黎文指出:陈氏《音乐学的历史》一文,全文二分之一以上内容抄袭自Ernst C. Krohn所著
“The Development of Modern Musicology”。为说明问题且为条理清晰起见,我将黎文中所指陈氏在该文中抄袭的具体情况分项列出于下:
1.陈氏该文共五节,“概说”与“阿德勒模式”两节中部份内容,抄袭自Krokn文章第153至155页;
2.“第二次世界大战以前的音乐学”一节内容,完全抄袭自Krohn文第155至158页;
3.“音乐学永远的题目”一节内容,完全抄袭自Krohn文第164至166页;其中连Krohn文中脚注亦照抄不误;
4.“西方音乐学学科论著文献书目”一节内容,抄袭自Krohn文中“Bibliography
in Chronological Order”(原著167-172),又乱加改头换面,根本不懂Krohn按编年顺序排列之历史意义,硬改为按作者姓氏字母次序排列,略加增添,又漏抄乱改。
5.简言之,Krohn全文19页,其中15页(占其全文的 78.95%),全入陈氏该文中,而陈氏在其正文及附注中,全未提及Ernst C. Krohn之名及此原著。
根据黎文指出的上述抄袭之处,我与Krohn原文核对后,确认黎文所说符合事实。实际上,即使不知道Krohn原著内容的读者,如果阅读陈文时稍稍留心一些,也是可以马上发现不少疑点并据此推断出陈氏抄袭的。比如说,陈氏该文第5页倒数第12行至16行为:“也正是在1905年,德国音乐学分出了一个新的方向——埃利科?冯?霍恩博斯特(Erich van Hornbostel, 1877-1935)在维也纳的一个讲座上提出了‘比较音乐学(Vergleichende Musikwissenschaft)。这是第一次用这个词指‘原始音乐和东方音乐’的研究”。陈文中这两句话后面有一个“注释15”。依此参阅陈氏文末的注释15,为:“该讲演发表在Zeitschrift der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft, VII/1905, pp.85-97”。这个注释中没有出现任何“转引自某某处”之类的话,那也就是说,陈氏通过这个注释明确表示了:这是陈氏本人的历史文献研究成果,而不是他转引了别人发现的史实。但是,据陈氏文中所示,这一讲演应该是德文,而这项注释所列的这一刊物名称也分明是德文。陈氏在国内音乐学界是知名学者,而且同行中大多数人都知道陈氏完全不懂德文,但是陈氏却在这里白纸黑字地注明这是他自己发现的史实,那么,这不是造假又是什么?倘若跟Krohn原文对照,则真相大白了:陈氏抄袭了Krohn文章,连脚注都照抄:此段正文抄自Krohn原文第157页,原文该页脚注2为:“Reprinted in the Zeitschrift
der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft, VII (1905), pp. 85-97”。该刊是德文《国际音乐学会学报》。黎文指出陈氏“连Krohn文中脚注亦照抄不误”,一点也没有夸大其词。
黎文又指出,陈氏的另一篇文章《音乐学研究与文献》,包括不注明出处的直接抄袭和注明出处的“引用”但实则为违反版权法的超量抄录,全文四分之三的内容出自Lincoln Bunce Spiess所著专书Historical Musicology: A Reference Manual for Research in Music。具体而言,在该文中陈氏注明出处地“引用”了Spiess原著共24页的内容(pp.47-57, pp.76-88)。如此大篇幅的整页“引用”,已经大大违反了学术写作中“引用必须合理”的常规。此外,在该文中陈氏不注明出处地直接抄袭了Spiess原著第1至2页中的部分内容。这样连抄带“引”,陈文总共抄录了占Spiess原著17.22%的篇幅,违反了西方各国学界公认的引用或复制最多不得超过原文总篇幅10%的惯例,而且违反了版权法。
Spiess原著中从第2页末到第3页第一自然段:
“One often tends to accept the printed word as truth. The question arises, of
course, as to what extent one can rely on a given source and how one can
detect inaccuracies. The most basic defense is simply not to rely on a single
source, particularly if there is any possible suspicion of inexactitude.
Typographical errors are easily corrected by a comparison with another source.
