1.Theorganization of districts that meet the criteria suggested would make itpossible to resolve the small-school problem in all except isolated andsparsely populated areas where such schools may have to be continued regardlessof higher costs.
妙语点睛:
当我们看到Theorganization of districts that meet the criteria,知道这是个定语从句that meet the criteria修饰districts而不是修饰organization,因为这里用meet而不是meets。然后看到suggested,先假定它是谓语动词,则后边必然要有宾语出现,而且suggested的宾语往往是that从句。但是继续往后看到would make,这时我们既没有发现suggested的宾语,同时又找到了重要谓语线索would,所以,would make是一个谓语必定无疑。靠这两点,我们就很快推翻刚才的假定——认为suggested是谓语。此时,应该马上重新判断suggested的句法功能,应该立即判断出它不是充当主句谓语的过去式,而应该是过去分词后置修饰名词criteria。于是由that meet the criteria变成现在的that meet the criteria suggested,表示“满足所提出的要求”。
再继续往后看到allexcept isolated,以及populated,也许有读者会琢磨这里isolated和populated是过去式还是分词。其实,这个判断比较简单,关键是看到all以及介词except,因为不论是限定词all还是介词except,它们后边都需要带一个名词。于是看到all和except我们就期待名词的出现,直到后面出现areas,我们就知道这里基本结构是all except (isolatedand sparsely populated) areas,那么中间的isolated and sparsely populated必然就是过去分词作定语,修饰areas。
译文:
按照提出的标准进行校区的划分,这可能会解决地区内学校规模小的问题,但对于偏远的、人口稀少的地区,尽管花费比较大,规模小的学校可能还得继续办下去。
下面这个句子中分词的判断则是得益于句中的并列结构。
2. Duringthe 1980s, revolutionary changes in the work lives of Americans, caused bytechnological advances which will permit greater productivity by fewer workers,will likely result in shortened work weeks, increased released time for workers,and increased pressure for early retirements.
妙语点睛:
这句第一个动词caused因为其后边有by,所以很容易判断它是分词,整个复杂的分词短语caused by ...by fewer workers修饰revolutionarychanges(它还有另一个定语in thework lives of Americans),并且该分词短语隔开了主语和谓语,因此该句核心结构是:revolutionary changes... will likely result in...。在宾语中含有四个动词shortened, increased,released, increased,而这四个动词都不是谓语,而是作定语的分词。这从result in后边的并列宾语结构可以判断出来,这里有三个并列宾语:shortened work weeks,表示“工人每周的工作时间缩短了”;increased released time for workers,表示“闲暇时间增多了”;increased pressure for early retirements,表示“提前退休的压力加大了”。
译文:
20世纪80年代,技术的进步将会导致使用更少的工人创造出更高的生产率,这给美国人的工作生活带来革命性的变化。这种变化可能会导致缩短工人每周的工作时间,增多闲暇时间,加大提前退休的压力。
3.Theteacher, for his part, frequently reduced to trying to explain theinexplicable, may take refuge in quoting proverbs to his colleagues such as, “You can lead a horse to water butyou can’t make himdrink.”
所谓双宾动词,即指该类动词后边要接两个宾语。因此,对于这类动词,如果其后边只有一个宾语,则该动词必然为分词。举例来说,比如动词award,它的宾语结构是awardsomebody something,表示“授予某人某东西”。如果我们看到这样一个结构:somebody awarded something,即这里awarded后边只有一个宾语something,据此我们就可以断定这里awarded是一个过去分词,作后置定语,修饰somebody。请看下列例句:
NowCongress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awardedfederal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minoritysubcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with thegovernment.
妙语点睛
很多读者看完这个句子,第一眼就会觉得这里的awarded是谓语动词,进而就会误认为businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000是一个完整的句子,结构是“主语businesses+谓语awarded+宾语federal contracts of more than$500,000”。而紧接着往下看到dotheir best时,脑子就开时发懵了——awarded和do是并列谓语吗?再接着往后读到record一词,很可能就把它当作是名词,认为与前面minority subcontractors是并列的,往后看到their efforts还是不理解。最后,看到do so又不理解什么意思,看到forms又好像是动词,看到filed也好像是动词。这样分析下来,整个句子结构全部乱套。
以上错误的分析,从awarded就开始错了,因为awarded分析错误而使得对整个句子的分析走进了一个死胡同!
整个宾语从句中的主谓结构是:businesses... do...and record...。具体来说,主语businesses与谓语do被定语awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000隔开,该定语是过去分词短语,修饰businesses。读者若误认为businesses awarded federalcontracts of more than $500,000是一个完整的句子,显然是误把分词awarded当作谓语的过去式了,错误根源是不了解awarded要带双宾语这一用法特点。这里businesses是相当于“人”作间接宾语,而federal contracts of more than $500,000是直接宾语。在第二个谓语部分中,do so是省略形式,这里so指上面提到的do their best to find minoritysubcontractors;forms是名词,其后带有过去分词短语filed with thegovernment作后置定语,修饰forms。
所谓宾补动词,即指该类动词后边要接一个宾语,然后宾语后边还要接补足语。因此,对于这类动词,如果其后边只有补足语而没有宾语,则该动词必然为分词。举例来说,比如make our country beautiful,现在改成our country made beautiful,这里made后边没有宾语了,只有一个beautiful作补足语,所以这里made是分词,而不是作谓语的过去式。请看例句:
Additionalsocial stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or the massmigration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means oftransport.
妙语点睛
从结构来看,该句becauseof后边接两个名词短语thepopulation explosion和the mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means oftransport来表示原因。其中,第二个名词短语中又含有一个短语themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means oftransport来补充说明mass migrationmovements。因此,这里代词themselves指代名词短语mass migration movements。
这里made后边只有形容词短语relatively easy作补足语,而没有宾语,所以这个made是分词。
译文:
由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。