【例2】 Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer.
掌握“英语重形合、汉语重意合”的差异是做好英汉互译的核心。英译汉时,要尽量在理清英语各句关系的基础上,打乱其原有的句式结构,按照“汉语重意合”的表达习惯和方式,重新组织句序;相反,在汉译英时,要把汉语各个分句的关系尽量用连接词、时态和标点符号等予以表示,最后按照英语的表达习惯组合成复杂的句子结构。例如,众所周知的,虽然“long time no see”(好久不见了)这句典型的中式英语也广为接受,但它是不符合英语表达习惯的,是典型的不顾英语语法和句型结构的误译。其实,按照英语的语法结构,应该这样表达:It’s a long time since we saw.
【例4】 Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature.
【分析】原文是一个典型的英语复杂长句,由42个单词组成,全靠一个逗号和几个连词结合成一个多层次的、内容丰富的句子。主句的主干是:Plastics is made from water, coal and lime; water, coal和lime之后各有一个定语从句,其中的后两个定语从句还是被动语态。所以,按照汉语的表达习惯,翻译时要化整为零,可以把主句和各个定语从句分开译成短句,其中的一些状语比如at less cost也可以单独处理成短句。
尽管英语和汉语中都存在被动语态,但相比较而言,英语更喜欢使用被动语态,特别是在一些正式的书面文体中,比如科技英语、医学英语等。有时,汉语也会经常使用一些由“被”引导的被动句,但是更多的时候是用主动表被动,比如由“让”、“给”、“由”、“据”等词语表达的句子。所以,在英译汉时,要尽量把英语的被动句翻译成汉语的主动句,尤其是一些习惯的表达方法,比如:it is said that…(据说……),it is generally considered that…(大家普遍认为……)等这些约定俗成的习惯用法。一般说来,可以把英语句子的主语变成汉语句子的宾语,再将被动语态部分翻译成主动;如果英语句子有by引导的施动者,将其译为汉语的主语;如果没有,则可不要或根据需要予以补充。
【例5】 It was still thought unusual in some places that programs could be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home.
【译文】有些地方的人们仍然认为,观众打电话要求在自己家里的电视屏幕上播放节目是一件不平常的事情。
【分析】原文中有三个被动语态形式was thought, could be called up, to be displayed, 都译成了汉语的主动语态:“认为”、“打电话”和“播放”。其方法是:it was thought that…,按照汉语习惯,补充了主语,译为“人们认为……”;could be called up,将by后施动者viewers译成主语,被动部分译成主动;to be displayed译成主动修饰programs。
【例6】 New actions must be taken to prevent air pollution.
【例11】 However, government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, to prevent flagrant abuses, to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth.
【例12】 Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this to mankind.
【译文】每个人都对他所属的社会负有责任,并且通过社会而对人类负责。
【分析】本句虽短,但是and 后的成分不好理解,因为它省略了一些成分。如果没看到这一省略,就不能理解原文的含义,更会译出难懂的中文:每个人都对他所属的社会负有责任,并且由此走向人类。(每个人不是都属于人类吗?怎么又走向人类呢?)其实,该句是在this后省略了前面出现的“everybody has a responsibility ”(符合省略的规则),this指“the society”。所以,根据汉语习惯,将其补充完整,即可得到正确的译文。
【例13】 I kept going back to the nightmare at odd times during the day, then at night when I was being put to bed.
【译文】我白天不时想到那个噩梦,晚上临睡时也会想到它。
【分析】原文为省略句,否则then后面就没有主句,难以理解。据此,可知省略成分为:I kept going back to the nightmare at odd times (at night)。译成汉语时,要对省略成分重复,即“也会想到它”。
学过英语的人都知道,英语的同一个意思有多种表达方式,可以通过不同的词或短语来表达,比如表达“我认为”,可以用as far as I’m concerned, in my opinion, I think,I believe等;也可以通过词性变化或句型变化来表达,比如表示“……很重要”,可以用句型“it is important to do sth.”或“sth. is of great importance”等;还可以通过使用代词来变化表达形式等等。但是,汉语的替换表达形式就没有这么丰富多彩了,汉语对同一个意思的表达一般多使用重复的方法,所以许多英语的替换表达形式翻译成汉语时要予以重复。例如:
【例16】 He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others. (代词替代:it 替代failure)
【例17】 If the greenhouse theory is correct, the earth’s temperature will rise until the amount of radiation emitted from the planet is equal to the solar energy it absorbs. (同义词替代:the earth与the planet同义)
作者: z625476 时间: 2012-4-9 12:27
【例18】 Our friends were obviously quite disturbed by the attitude of those in the country who is thought to misrepresent the arguments of the experts and reject them out of hand.
【例19】 Having reviewed various technical possibilities, I would now like to comment on the dangers that might be presented by their fulfillment and to compare these with the consequences of efforts to prevent this development.
【分析】原文中有三个代词their, these和this。如果只是含糊地直译出来,很难理解原文的意思。首先,their是指代其前面的复数,从形式上看,dangers和possibilities都有可能;但从与fulfillment的搭配来看,只能是possibilities,因为只能是“实现可能性”,而不能是“实现危险”。其次,these也可能是指代dangers和possibilities,但根据原文compare these with consequences of efforts to prevent this development可知,这两种比较只能是阻止this发展的做法带来的后果和this发展的危险之间的比较,而不能是后果与可能性之间的比较,所以这里的these应该指代dangers。最后,this是指代前面的某个单数形式,根据上下文语境及与development的搭配可知,这个this只能是指“某种技术”。
【例20】 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience intellectual development.
【分析】原文由一个主句和四个从句组成,主句是behaviorists suggest that,宾语从句是child will experience intellectual development,三个定语从句分别是:who is raised, where there are many stimuli和which develop his or her capacity,三者是层层相套的关系。对各句独立翻译后,如何处理定语从句与主句间的关系是重点。本句中的who引导的定语从句其实是对先行词的条件性限制,可以按照这种逻辑关系译成条件状语从句;Where引导的定语从句直接译成定语,修饰限定environment;which引导的定语从句则单独翻译,与who引导的定语从句并列,表示条件关系。这样,就在对原文紧凑结构的正确理解下,使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,读起来非常通顺。
【例21】 Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
【例22】 During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.
【译文】战争期间遇到这样的年景,许多人肯定会死去,许多人会逃荒要饭,许多人会被迫卖儿卖女。
【分析】原句中的would have done形式表示一种对未发生事情的猜测、可能性,可译成汉语的“会……”。
【例23】 Thus finishing his homework, Mike bravely asked his mother to let him go out and play football.