The problem becomes greater, however, if the mistake results from the perpetuation of
an error on the part of an earlier, well-known, and accepted authority. In this case,
an original source may have to be examined to discover the correct information. …”。
陈文:Chevalier, U., Rèpertoire des sourdes historiques de moyen, 4 Vols. Kraus
Reprint Corporation, 1949-1960.
评:这是法文文献。但是陈氏写出的这个书名莫名其妙,无法构成可以理喻的意思,牵强地猜测,那或许是什么关于聋子的历史文献,因为陈氏此处所写“sourdes”在法文中意为“聋子”。另外,法文répertoire中的“é”不能写为“è”。合理的推测是:陈氏不懂法文却又抄袭法文书名,自己又没有找到原书核对,因此把该书原文书名都抄错了,不但单词拼写抄错,而且书名还没抄完全(“moyen”之后没抄),出版年代也没抄,重印年代又抄错(1959错为1949),出版地也没有。可以说是满盘皆错而陈氏还不自知。此书其实是法文专著《中世纪历史文献目录》,全书四卷,两卷为人物卷,两卷为主题卷,出版年代和重印年代都不相同。在参考书目中正确的写法应为:
Chevalier, Ulysse. 1959 (1894-1903). Répertoire des sources historiques du moyen
age: topo-bibliographie. 2 Vols. New York: Kraus Reprint.
Chevalier, Ulysse. 1960 (1905-1907). Répertoire des sources historiques du moyen
age: bio-bibliographie. 2 Vols. New York: Kraus Reprint.
陈文:Encicolopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed. arti, 36 Vols., Milano &
Roma: Istituto Giovanni Rercanni, 1919-1989.
评:这是意大利文《意大利科学、文学与艺术百科全书》。陈氏显然由于不懂书名的意思而将书名腰斩了:把书名的前一半以斜体标为书名,而误以为原书名的后一半lettere ed arti(文学与艺术)中的“ed”是英文“edit”(编辑)的缩写“ed.”,所以这一半就不用斜体,而在这个“ed”后面自以为是地加了个点(缩写符号)。于是他的此项书目,成了个四不象的东西。此外,陈氏没有标示此项书目的编撰者,再者,书目中标示36 Vols.(36卷),这就明确宣称陈氏在写此文时阅读参考了该百科全书的所有36卷。即使陈氏精通意大利文,为写一篇文章而有这样大的阅读参考量(且不说他所明示的其他参考书目),也令人难以置信,且不说如此巨量的参阅是否有必要了。
陈文:La Grande Encyclopèdie, 31 Vols., Paris: H. Lamirault, 1886-1986.
评:此书为法文的《大百科全书》,与上例相同,陈氏没有标出该书的编撰者姓名,同样,陈氏此处所示是该书的所有31卷,这是令人难以置信而且并无必要的阅读参考量。此外,陈氏所写书名拼写错误,法文“encyclopédie”一词中的“é”不能写作“è”。
陈文:Adler, G. Methoid der Musikgeschichte, Leipzig, 1919.
评:此为德文专著《音乐史方法》,但是陈氏拼写错误,“Methoid”应当是“Method”,而且只注明出版地却没有出版者,不符合文目格式规范。
陈文:Doflein, E. “Historismus und Historisierung in der Musik”, Festschrift
für Walter Wiora, Kasel, 1966, p.48.
评:这是德文著述,是一篇题为《音乐学中的历史主义与历史主义化》的文章,收在Festschrift
für Walter Wiora zum 30. Dezember 1966(《1966年12月30日致沃尔特?威欧拉纪念文集》)之中。陈氏此项文目有好几个错误:其一,他没有完整标出该文集编辑者的姓名。该书两位编者的姓名,他只标出了其中之一的姓氏而无名字,而且将此姓氏拼写错了(“Kasel”应该是“Kassel”)。其二,他本应在该文集的书名之前加一个“in”,表示该文出自该书。但他不但漏抄了这个“in”,而且将该文集的书名腰斩了,只抄了书名的前一半。“30. Dezember 1966”本是书名的后一半,但他不懂德文,却以为那是该书的出版日期,因此自作聪明地保留了“1966”作为出版年份而将他以为是不必要的月和日删去,而实际的出版年份1967年他却又不抄了。书目的这一部分原该是:“...
