文章的开头,好比我们对某人的第一印象,第一印象不好则很难拿到满意的分数。问题来了,怎样建立这个第一印象?镜头回到07年12月大学英语六级考场上,一道名为“The Digital Age”的题目摆在所有考生面前,要你谈论数字化产品对人们学习和生活的影响,30分钟,120字。此刻,有人喜,有人忧,有人一个回闪,脑中浮现了新三某课:“No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want.”——谈论“广告的影响”,当时老师是重点讲解的,还做了举一反三的仿写练习,互联网的影响,影视剧的影响等,双重否定、让步倒装,掷地有声。类似的例子还有很多:“Has it ever happened to you? Have you ever put your trousers in the washing machine and then remembered there was a large band note in your back pocket? When you rescued your trousers, did you find the note was whiter than white?”这是第7课的开头,一问接一问,故意设问,读者的兴趣便被紧紧地抓住了。再看第12课的开头“我们许多人对于荒岛生活有一种不切实际的想法。”一句话概括限定主题,简洁明了。试想一下这么一句话要你来写你会写成什么,看到“有”和“想法”你是不是就用have了,你该不会还用了idea吧?如果不幸被我言中,快翻开书看看吧,你会为作者措辞之精当所折服,作者用的是“form”和 “picture”,紧接着便围绕picture何为不切实际展开了论证,以实景描绘的手法给出了正反两幅pictures,段尾一句更是绝妙,“Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out.”不但呼应了开头句且同时引出了下文:第三幅,“切实际的”画面。再回头看这一段开头那句,简单的限定了主题却如此匠心独具。头固然有很多中开法,但其中也有规律可循,如第10课以背景介绍开头,第14课以轶闻开头,第27课与50以警句开头……它们或吸引读者注意,或阐明限定主题,或提供背景信息,或引出中心思想,都成功地给人留下了深刻的第一印象;更重要的是有人给你总结好了,还告诉你怎么去用。
从论点到论据的精彩过渡——“this can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.”lesson 4; “Visits to really remote villages are seldom enjoyable--as my wife and I discovered during a tour through the Balkans”lesson 48. 你还在用for example么?
类比论证——“For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber. 对洞穴探险者来说,洞穴有一种特殊的魅力,就像高山对登山者有特殊魅力一样。”lesson 42 洞穴勘察,非常有意思的一课,作者对勘察“动机”做出了论述,又马上意识到这种动机是说不清的,于是给出了这么一个例子来做类比;对于说不清的事情,作者处理的非常高明,给我们示范了论证技巧的同时还提供了一个漂亮实用的句型。
以退为进——第44课“Airplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and even hardened travellers are intimidated by them. They also have the grave disadvantage of being the most expensive form of transport. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. 飞机以危险而著称,连老资格的旅行者也怕飞机。飞机另一个缺点是昂贵。但就速度与舒适而言,飞机是无与伦比的。”