与此同时,其他国家的双边关系中也加大了对中非关系的重视度:传统欧美、美日政策协调中已经加入了中非关系问题,一些新的机制性合作也正在形成,如于2010年10月启动的印度与日本间的印日非洲对话(India-Japan Dialogue on Africa),[39] 又如同年11月启动的美印非洲问题对话。[40]
中非关系对于推动南南合作中的核心理论要素,特别是如南方国家的“团结外交”(diplomacy of solidarity)、发展中国家合作、发展中国家政权维稳、国家与次国家行为体关系等,有着重要意义。首先,诸如“意识形态、国家间或文化间互动的性质以及团结外交”等不为主流国际关系所关注的要素,事实上却在南南合作中经常出现,往往体现出南方国家“强调了相互尊重和文化互惠”。[48] 根据传统的国际关系理论,如果大国使用强制外交,往往能够影响体系中弱国的行为;但事实上今天南南合作使得诸多弱小国家并不会轻易屈服于大国制裁或诱惑。例如,尽管西方一致“批评”津巴布韦,但中国和南部非洲领导人却对此持有不同的看法,进而不会屈服于西方的压力而不再支持津巴布韦。其次,中非关系坚持传统的国际关系行为准则,特别是如国家间相互平等与相互尊重、互不干涉内政、援助不施加条件等;这很大程度上是发展中国家合作的核心准则,是不结盟运动、七十七国集团等南南合作平台的基础。第三,出于相同或相似的历史经历与现实挑战,南南合作的一个重要内容是政权安全,因此国家与次国家团体的关系事实上完全不同于在西方发达国家的表现,并很可能领导于现有的主权国家与次国家行为体关系的实践与理论探讨。[49] 总之,中非关系的发展为传统南南合作理论的更新提供了机遇,使我们有机会思考南南合作的新理念、新方法,思考新兴大国与非洲如何合作共同参与和塑造整个国际体系的转型与发展。
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[1] 英国国防部曾于2008年委托英国皇家国际事务研究所(Chatham House)对2005-2008年间有关中非关系的文献作一综述,该报告充分显示出美欧当时的非理性状态,参见Tom Cargill, “China and Africa: A Literature Review,” Unpublished Chatham House Review, 2008。
[2] 作者曾就“发展-安全关联”作过粗浅讨论,参见张春:《“发展—安全关联”:中美欧对非政策比较》,载《欧洲研究》,2009年第3期。
[3] 作者于2011年10月11日同美国国防大学非洲战略研究中心(Africa Center For Strategic Studies)主任威廉·贝拉米(Amb Williams Bellamy)大使的谈话。
[4] See Yaroslav Trofimov, "In Africa, China's Expansion Begins to Stir Resentment," The Wall Street Journal, 2 Feb 2007, http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0202-wsj.html, 2007-02-05; Paolo von Schirach, “Anti-Chinese Sentiment Strong Theme In Presidential Elections Upset in Zambia,” Schirach Report, September 23, 2011, http://schirachreport.com/index.php/2011/09/23/, 2011-10-15.
[11] 例如,第一部有关中非合作论坛的著作是Garth Shelton and Farhana Paruk, The Forum on China–Africa cooperation: A Strategic Opportunity, Johannesburg: Institute for Security Studies, 2008,目前国内尚无相关专著;又如,有关中国在非洲的积极面评价,更受欢迎的著作是Deborah Brautigam, The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010和[赞比亚]丹比萨·莫约;王涛、杨惠待译,刘鸿武审校:《援助的死亡》,世界知识出版社,2010年版;等。
[13] Robert Sutter, “Global Responsibility or Free Riding: The Implications of the “Win-Win” Principle for China’s Approach to Foreign Crises and International Affairs,” paper presented for Annual Conference of American Political Science Association, September 2010.
[22] Richard Schiere and Alex Rugamba, “Chinese Infrastructure Investments and African Integration,” Working Paper, No. 127, May 2011, African Development Bank Group, pp. 14-15.
[23] Richard Schiere, “China and Africa: An Emerging Partnership for Development? – An Overview of Issues,” Working Paper, No. 125, May 2011, African Development Bank Group, pp. 6-7, 17.
[26] Goran Hyden and Michael Bratton eds., Governance and Politics, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991, pp. 2-3.
[27] World Bank, Can Africa Claim the 21st Century?, Washington: New York, 2000, p. 8.
[28] OECD, Development Co-operation: Efforts and Policies of the Members of the Development Assistance Committee, 2002 Report, Paris: OECD, 2003, pp. 286-287.
[29] G. Crawford, Foreign Aid and Political reform: A Comparative Analysis of Democracy Assistance and Political Conditionality, Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002; O. Stokke ed., Aid and Political Conditionality, London: Frank Cass, 1995.
[30] K. Dunn, “Madlab # 32: The (Black) African State: Rethinking the Sovereign State in International relations Theory,” in K. Dunn and T. Shaw eds., Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 51-52.
[31] Mary-Françoise Renard, “China’s Trade and FDI in Africa,” Working Paper, No. 126, May 2011, African Development Bank Group, p. 6.
[37] DIRCO, Building a Better World: The Diplomacy of Ubuntu, White Paper on South Africa’s Foreign Policy, Final Draft, May 2011, DIRCO South Africa, p. 25.
[42] Okey Iheduru, “Civil Society, Transnational Networks & New Patterns of Regional Interaction: Lessons From West Africa,” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, 28 Feb 2007, pp. 6-7.
[43] 例如可参见S.G. Neuman ed., International Relations Theory and the Third World, Houndsmills: Macmillan, 1998; K.C. Dunn and T.M. Shaw eds., Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001; T.C. Nkiwane, “Africa and International Relations: Regional Lessons for a Global Discourse,” International Political Science Review, Vol. 22, 2001, pp. 279-290; K. C. Lavelle,“Moving in from the Periphery: Africa and the Study of International Political Economy,” Review of International Political Economy, Vol.12, No.2, 2005, pp. 364-379;等。
[44] Rolan Bleiker, “Forget IR Theory,” in Stephen Chan, Peter Mandaville and Rolan Bleiker eds., The Zen of International Relations, Houndsmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 50-51.
[45] Douglas Lemke, “African Lessons for International Relations Research,” World Politics, Vol. 56, No. 1, October 2003, p. 117.
[46] UNCTAD, The Least Developed Countries Report 2011: The Potential Role of South-South Cooperation for Inclusive and Sustainable Development, New York: United Nations, 2011, p. v.
[47] Cigdem Akin and M. Ayhan Kose, “Changing Nature of North-South Linkages: Stylized Facts and Explanations,” IMF Working Paper, WP/07/280, December 2007, pp. 4-5.
[48] S. Mahmud, “Controlling African States’ Behavior: International Relations Theory and International Sanctions Against Libya and Nigeria,” in K. C. Dunn and T. M. Shaw eds., Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001, p. 138.
[49] J. F. Clark, “Realism, Neo-Realism and Africa’s International Relations in the Post-Cold War Era,” in K. C. Dunn and T. M. Shaw eds., Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 91-92, 94.
[52] Barry V. Sautman, “Friends and Interests: China’s Distinctive Links with Africa,” Working Paper, No. 12, Center on China’s Transnational Relation, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2006, http://www.cctr.ust.hk/materials ... /WorkingPaper12.pdf, pp. 15-16, 2007-02-20.
[53] Clemens Six, “ The Rise of Postcolonial States as Donors: A Challenge to the Development Paradigm?” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 6, 2009, p. 1107.