in Festschrift für Walter Wiora zum 30. Dezember 1966, ed. L. Finscher and C-H
Mahling, Kassel, 1967. …”。其三,原文在该文集中的页码应该是起止页码都写完整,而不应只有一页“p.48”。其四,该文集的出版地和出版社都没有标明,实际应为:“Paris, London,
New York: Barenreiter”。
陈文:Geogiades, T. G. “Musik als Geschichte”, Musik und Sprache: das Werden
der abendl?mdoschen Musik, Dargestellt an der Vertonung der Messe, Berlin, G?ttingen
and Heidelberg, 1954, p. 133.
评:这是德文文章《作为历史的音乐》,载于德文《音乐与语言:从弥撒曲看西方音乐发展》一书中。陈氏在书名之前漏写了一个单词“in”,而且他所写的书名有拼写错误,“abendl?mdoschen”(意为“西方的”)的正确拼写应为“abendl?ndischen”。另外,与前面的错误一样,该文章在此书中的页码应该是起止页码都写完整,而不应只有一页“p.133”。
陈文:Gurlitt, W. “Hugo Riemann und die Musikgeschichte”, Zur Musik, i/1918-19,
p. 571; repr. In Musikgeschichte und Gegenwart, ed. H. H. Eggebrecht, Wiesbaden,
1966, p. 103.
评:这是德文文章《雨果?利曼和音乐史》,初刊于德文期刊《论音乐》之中,后重印于德文专著《音乐的历史和现状》中。陈氏此处写于该刊之后的“i/1918-19”莫名其妙,无法猜知“i”是何意,且在该专著之前的“In”应该小写为“in”。此外,跟前面几次说过的一样,凡属文章,都应标出起止页码,而不应象陈氏这样孤零零地丢下一个单张的页码了事。
陈文:Kier, H. Raphael Georg Kiesewetter (1173-1850): Wegbereiter des
Musikalischen Historismus, Regensburg, 1968.
评:这是德文的传记专著《拉菲尔?乔治?基色威特(1773-1850):音乐历史主义的先锋》。陈氏把书名写错了,书名中的“1173”应该为“1773”。而且陈氏在此项目中只标出了该书的出版地,而没有标明出版者。
陈文:Spitta, P. “Kunstwissenschaft und Kunst”, Zur Musik, Berlin, 1892/R1975. p.3/
评:这是德文文章《艺术与艺术研究》,载于德文期刊《音乐论》中。陈氏此处标示的“Berlin”属于多余,而必须标明的卷数与期数却未标出,却又写下一个令人莫名其妙的“1892/R1975”,或许他的意思是1975年重印的1892年文章?倘如此,这样表示就明显不合书目格式规范。而且该文的起止页码也未标出,只扔下一个“p.3”的单页页码,而页码后面的斜划“/”亦属莫名其妙之举。
陈文:Corpus scriptorum de musics, viii, 85;
De Coussemaker: Scriptorum de musica medii aevi nova series, Paris, 1864-1876, 1963重印,iii,371.
