【例】 I have five young children, // and now my wife has a baby girl // and I do not know where the money is to come from to feed and clothe them all. / We are very poor,/ and I fear I cannot work hard enough. (省略前面出现的不定式)
【分析】分析本段话结构的关键是弄清楚省略和否定转移。第一句话由三个并列句组成;第二句话由两个并列句组成,承前省略了“to feed and clothe them all”,且含有否定转移,即I fear I cannot work hard enough to feed and clothe them all.中的not应该是否定后面的目的状语。如果不明白该句的省略和否定转移现象,就会误译成“我们很穷,恐怕我也不能拼命干活了”,意思显然不通,存在逻辑错误。
【例】There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits.
【例1】 Nor, as things are, could the actual study of science easily be separated from technology, on which it has come to depend rather intimately for materials and apparatus. (全部否定)
【例2】 Not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates. (部分否定)
【译文】并不是所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都化合为碳水化合物。
【分析】本句是部分否定句。英语中,有些句型,比如:all...not, not all, every...not, not every, both...not等,都是表示部分否定,可以翻译成“并不都......”。但是,需要注意no, none, neither, nor引导的是全部否定。例如:No two people think alike. (没有两个人的想法是一样的。)
【例3】 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized. (双重否定)
【译文】它的意义和重要性, 不管无论如何强调,都不算过分。
【分析】本句是双重否定句。英语中,两个表示否定意义的词用在同一句话中,实际上整句话表肯定。此外,还有一些固定的句型,比如cannot / hardly / scarcely...enough / too / over+动词(无论怎么......也不过分......), only too...to (非常),cannot but(不会不,一定会)等表示肯定。比如:We are only too willing to do it for you. (我们非常愿意为你做这件事。)
【例4】Time is what we want most, but what many use worst. (形肯实否)
【译文】我们最缺少时间,但偏偏许多人最不善于利用时间。
【例5】 He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. (形否实肯)
【译文】他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。
【例6】 Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time. (否定转移)
【译文】不要因为时间紧张就敷衍塞责。
【分析】否定转移是指形式上看起来是否定某个词语或主句,但实际上是否定另外的词语或从句。最常见的是“主语 + don't think + 从句 (否定从句)”,“not...because / because of...(否定because / because of )”等。对于否定转移,翻译时要把否定转回原位。本句中,not否定的是because从句,所以翻译时要把not还原到because从句上。
【例7】 As they expected to be away from the steamer only a few hours, they took enough food for one meal only and no extra clothing beyond what they stood up in. (排除否定)
【分析】本句是排除否定。所谓排除否定,就是指该句中有一部分是否定,有一部分是肯定。通常地,会用一些介词或连词等来排除掉其所引导或连接的部分。常见的引导词有:beyond (除了)、other than(除了)、except (除了)、nothing more than (仅仅)等。该句中是用beyond引导的排除否定,排除掉其后的what they stood up in;由于本句前面有no,也可以看成是no和beyond的双重否定表肯定。