对于东亚一体化的制度建构,美国的基本态度经历了一个微妙的变化过程。2004年8月,美国国务卿鲍威尔(Colin L. Powell)在谈到拟议中的东亚共同体时表示,美国不认为有此必要。他还警告说,虽然主权国家有这样做的自由,但它们的行动不应损害美国同亚洲朋友间的“良好而牢固的关系"。[5]鲍威尔的评论反映出美国对东亚国家谋求新的地区一体化架构的警惕。不过,随着2005年12月第一届东亚峰会的召开,美国的态度似乎也变得更加现实。2006年1月,美国APEC高官麦克尔·麦克拉克(Michael Michalak)就亚洲的一体化进程发表评论称,美国不认为“10+3"或东亚峰会会损害美国的利益,美国也不需要参加亚洲国家之间举行的每一次会议和对话,但是麦克拉克强调泛太平洋伙伴关系和机构的重要性。[6]2006年5月,助理国务卿希尔更明确表示,亚洲国家希望加强他们自己的地区架构,就像世界上其他地方的地区集团所做的那样,这是完全可以理解的。这种一体化的制度建构的努力是亚洲内部发展着的经济与金融一体化的反映,这并不令人意外。美国对此表示欢迎。[7]尽管美国的态度越来越务实,由于东亚一体化的目标和路径尚不明朗,美国对这一进程仍在观望和评估,其基本政策尚未完全定型。目前看来,根据美国在本地区的利益和政策偏好,结合美国思想库的政策建议,可以对美国的政策态势作出如下判断,即:对东亚一体化表示理解甚至谨慎的有条件的支持,同时积极应对,以确保美国在本地区的利益和影响不被削弱。
[1] 关于美国对东亚一体化的关切与认知,本文主要参考以下文献:The Stanley Foundation and Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), “Building an Open and Inclusive Regional Architecture for Asia," Policy Dialogue Brief (The Stanley Foundation), November 2006; Ralph Cossa, “Evolving U.S. Views on the Future Institutional Architecture of Asia," working papers, The Future Architecture of Asia Conference organized by The Stanley Foundation and CSIS, November 15-17, 2006.
[2] Christopher Hill, “The U.S. and Southeast Asia," Remarks to the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, Singapore, May 22, 2006. http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/66646.htm
[3] The Stanley Foundation and Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), “Building an Open and Inclusive Regional Architecture for Asia," Policy Dialogue Brief (The Stanley Foundation), November 2006, p. 8.
[7] Christopher Hill, “The U.S. and Southeast Asia," Remarks to the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, Singapore, May 22, 2006. http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/66646.htm
[8] 关于美国可能的对策,本文主要参考了以下文献:The Stanley Foundation and Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), “Building an Open and Inclusive Regional Architecture for Asia," Policy Dialogue Brief (The Stanley Foundation), November 2006.
[15] Richard L. Armitage and Joseph S. Nye, The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Getting Asia Right through 2020. CSIS, February 2007, p. 18.
[16] Christopher Hill, “The U.S. and Southeast Asia," Remarks to the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, Singapore, May 22, 2006. http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/66646.htm
[18] The Stanley Foundation and Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), “Building an Open and Inclusive Regional Architecture for Asia," Policy Dialogue Brief (The Stanley Foundation), November 2006, pp. 8-9.
[19] Francis Fukuyama, “Re-Envisioning Asia," Foreign Affairs, January/February 2005, Vol. 84, No. 1, p. 86.
[20] Morton Abramowitz and Stephen Bosworth, Chasing the Sun: Rethinking East Asian Policy, New York: The Century Foundation Press, 2006, pp. 135-136. 眼下他们的观点虽非主流,但却不是唯一的,参看Joshua Kurlantzick, “Pax Asia-Pacifica? East Asian Integration and Its Implications for the United States," The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2007, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 74-75.