评:这是陈文《西方音乐史的写作》中论及的一项西方中世纪史实之后加的书目注释(见陈氏该文注释14),也就是说,陈氏此处明确宣称此项史实是他自己考证文献的成果而非转引自任何他人著述。但是该项注释所示书目是拉丁文。陈氏在这里作两行分列,究竟表示这是一项书目还是两项?其中的“de musics”和“aevi”拼写错误,正确拼写应为“de musica”和“?vi”,而“De Coussemaker”是人的姓氏,陈氏却将其写为斜体成为丛书系列名字的一部分。此外,整体资讯提供不全,不合书目规范,令人莫名其妙。其中“1864-1876,1963”疑是原版年代和重印年代,那么“Paris”究竟是原版地还是重印地?原出版者和重印者名字怎又缺失?而“viii, 85”和“iii, 371”又是什么意思?是卷序?期序?页码?还是年代?或可疑为第8卷85页和第3卷371页?再者,重印该系列丛书的编辑者姓名在哪里?所有这些必须注明的资讯在陈氏书目中都稀里糊涂,恐怕陈氏自己也无法回答,否则他不会写出这么莫名其妙的东西来。我搜查了澳大利亚全国各图书馆总目录以及英国不列颠图书馆、美国国会图书馆和法国国家图书馆的藏书及期刊目录,疑似书目为1950-1997年间从1至42卷的不定期Corpus scriptorum de musica,出版者为Rome: American Institute of Musicology;以及C.H.E.de Coussemaker的Scriptorum de musica medii ?vi nova series,由Luther Dittmer编辑,Institute of Mediaeval Music(Brooklyn)于1959年出版。陈氏此项书目的详情既未标注清楚,又与我查核出来的这些详情不符,那么究竟他的此项文献考证成果如何得来,就只有他自己明白了。
陈文:Editions: J. Tinctoris tractatus de musica, ed. de Coussemaker, Lille, 1875;
J. Tinctoris: Opera thearelica, ed. A. Seay, Corpus Mensurabilis muscae, xxii, 1975.
评:这是陈文《西方音乐史的写作》的注释16,同样是为该文论及的一项西方中世纪史实作注,明示此项史实是陈氏自己考证文献的成果而非转引自他人著述。但是此项文目亦为拉丁文,而且陈文这一注释所示,比上一项更加混乱不合规范。“Editions”倘为作者姓氏,则漏写了作者名字,其后紧跟着的“J. Tinctoris tractatus de musica, ed. de Coussemaker”由于使用斜体,则应该是书名,但该“书名”中一头一尾却包括了两个作者的姓名。其后的“Lille, 1875”应是出版地和出版年,但却漏写了出版者。而我搜尽了澳、英、美、法四国国家图书馆的目录,却都没有这么一本书。再后陈氏不知为何又加上了另外两项书目,或者陈氏意为这是当代的重印吧,然而所示资讯既不完整又不符合规范要求,而且还有拼写和格式错误:“J. Tinctoris”是作者名姓,不该写成斜体误为书名的一部分,而真正的书名“Opera theoretica”却大错特错写成了“Opera thearelica”,接下来的“Corpus Mensurabilis musicae”是14-16世纪西欧多国复调音乐作品的巨大合集(简称CMM),陈氏却未将其写成斜体,显出他根本不知道这是什么而把它当作是出版者来表示了,而且他把最末一词错写成“muscae”。此项最后的“xxii”如果表示的是该合集第22集,则它是该集里面的第几卷(第22集共5卷)?而陈文中的有关史料又是出自该卷的第几页?这些陈氏全未指明。
陈文:M.S. Praetorius, Syntagma musicum, I, Preface.
评:这是陈文《西方音乐史的写作》的注释17,仍然是为该文论及的一项西方中世纪史实作注,明示此项史实是陈氏自己考证文献的成果而非转引自他人著述。但此目录又是拉丁文,而且陈氏的这个书目注释又是不合规范的。其中的“I”是什么意思?如果是卷序,则陈氏根本未注明此书是多卷本,如果是页数,则应该是小写的“i”表明是序言第一页,然而若如此,却又没有必要在其后注明“Preface”(序言)。如果这个“i”不表示页码,则陈氏必须标明他是从该书哪一页得出他那史料的。此外,陈氏完全没有标出此书的出版地、出版者和出版年代。如此缺失的书目,完全无法让人相信文中该项史实确是陈氏亲自考证原文所得。实际上,此书已有英译本:
Praetorius, Michael(1571-1621). 1986. Syntagma musicum. Parts I and II, translated
and edited by David Z. Crookes. Oxford: Clarendon.
