1月21日,国务卿希拉里在一次历史性的演讲中指出:“我们只认同全人类能平等地获得知识和理念的互联网。”对美国来说,做出这样的公开表态固然重要,但是,争取联网权利的斗争实际上只是争取自由的永恒斗争的新方式。而决定最终谁占上风的将不是科技,而是人民、社会组织以及各国政府。
注释:
1. Sophie Beach, “The Rise of Rights?” China Digital Times, http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2005/05/rise-of-rights .
2. Yongnian Zheng, Technological Empowerment: The Internet State and Society in China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), 147–51.
3. Ithiel de Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1983), 251.
4. Tom Standage, The Victorian Internet (New York: Berkley, 1998), 210, 213.
5. For various accounts, see http://fsi.stanford.edu/research/program_on_liberation_technology .
6. This account draws heavily from a student research paper conducted under my supervision: Astasia Myers, “Malaysiakini: Internet Journalism and Democracy,” Stanford University, 4 June 2009.
7. Figures on the growth of Web use in Malaysia and China are available at www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm .
8. Freedom House, “Freedom on the Net: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media,” 1 April 2009, 34; available at www.freedomhouse.org .
9. Private email message from Xiao Qiang, May 2009. Quoted with permission.
10. S.L. Shen, “Chinese Forbidden from Presenting Flowers to Google,” UPI Asia Online, 15 January 2010; available at www.upiasia.com/Politics/2010/01/15/chinese_forbidden_from_presenting_flowers_to_google/4148 .
11. Rebecca MacKinnon, “China’s Censorship 2.0: How Companies Censor Bloggers,” First Monday, 2 February 2009; available at http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2378/2089 . See also Ashley Esarey and Xiao Qiang, “Below the Radar: Political Expression in the Chinese Blogosphere,” Asian Survey 48 (September–October 2008): 752–72.
12. Ariana Eunjung Cha, “In China, a Grass-Roots Rebellion,” Washington Post, 29 January 2009.
13. “Charter 08 Still Alive in the Chinese Blogosphere,” China Digital Times, 9 February 2009.
14. Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 158.
15. Michael McFaul, “Transitions from Postcommunism,” Journal of Democracy 16 (July 2005): 12.
16. Robert Faris and Bruce Etling, “Madison and the Smart Mob: The Promise and Limitations of the Internet for Democracy,” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 32 (Summer 2008): 65.
17. Cathy Hong, “New Political Tool: Text Messaging,” Christian Science Monitor, 30 June 2005; Jóse de Córdoba, “A Bid to Ease Chávez’s Power Grip; Students Continue Protests in Venezuela; President Threatens Violence,” Wall Street Journal, 8 June 2007.
18. Mridul Chowdhury, “The Role of the Internet in Burma’s Saffron Revolution,” Berkman Center for Internet and Society, September 2008, 14 and 4; available at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Chowdhury_Role_of_the_Internet_in_Burmas_Saffron_Revolution.pdf_0.pdf .
19. Edward Cody, “Text Messages Giving Voice to Chinese,” Washington Post, 28 June 2007.
20. Choe Sang-Hun, “North Koreans Use Cell Phones to Bare Secrets,” New York Times, 28 March 2010. Available at www.nytimes.com/2010/03/29/world/asia/29news.html .
21. Steve Coll, “In the Gulf, Dissidence Goes Digital; Text Messaging is the New Tool of Political Underground,” Washington Post, 29 March 2005.
22. John Kelly and Bruce Etling, “Mapping Iran’s Online Public: Politics and Culture in the Persian Blogosphere,” Berkman Center for Internet and Society, April 2008; available at http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Kelly&Etling_Mapping_Irans_Online_Public_2008.pdf .
23. Omid Habibinia, “Who’s Afraid of Facebook?” 3 September 2009; available at http://riseoftheiranianpeople.com/2009/09/03/who-is-afraid-of-facebook .
24. In addition to Freedom House, Freedom on the Net, see Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zitrain, Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008). For the ongoing excellent work of the OpenNet Initiative, see http://opennet.net .
25. University of Toronto Citizen Lab, “Everyone’s Guide to By-Passing Internet Censorship,” September 2007; available at www.civisec.org/guides/everyones-guides .
26. Center for International Media Assistance, National Endowment for Democracy, “The Role of New Media in the 2009 Iranian Elections,” July 2009, 2; available at http://cima.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/cima-role_of_new_media_in_iranian_electionsworkshop_report.pdf .
27. Rory Cellan-Jones, “Hi-Tech Helps Iranian Monitoring,” BBC News, 22 June 2009. Available at news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8112550.stm .
28. Rebecca MacKinnon, “Are China’s Demands for Internet ‘Self-Discipline’ Spreading to the West?” McClatchy News Service, 18 January 2010; available at www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/01/18/82469/commentary-are-chinas-demands.html .
29. Daniel Calingaert, “Making the Web Safe for Democracy,” ForeignPolicy.com, 19 January 2010; available at www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/19/making_the_web_safe_for_democracy .
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