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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体">第二讲<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span></span>自然风土与日本民族?国家</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span></span>一、日本的自然风土</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span></span>二、人口与民族</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">?? </span></span>三、行政区划与地方特性</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体">日本列岛印象</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体">一、日本的自然风土</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>、地理位置与国土</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">2</span>、日本的地形与山川</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>、日本的气候特点</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">4</span>、自然资源</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体">日本全图</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>、地理位置与国土</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本的国土除北海道、本州、四国、九州四个主要岛屿以外,还有<span lang="EN-US">6800</span>多个沿海小岛。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">整个日本列岛呈狭长的弧形,从东北向西南延伸,全长约<span lang="EN-US">3500</span>公里;日本列岛最宽处宽度不超过<span lang="EN-US">300</span>公里。 </font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本国土的最北端是择捉岛,位于北纬<span lang="EN-US">45</span>度<span lang="EN-US">33</span>分;最南端是冲之鸟岛,位于北纬<span lang="EN-US">20</span>度<span lang="EN-US">25</span>分;最东端是南鸟岛,位于东经<span lang="EN-US">153</span>度<span lang="EN-US">59</span>分;最西端是冲绳县与那国岛,位于东经<span lang="EN-US">122</span>度<span lang="EN-US">56</span>分。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本陆地面积包括北方四岛<span lang="EN-US">(</span>国后、择捉、齿舞、色丹<span lang="EN-US">)</span>在内,约<span lang="EN-US">37.8</span>万平方公里。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">本州岛最大,面积约<span lang="EN-US">23</span>万平方公里,占全国总面积的<span lang="EN-US">60%</span>。四大岛屿的面积占日本国土的<span lang="EN-US">95%</span>以上。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">? </span></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本是岛国,自然海岸线漫长,且蜿蜒曲折。海岸线总长约<span lang="EN-US">3</span>万<span lang="EN-US">4</span>千公里,是世界上单位面积海岸线最长的国家之一。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本周边有<span lang="EN-US">12</span>海里领海,同时沿岸向外<span lang="EN-US">200</span>海里有专属经济水域。但是,其专属经济水域,在钓鱼岛群岛<span lang="EN-US">(</span>尖阁列岛<span lang="EN-US">)</span>附近和日韩独岛<span lang="EN-US">(</span>日本称竹岛<span lang="EN-US">)</span>附近分别与中、韩两国的专属经济水域重叠,成为有待解决的争议问题。<span lang="EN-US"> </span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体">日本的国土面积与世界主要国家比较</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本的国土面积占世界陆地总面积的<span lang="EN-US">0.25%</span>,但是,和世界很多国家比较,日本并不是一个小国。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体">日本国土的变迁</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1880</span>年,日本国土面积约<span lang="EN-US">38</span>万平方公里。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1895</span>年甲午战争后,台湾及澎湖列岛割让;<span lang="EN-US">1910</span>年日本吞并朝鲜,国土面积达到<span lang="EN-US">67.5</span>万平方公里。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">1945</span>年,日本的国土面积达到<span lang="EN-US">68</span>万平方公里,为最大。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">今天的国土面积大体上是根据<span lang="EN-US">1951</span>年《旧金山和约》确定的,是战前的<span lang="EN-US">54.7%</span>。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">填海造地:关西国际机场;东京台场等。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体">?</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">2</span>、日本的地形与山川</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本孤悬海上,有日本海与太平洋环绕。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">日本与大陆之间的日本海属浅海,有大陆架相连;但太平洋是世界最深的海,有日本海沟和伊豆小笠原海沟<span lang="EN-US">(</span>深<span lang="EN-US">1000-2700</span>米<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">多山国家。山地、丘陵占陆地面积的<span lang="EN-US">76%</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">两大山系:</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">北弯山系</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">与</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体">南弯山系</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体">。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">北弯山系:从北海道、东北和本州北部南北走向的山脉。包括虾夷山脉、奥羽山脉、关东山地等。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体">南弯山系:飞<span style="mso-ansi-language: JA">騨</span> 山脉、木曾山脉、赤石山脉<span lang="EN-US">---</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>日本阿尔卑斯</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>;以及纪伊山地等。<span lang="EN-US"> </span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">l</span></span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>两条山系在本州中部相汇,称为</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>中央山结</font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Batang; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">”</span><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>,为全国地势最高点<span lang="EN-US">--- </span>富士山<span lang="EN-US">(3776 </span>米<span lang="EN-US">)</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="宋体">?</font></p></span></p> |
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