1. 比如,可以参考Crawford B. MacPherson, The Real World of Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966).
2. Republic 563c.
3. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War (Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1954), 117–18; Josiah Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
4. Benjamin Constant, Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 316–18.
5. 见Ronald Dworkin, A Bill of Rights for Britain (London: Chatto and Windus, 1990); John Wadham and Helen Mountfield, Human Rights Act 1998 (London: Blackstone, 1999).
6. The text of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms can be found in Ian Brownlie and Guy Goodwin-Gill, eds., Basic Documents on Human Rights, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 398–420.
8. David Beetham, Sarah Bracking, Iain Kearton, and Stuart Weir, International IDEA Handbook on Democracy Assessment (The Hague: Kluwer Law Interna-tional, 2002).
9. 见Ian Brownlie and Guy Goodwin-Gill, Basic Documents on Human Rights, Part 2; Francesca Klug, Keir Starmer, and Stuart Weir, The Three Pillars of Liberty (London: Routledge, 1996), ch. 2.
10. Patrick Burkinshaw, Freedom of Information: the Law, the Practice and the Ideal (London: Butterworths, 2001). A comprehensive listing of standards of best practice across all the areas of democratic life is to be found in Part 3 of the International IDEA Handbook on Democracy Assessment, cited in note 8 above.
12. 见Guy Goodwin-Gill, Free and Fair Elections: International Law and Practice (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994); Guy Goodwin-Gill, Codes of Conduct for Elections (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1998)
13. 见Raphael Lopez-Pintor, Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance (New York: UNDP, 2000), and Jorgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, "The Rise of Election Monitoring: What Makes Elections Free and Fair?" Journal of Democracy 8 (July 1997): 32–46.
14. 见Reginald Austin and Maja Tjernstr?m, eds., Funding of Political Par-ties and Election Campaigns (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2003).
15. Robert Pastor, "A Brief History of Electoral Commissions," in Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1999), 75–82
16. David Beetham, Iain Byrne, Pauline Ngan, and Stuart Weir, Democracy under Blair (London: Methuen and Politico's, 2003).
17. Reginald Austin and Maja Tjernstr?m, eds., Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns.