《民主与不信任》是美国宪法学领域最重要的专著之一。作者John Hart Ely教授曾经担任哈佛大学教授、斯坦福大学法学院院长,2003年逝世前任职于迈阿密大学法学院。哥伦比亚大学法学院教授Henry P. Monaghan曾赞誉该书对“二十世纪美国司法审查理论做出了最重大的贡献”(见该书英文版封底)。翻译这样一部开创司法审查理论新领域1的著作,对于司法审查在操作层面尚未建立、在理论层面也还处于引介西方学说阶段的中国,其意义怎样说都不为过。
1、 “Actually it may not matter so much whether our representatives
are treating themselves the way they treat the rest of us.” (页78)
朱、顾译:“其实我们的代表是否将等同于我们无关紧要。”
试译:“实际上,我们的代表是否以对待他们自己的方式来对待我们并不是那么重要。”
2、 “there are precious few, if indeed any , First Amendment claims
that have reached the Court whose vindication would have seriously
imperiled the republic or anything else.” (页110)
1、 “The remainder of this chapter will comprise three arguments
in favor of a participation-oriented, representation-reinforcing
approach to judicial review.” (页 88)
2、 “In United States v. Robel, decided at the height of the Court’s
infatuation with ‘overbreadth’ analysis, Chief Justice Warren
suggested for the majority that such analysis do not concern itself
with the strength of the government ’s interest at all, but involves
instead an almost mechanical pruning of superfluous restraints: ‘It
has been suggested this case should be decided by ‘balancing’ the
governmental interest, expressed in (the statute) against the First
Amendment rights asserted the appellee, this we decline to do…We have
ruled only that the Constitution requires that the conflict between
congressional power and individual rights be accommodated by legislation
drawn more narrowly to avoid the conflict.” (页 107)
朱、顾译:“在 U.S. v. Robel一案当中,首席大法官Warren出于法院对‘超广度’分析法的偏爱,认为这种分析法其实根本就和政府利益的重大程度无关,相反却包括对多余的限制加以机械性删除:‘有人建议这一案件的判决应通过‘平衡’法规中体现的利益来进行,以对抗被告应享有第一修正案中的权利。我们拒绝这样做……我们只依宪法要求判决,国会权力与个人权利之间的冲突应由旨在避免冲突的立法来解决。”
试译:“U.S. v. Robel一案判决于最高法院正醉心于‘过于宽泛’这一分析时,首席大法官Warren代表多数派法官指出,这种分析根本不需要考虑政府利益的强度,只需要直接剪除法规中多余的限制:‘有人主张,这一案件应当要平衡(法规中)体现出来的政府利益和被上诉人主张的第一修正案权利。我们已经拒绝这样做。……我们是这样判决的,宪法要求应当通过范围较为狭窄的立法来协调国会权力和个人权利从而避免这种冲突。’”
1 需要指出的一点是,Ely并非程序主义司法审查理论的始作俑者,而是该理论的集大成者。在《民主与不信任》发表之前与该理论有关的代表性专著或文章有L. Lusky, By What Right?(1975); Ball,
“Judicial Protection of Powerless Minorities”, 59 Iowa L. Rev.
1059 (1974); Black, “ The Unfinished Business of the Warren Court,
1975 Term-Forward: In Defense of the Antidiscrimination Principle”,
90 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 6-12 (1976); Fiss, “Groups and the Equal
Protection Clause”, in Equality and Preferential Treatment 85, 130
(M. Cohen, T. Nagel & T. Scanlon eds. 1977); Karst, “The Supreme
Court, 1976 Term-Foreword: Equal Citizenship Under the Fourteenth
Amendment”, 91 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 8-10, 24-26 (1977); Tribe, Structural
Due Process, 10 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 269 (1975); Note, “Mental
Illness: A Suspect Classification?”, 83 Yale L. J. 1237 (1974)。一般性的论述还可以参见Rostow, “The Democratic Character of Judicial Review”, 66 Harv. L.
Rev. 193 (1952) 。转引自Laurence H. Tribe, “The Puzzling Persistence of
Process-based Constitutional Theories,” 89 Yale L. J. 1063 (1980), note 3.
2Bruce Ackerman, “Constitutional Politics/Constitutional Law,” 99
Yale L. J. 453 (1989)。有关Bruce Ackerman常规立法和宪法制定的“二元主义理论”的更完整的谈论,可以参见 Bruce Ackerman, We, the People: Foundations (Vol. 1) 以及 We the People: Transformations (Vol. 2), Harvard University Press。对Ackerman这种二元论的批评,可以参见Wang Qinghua, Philadelphia Convention and Popular Sovereignty:
A theory of Legitimacy。 (哈佛法学院硕士学位论文,2003)。
3 考虑到在制定宪法的时候,黑人、妇女、财产有限的白人都是没有选举权的,宪法体现的更多的是,如果是不完全是,白种有产男人的利益。从马克思主义的观点切入的对美国宪法的最佳解读,仍然是Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of The
United States, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1936.
4 Laurence Tribe, American Constitutional Law, Vol. 1, 3rd, p.4,
Foundation Press.
5 Laurence Tribe & Michal Dorf, On Reading the Constitutional Law,
Harvard University Press, pp. 24-30.。对Ely这种以程序为基础的司法审查理论的批评,还可以参见 Laurence H. Tribe, “The Puzzling Persistence of Process-based
Constitutional Theories,” 89 Yale L. J. 1063 (1980)。
6 这种言论自由促进民主制度的最有力论述,可以参见,Alexander Meiklejohn, Political Freedom, Harper & Brothers, 1960。关于言论自由的其他的一般性理论有,以穆勒和科斯为代表的“市场理论”,具体论述参见John Stuart Mill, On Liberty; R. H. Coase, “The Market for
Goods and the Market or Ideas” 64 American Economic Review, 384-86,
389-90 (1974),以David Strauss 为代表的“说服理论”, 参见 “Persuasion, Autonomy and Freedom of Expression”,
91 Colum. L. Rev.334-371(1991),以Catharine A., Mackinnon为代表的“女权主义理论”,参见 Catharine A. Mackinnon, Only Words, Harvard University Press, 2000以及新康德学派的“个人自治理论。”参见Charles Fried, Saying What the Law Is: The Constitution in the
Supreme Court, Harvard University Press, 2004.
7 Kathleen M. Sullivan and Gerald Gunther, Constitutional law, 14th
edition, Foundation Press, 2001, pp. 1288-89.