鉴于以上分析,未来10年中美关系沿“合作范式”发展是必要的,也是可能的,符合中美两国的根本战略利益。但要把必要性、可能性转变成现实性,落实于中美关系,不但需要中国进行积极的战略“塑造”,也需要美国方面的积极响应。中国不但自己要努力推动中美关系朝“合作范式”前进,力避中美关系走向“冲突范式”,也要推动美国方面朝同一方向努力。
在美国,确实存在对中美关系持悲观态度、主张按“冲突范式”设计美对华政策的强大势力和习惯思维,其在一定条件下可能深刻影响、甚至决定美对华决策走向。例如,波士顿大学教授罗伯特·罗斯(Robert S. Ross)就以中美近年在“无瑕号”事件、2009年联合国气候大会的冲突、谷歌事件、南海问题及美国在亚太的“前沿部署外交”为例,认定中美关系存在“走向长期战略冲突的长期趋势”。[28]然而,美国战略界盛行现实主义,美国决策人物大多为现实主义者,罗斯教授同样也是现实主义者。现实主义的核心法则是追求“权力”及“以权力界定的利益”[29]。根据“权力界定利益”、而利益又决定政策的现实主义逻辑,在美国国势衰颓,中国加速崛起、中美利益深度捆绑及中国真诚地谋求中美合作的大势面前,美国最终选择对华“合作范式”的可能性远远大于选择“冲突范式”的可能性。
[①] Merle Davia Kellerhals Jr., “Biden and China’s Xi Jinping to Hold Crucial Talks”, Washington File, February 13, 2012, pp.9-11; The White House Office of the Press Secretary, “White House Briefing on Visit of Chinese Vice President Xi”, Washington File, February 13, 2012, pp.11-15.
[②] Philip Stephens, “The danger in Xi’s Rebuff to Obama”, Financial Times, March 2, 2012.
[③] 沈志华著:《毛**、斯大林与朝鲜战争》,广东人民出版社,2004年3月,第358-359页。
[④] [美]莫里斯·艾泽曼著,陈昱澍译:《美国人眼中的朝鲜战争》,当代中国出版社,2006年2月,第129页;第131页。
[⑤] [美]莫里斯·艾泽曼著,孙宝寅译:《美国人眼中的越南战争》,当代中国出版社,2006年2月,第178页。
[⑥] 参见邓小平:“改革开放政策稳定,中国大有希望”、“中美关系终归要好起来才行”,分别载《邓小平文选》,第三卷,人民出版社,1993年10月,第321页、第351页。
[⑦] Edward Luce, “The reality of American decline”, Financial Times, February 6, 2012.
[⑧] Edward Luce, “The reality of American Decline”, Financial Times, February 6, 2012; Lionel Barber, “In search of a new Metterich for the Pacific century”, Financial Times, November 19/November 20, 2011; F/A Response, “The Great China Debate: will Beijing Rule the World?”, Foreign Affairs, January/Feburary, 2012, p.173, p.176.
[⑨] Arvind Subramanian, “The Inevitable Superpower: Why Chins’s Dominance Is a Sure Thing”, Foreign Affairs, Setember/October, 2011, pp.68-69.
[⑩] Geoff Dyer, “A Less Pacifc Ocean”, Financial Times, February 13, 2012.
[11] 参见:习近平:“共创中美合作伙伴关系的美好明天”,《人民日报》,2012年2月17日; Yan Xuetong, “How China Can Defeat America”, International Herald Tribune, November 21, 2011; Aaron L.Friedberg, “Hegemony With Chinese Characteristics”, The National Interest, July/August, 2011, pp.18-27; Robert Ross, “Chinese Nationalism and Its Discontents”, The National Interest, November/December, 2011, pp.45-51; Stephen M.Walt, “The End of the American Era”, The National Interest, July/August, 2011, November/December, 2011, pp.6-16.etc.
[12] Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Balancing the East, Upgrading the West”, Foreign Affairs, January/February, 2012, pp.97-104; Henry A. Kissinger, “The Future of U.S.-Chinese Relations:Conflict Is a Choice, Not a Necessity”, Foreign Affairs, March/April, 2012, pp.44-55; Hillary Clinton, “America’s Pacific Century”, Foreign Policy, November, 2011, pp.58-61.
[13] U.S.Department of Commerce Francisco S?nchez, “U.S.-China Economic and Trade Cooperation”,Washington File, February 7, 2012, p.24.
[14] 中国海关统计:“2011年1-12月进出口主要国别(地区)统计”,载《国际贸易》,2012年,第2期,第70页。
[15]《国际贸易》,2012年,第2期,第70页。
[16] U.S.Department of Commerce Francisco S?nchez, “U.S.-China Economic and Trade Cooperation”,Washington File, February 7, 2012, p.24; 《国际贸易》,2012年,第2期,第70页。
[17] Gideon Rachman, “America must manage its decline”, Financial Times, October 18, 2011.
[18] Stephen M. Walt, “The End of the American Era”, The National Interest, November/December, 2011,pp.15-16.
[19] Philip Stephens, “The danger in Xi’s Rebuff to Obama”, Financial Times, March 2, 2012.
[20] Merle David Kellerhals Jr., “U.S.-China Trade Talks Make ‘Meaningful Progress’”, Washington File, November 23, 2011, p.4.
[21] Hillary Clinton, “America’s Pacific Century”, Foreign Policy, November, 2011, pp.58-60.
[22] WPD313, “Secretary Clinton on 40 Years of U.S.-China Relations”, Washington File, March 8, 2012, p.16.
[23] Geoff Dyer, “A Less Pacifc Ocean”, Financial Times, February 13, 2012.
[24] Philip Stephens, “The danger in Xi’s Rebuff to Obama”, Financial Times, March 2, 2012.
[25] 魏艾:“总统大选后的两岸关系展望”,载《亚太和平月刊》,2012年2月,第4页。
[26] Economist, “Lexington: Buttering-up and scolding”, Economist, February 18, 2012,p.33.
[27] Joseph s. Nye, Jr, “TheFuture of American Power”, Foreign Affairs, November/December, 2010,p.3.
[28] Robert S. Ross, “Chinese Nationalism and Its Discontents”, The National Interest, November/December, 2011, pp.45-51.
[29] [美]汉斯·摩根索著,徐昕等译:《国家间政治》,第七版,北京大学出版社,2006年,第28-35页。
[30] 邓小平:“中国的对外政策”,载《邓小平文选》,第二卷,人民出版社,1994年,第415-417页。
[31] Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Balancing the East, Upgrading the West”, Foreign Affairs, January/February, 2012, pp.101-103