1、Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, “What Democracy Is . . . and Is Not,” Journal of Democracy 2 (Summer 1991): 75–88. 我们在76页中将民主定义为“一种管理的政体或制度,在此体制中,统治者要对其在公共利领域中的行为对民众负责,民众通过由其选举的代表的竞争与合作来间接控制统治者”。如果过去我们对这个定义考虑的再多一点,我们会修正其中两个细节:一是将“管理”改为“政府”,因为“管理”的含义不太严谨,并且容易导致被用来为那些有欠民主的行为开脱责任;第二,我们将删除“选举”这个由过分热心的编辑错误加上去的词。因为我们所指的“代表”不仅仅指通过严格选举产生的代表。
2、Philippe C. Schmitter, “The Limits of Horizontal Accountability,” in Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1999), 59–63. 在这,我担心的是,“国家的公仆”常常会受到串通一致来保护自己特权的诱惑。我要提醒的是,美国宪法秩序的建筑师们看到了制约与平衡作为“辅助的预防”措施,这种措施可精妙地来限制主流意愿潜在的不公正或不明智。
5、Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C. Schmitter, “Concepts, Assumptions, and Hypotheses About Democratization: Reflections on ‘Stretching’ from South to East,” and Philippe C. Schmitter and Carsten Q. Schneider, “The Liberalization of Autocracy, Mode of Transition and Consolidation of Democracy: Data on Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Southern Europe, South America, Central America, and the Republics of the Former Soviet Union.” Both papers were presented at a workshop on “Regime Transitions: Transitions from Communist Rule in Comparative Perspective,” sponsored by the Center for De-mocracy, Development, and the Rule of Law at the Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 15–16 November 2002.