两类国际组织
国际政府间组织(IGOs)
由国家派出代表组成的组织，讨论相互间利益和共同关心的问题（如：联合国）
非政府组织(NGOs) 针对特定问题或事件的私人、次国家以及全球行为体（如：绿色和平）
非政府组织 (NGOs)
• 非政府和跨国界的任何组织
– 关于特定问题的行动团体
– 公司和企业
– 宗教团体
– 恐怖分子和犯罪集团
NGOs：世界银行的定义：“The diversity of NGOs strains any simple definition. They include many groups and institutions that are entirely or largely independent of government and that have primarily humanitarian or cooperative rather than commercial objectives. They are private agencies in industrial countries that support international development; indigenous groups organized regionally or nationally; and member-groups in villages. NGOs include charitable and religious associations that mobilize private funds for development, distribute food and family planning services and promote community organization. They also include independent cooperatives, community associations, water-user societies, women’s groups and pastoral associations. Citizen groups that raise awareness and influence policy are also NGOs”
Deutsch's dedication to social science was linked to a moral passion for improvement in the world. His dissertation and first book, Nationalism and Social Communication, remains a landmark work on its subject. Born to a Sudeten German family in the Austro-Hungarian empire, this book was Karl's first attempt to understand why the world of his youth was destroyed by war, racism, and fratricide. Karl studied the forces of nationalism, searching for its roots as well as for its effects. This was no mere scholarly project. Karl said that political science should be considered a branch of medicine, for the purpose of understanding and doing politics well was to prevent death and relieve suffering.
不同学科下的NATION
地理学：自然环境对形成民族具有一定的意义；
历史学：把民族看作是生活在特定的领土内的、在共同的历史中因共同的愿望而拥有共同的思想和感情的、主权政治国家的全体居民；
政治学：民族是一类人的正式的组织；
哲学：民族是文化与共同的历史、语言、文学、传统、英雄和忠诚的统一体；
社会学：把民族看成是最大和最重要的人类集合体之一，他们强调构成民族的一个必不可少的因素是一致或同一的感情；
心理学：把对民族的观察点定在个体的行为上，以寻找所谓的民族的心理特征；
精神病学：把民族描绘成个人直接显示他的忠诚的最大的社会聚合体以及超我的外在的代表。– Louis L. Snyder, The Meaning of Nationalism, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1954, pp. 14-55.
Ernest Renan was an important French theorist who wrote about a variety of topics. His famous essay "What is a Nation?" (Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?) was first delivered as a lecture at the Sorbonne in 1882. It continues to be an important influence on scholars. One can see Renan's influence in the scholarship of people like Benedict Anderson. A nation is a soul, a spiritual principle. Two things, which in truth are but one, constitute this soul or spiritual principle. One lies in the past, one in the present. One is the possession in common of a rich legacy of memories; the other is present- day consent, the desire to live together, the will to perpetuate the value of the heritage that one has received in an undivided form.
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian writer and politician whose efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state, rather than the medley of separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed in the nineteenth century.