新西兰和这些国家的情况截然相反。该国在1980年代中期由工党和其财政大臣罗杰·道格拉斯领导下开始了一系列自由化改革。80年代之初,新西兰已经发展成为世界上最广泛的福利国家之一,但同时国家负债急剧上升,经济每况愈下,危机重重。1984年,新西兰首轮改革新西兰币浮动,废除了货币控制;停止了农业和消费补贴,进口通行证和鼓励出口的措施;将税务结构由收入税和销售税改成更为广泛的消费税,并将国有企业私有化。10所有这些都是新西兰缩小政府范围的经典案例。但是随着1988年通过的《政府部门议案》(the State Sector Act),新西兰为第二轮改革拉开了序幕,着眼于加强的保留下来的核心政府机构的管理能力。这些改革要求各部门按照商业标准将每月的财务报告归档;将所有部门归于首席执行官管理之下,而首席执行官则必须符合聘用条件,签订任期合同;同时,改革还要求提高管理判断能力,以确保混合性输入可以产生统一的输出;在政府内部建立准合同式问责制系统。因此,到二十世纪九十年代中期,新西兰已经向着政府规划的理想方向迈——即既能够将其范围控制到中等程度,又能提高其效率水平。
1 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
2 Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944).
3 John Williamson, The Political Economy of Policy Reform (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1994), 26–27.
4 Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997); Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Dis-contents (New York: W.W. Norton, 2002).
5 Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W.W. Norton, 1995).
6 Max Weber, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 78.
7 Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
9 Adrian Karatnycky, “The 2003 Freedom House Annual Survey: National Income and Liberty,” Journal of Democracy 15 (January 2004): 82–93. The Polity IV data are available at www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity.
10 New Zealand State Services Commission (1998), “New Zealand’s State Sector Reform: A Decade of Change,” at www.ssc.govt.nz/display/document.asp?docid=2384.
11 Nicolas van de Walle, African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
12 这显示了克林顿政府官员在韩国加入OECD组织、九十年代早期对泰国政策上的思路,例如,那个时候没有多少证据表明资本帐户自由化为时尚早。See David Sanger and Nicholas Kristof, “How U.S. Wooed Asia To Let Cash Flow In,” New York Times, 16 February 1999, A1.
13 Anthony Lanyi and Young Lee, Governance Aspects of the East Asian Financial Crisis (College Park,
Md.: IRIS Working Paper 226, 1999); Stephan Haggard, The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis (Washington: Insti-tute for International Economics, 2000).
14 Interview with Milton Friedman in the Preface to Economic Freedom of the World Annual Report (Vancouver, B.C.: Fraser Institute, 2002), xvii.
15 Francis Fukuyama and Sanjay Marwah, “Comparing East Asia and Latin America: Dimensions of Development,” Journal of Democracy 11 (October 2000): 80–99.
16 World Bank, Building Institutions for Markets: World Development Report 2002 (Washington, D.C.: Oxford University Press, 2002).
17 有些税种明显不利于发展,比如国际贸易方面的许多税收。World Bank, Building Institutions for Markets.
18 Hernando de Soto, The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 134.
19 要了解关于新传统智慧的经验研究,see, among others, James A. Robinson and Daron Acemoglu, et al., “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation” (Washington, D.C., NBER Working Paper 7771, 2000; William R. Easterly, The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists’ Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); Nicolas van de Walle, African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. On institutions and how they develop, see Robert E. Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1988); Merilee S. Grindle, Getting Good Government: Capacity Building in the Public Sector of Developing Countries (Cambridge: Harvard Institute For International Development, 1997); Merilee S. Grindle, Audacious Reforms: Institutional Inven-tion and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000); Judith Tendler, Good Government in the Tropics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); World Bank, et al., The State in a Changing World (Ox-ford: Oxford University Press, 1997); World Bank, Reforming Public Institutions and Strengthening Governance (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2000); World Bank, Building Institutions for Markets.
20 Michael Woolmark and Lant Pritchett, “Solutions When the Solution Is the Problem: Arraying the Disarray in Development, Center for Global Development,” Washington, D.C., September 2002.