Praetorius, Michael(1571-1621). 2004. Syntagma musicum III. Translated and edited
by Jeffery Kite-Powell. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
但从陈文注释可以看出,陈氏根本不知这一情况。
陈文《欧洲音乐的写作》正文倒数第二行“克劳德?帕利斯卡也是德国人的学生”句末附了一条注释11,在文末该注释为:“New Grove Dictionary, op. cit., p.860.”看起来,该注释说明该史实出自“New Grove Dictionary”一书第860页。但是,世界上并不存在这样一本书。与此相似的书名有几个,例如The New Grove Dictionary of American Music和The New Grove Dictionary of
Music and Musicians。现在姑且猜测陈氏这里指的是后者,也就是不仅在西方音乐学界,而且在国内音乐学界也尽人皆知的《新格罗夫音乐与音乐家辞典》。然而这部大辞典及其前身从1878年开始至今共有七种版本,目前通用者为1980年版和1921年版,前者共20卷,后者共29卷,每卷都有八九百页,陈氏这里究竟指的是哪一版哪一卷?陈氏此项书目资料,完全不符合最基本的格式规范,书名残缺,而又完全没有编撰者姓名、出版地、出版者、出版年份、版次以及卷数,只是不着边际地给出了一个页码,另外还莫名其妙地加上了“op. cit.”的字样。实际上,同类的怪异注释和书目在本文论及的陈氏这三篇文章中出现不止一次,而黎华赵在批评陈文时也已经举出过其他实例(见黎文第四节例2与例3),不过黎氏是从格式规范角度来谈的,没有明确指出陈氏的这一怪异写法可以看作是陈氏抄袭的一个旁证。按:在西方书目格式规范中,“op.”是拉丁文“opus”的缩写,是英文“work”(“著述”或“作品”)之意;“cit.”则为“cited”(征引的)的缩写。某著述如果引述了某书某页中的资料,则需按格式规范准确地给出完全的资讯,如果在同一篇文章中或者同一个章节中,再次引用同书不同页的资料,则为简略起见,可以只写出所引书名(或作者)与页码,而其他的资讯则可省略,用“op. cit.”代替,意为“见前引之某书某页”。而陈氏此文该注释之前没有出现过任何对所谓“New Grove Dictionary”一书的征引,此处何来“op. cit.”?更加不可理喻的是,陈文《西方音乐史的写作》注释1为:“Guido Adler, op. cit., p.5”。既然是开篇第一个注释1,当然谈不上什么“见前引之某书某页”,因此这个注释是一个完全莫名其妙的东西。陈文中的这一类史料及其注释,究竟是怎么来的?一个合理的推测是,陈氏此处正文与注释都是从其他著述抄来的或转引的,陈氏在自己文中却不注明这一事实而给读者造成一个这是他自己独立的第一手资料考证成果的印象,但陈氏对原文及有关格式规范不明就里,在抄袭或转引时连原文中的注释都照抄不误,于是出现了这样的错误。倘非如此,陈文的注释中如此荒唐的错误是无法解释的。
与此相似,陈文《西方音乐史的写作》注释27为“ibid., p.312”,同样是莫名其妙的。在西方文目格式规范中,“ibid.”表示“同前注”而且这个“前注”必须是跟现注连续的两项,比如说,注释26详细标注了某一书目的全部资讯,而注释27碰巧指的是同一本书的不同页码,那就可以只用“ibid.,某页”标明。但是陈氏此文的注释26是:“马克斯?韦伯:《学术与政治》,冯克利译,三联书店,1998,p.10.”,那么注释27为“ibid., p.312”,就是表示该处引文是来自冯克利翻译的韦伯《学术与政治》第312页了。然而我查核了冯克利这一中文译本,发现它总共才不到150页,何来312页?另外,陈氏同一文章中的注释19、25和28,都仅仅是“The New Grove某卷某页”,除此之外再无其他任何资讯。如上所述,这书名是错的,而且这样的书目注释根本不符合最基本的学术格式规范。这不能不令人怀疑陈氏这些注释连同正文有关部分都是抄袭来的。
