[ii] See for example, among a myriad of possible sources, Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).
[iii] For a related approach, see David Beetham, “Towards a Universal Frame-work for Democracy Assessment,” Democratization 11 (April 2004): 1–17.
[iv] 这也包含于正式民主评估的目的之中。See David Beetham, et al., eds., International IDEA Guide to Democracy Assessment (New York: Kluwer Law International, 2001), available at www.idea.int/ideas_work/ 14_political_state.htm.
[v] See the debate among Arend Lijphart, Guy Larderet, and Quentin L. Quade in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
[vi] Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, “Financing Politics: A Global View,” Journal of Democracy 13 (October 2002): 69–86; U.S. Agency for International Development, Money and Politics: A Guide to Increasing Transparency in Emerging Democracies, November 2003, www.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/ pdfs/pnacr223.pdf.
[vii] Robert Pastor, “A Brief History of Electoral Commissions,” in Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1999), 75–82.
[viii] Andreas Schedler, “Conceptualizing Accountability,” in Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State.
[ix] Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State.
[x] Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne H. Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capi-talist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
[xi] Guillermo O’Donnell, “Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies,” in Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State, 31.
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