to B. furnished with C. installed in D.
inserted into
42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but
those in arts and humanities have been filled.
A. positions B. vacancies C. applications D. categories
43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__
special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other
components.
A. pose B. commit C. transport D. expose
44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___
businessmen in the company.
A. alertest B. sternest C. nastiest D. shrewdest
45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every
Chinese heart.
A. drew B. attract C. appealed D. impressed
46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and
should have some familiarity with plays in production.
A. realistic B. responsible C. ethnic D. prospective
47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___
the scientist’s time-keeping methods.
A. at the mercy of B. in accordance with C. under the guidance of D. by
means of
48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a
violent act previously seen on television.
A. stimulating B. duplicating C. modifying D. accelerating
49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger
not only throughout America but also throughout the wholeworld.
A. enveloped B. summoned C. tempted D. provoked
50.The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___
any important data.
A. overlooking B. slipping C. ignoring D. skimming
chow III. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)
Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold
results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical
School.
The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and
investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to
biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a
_55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others.
The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The
team surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools.
Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic
investigators’ data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years.
This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the
62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63
. For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied
access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.
The 66 between data withholding and researchers’ publishing 67 during the
68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5
articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent
for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns,
"Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers
could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human
disease."
51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim
52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to
53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently
54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought
55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame
56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining
57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified
58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely
59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use
60. A. inclusive B. excluding C. exclusive D. refusing
61. A. corresponds B. complies C. compares D. adapts
62. A. casualties B. victims C. culprits D. injuries
63. A. hardship B. trial C. difficulty. D. errors
64. A. researchers B. members C. employees D. personnel
65. A. in coincide with B. in common with C. in collision to D. in
comparison to
66. A. relationship B. contradiction C. comparison D. communication
67. A. review B. deadline C. relation D. record
68. A. proceeding B. progressing C. preceding D. progressive
69. A. outstanding B. excessive C. exciting D. striking
70. A. productive B. producing C. preferable D, prescribed
chow IV. Translation (30%)
PartA (15%)
71. Wildlife refuges mainly serve as havens for millions of ducks, geese
and other migratory birds. And this is what most people come to see. Much
of the fun is in knowing and distinguishing the many kinds that are
present in great variety. The activities and antics of the bird world are
fascinating to anyone taking the time to observe up close. A camera,
likewise, will record some of the unusual sights that will be seen.
Most of the areas are staffed by biologists m individuals who have a
great interest in the outdoors. They are all enthusiastic naturalists who
can help a person to a richer enjoyment of the world of nature. A stop at
the refuge headquarters will yield ideas on what to see and where, as well
as helpful literature. A few refuges have visitor centers where displays
tell the story of the refuge and where there are movies or color slide
shows of the area and its wildlife.
Hunting on a refuge seems inconsistent with its purpose of protecting
and saving. However, big game, if allowed to increase to an excessive
degree, can be their own worst enemy. They overbrowse their range. Then
starvation ruins the herd. But even before nature balances animals to food
supply, the destruction of, trees and shrubs removes food and cover
essential to many smaller animals as well. It’s good management of the
game, and to the sportsman’s benefit, to crop big game judiciously.
chow Part B (15%, 3 mark each)
72。那个小学生经常说她要是得到了诺贝尔奖的话，她就要用那笔钱来在西部办许多希望小学。
73. 那个年轻人宁愿去广州的大学攻读信息工程，也不愿开一个自己的网站。
74. 电信集团如果那时及时地将局域网升了级，就会在全省赢得了更多的用户。
75．那时，任何胆量小一点的人都不敢想到我们应该扩大研究生的招生规模。
76．良好的心态是对付压力的最关键因素。如果你能对周围的人和事都抱有一种积极的态度，你就可以把压力减到最小，甚至消除压力。
V． Writing（20%）
Directions：Write a composition on the title “ I (Don’t) want to be a civil
servant” based on the following outlines. Your composition should be in no
less than 150 English words.
Topic: I (Don’t ) want to be a Civil Servant.
Outline: 1. 每一个毕业生都关心就业问题
2. 公务员职位竞争激烈
3. 我（不）要当一名公务员 |
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