我的第二个步骤是鸟瞰式快速浏览《欧洲的音乐写作》、《国外的音乐学写作》和《西方音乐史的写作》这三篇陈文的内容。我马上发现一个疑点:《欧洲的音乐写作》与《国外的音乐学写作》作为内容连续的一个整体,其整体结构、分节的形式、各节的标题和和各节的编排顺序,全都跟1980年版的The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians(新格罗夫音乐与音乐家辞典)第12卷(该辞典各卷以下均简称“第某卷”)页847至860的“Musicology”(音乐学)词条中的第三部分
“National traditions”(各国传统)几乎相同。该辞典这一部分各节标题与编排顺序为:
1.France(法国),2.Italy(意大利),3.Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries(大不列颠与英联邦国家),4.Germany and Austria(德国与奥地利),5.Other west
European countries(其他西欧国家),6.The Soviet Union(苏联),7.Eastern Europe(东欧),8.The United States of America(美国)。而陈氏此二文的各节标题与编排顺序为:1.法国,2.意大利,3.英国,4.德国与奥地利,5.美国,6.俄罗斯,7.其他欧洲国家。二者各节标题与编排顺序如出一辙。当然,文章结构相同不能说明是否剽窃,毕竟,按地区分项论述,是概论性和介绍性著述的普遍写法。因此我马上进行审阅的第三步骤:细读全文。读完之后,我觉得这三文都有大量内容疑似抄自《新格罗夫音乐与音乐家辞典》。于是我把这三文内容跟该辞典1980年版的一些条目仔细核对,结果确认此三文每一篇中,有关音乐学的主要内容全都抄自该辞典的不同词条。这里我指的是完全没有注明出处的、明确的剽窃。该辞典为20卷的大16开本,每卷近千页,是由多国音乐学者共同撰写的百科全书,音乐学领域的学术资讯几乎无所不包,信息量非常大,许多词条本身就是一篇长篇论文,正方便陈氏取其所需之后拼凑成文。具体而言,《欧洲的音乐写作》大量抄袭了第12卷“Musicology”词条“National traditions”一节(页836-863)的内容;《国外的音乐学写作》大量抄袭剪贴拼凑自该辞典的不同词条,例如第1卷“ábrányi Kornél”词条(页23)、第5卷“Dlaba?, Bohumír”词条(页514)、第8卷“Hostinsky, Otakar”词条(页728)、第10卷“Kuha?, Franjo ?aver”词条(页293-294)、第12卷“Musicology”词条“National traditions”中的第6节“THE SOVIET UNION”和第7节“EASTERN EUROPE”(页856-858),等等,而其中有的词条是几乎全部照抄;《西方音乐史的写作》文中直接论及音乐史学的内容则主要抄袭自该辞典第8卷“Historiography”词条(页592-600)以及其他卷的某些词条,例如第1卷的“Ambros, August Wilhelm”词条(页312-313)、第16卷的“Riemann, (Karl Wilhelm
Julius) Hugo”词条(页3-5)等等,同样,其中有的词条是几乎全部照抄。以下我从这三篇陈文中举出几个实例,跟该辞典相应部分的原文对照列出,并说明陈氏的剽窃方式。但是,在此之前有必要先解释一下在国内学界有不少学生甚至某些学者教授都认识不清的几种学术剽窃形式。
例一:
《欧洲的音乐写作》中《法国》一节最后三段全文(页2左栏)如下:
奠定法国人世界性音乐学地位的是福兰克斯-约瑟夫?费提斯(Francois-Joseph Fetis
1784 - 1871)。此翁学术兴趣极广,从音乐史、音乐理论、音乐教育、音乐作品到音乐社会学,均有所涉及。费提斯惊人的精力和多产,使其雄踞音乐学界达半个世纪,成了一代学术巨擘。1832年费提斯开始策划并举办系列历史音乐会,把法国人带到对过去的回味中。费提斯第一个论述尼德兰乐派在欧洲音乐史上的重要性——请注意,尼德兰乐派的一些重要人物讲法语。
在费提斯的影响下,法国音乐学学派得以形成,他们主要是业余自学音乐的档案员、图书馆馆员、医生、律师或国家公务员。由于比较容易接触历史资料,他们的研究方向是中世纪音乐、宗教歌曲和近东地区音乐,强调古代遗产和希腊影响。事实上,法国音乐学家的研究工作提高了法国教堂音乐的水平;出于宗教虔诚,他们是奥尔加农和经文颂唱的哄抬者。
法国的音乐学院直到1872年才设立音乐史教职,开始出现职业音乐学家。1894年,儒勒?康巴里奥(Jules Combariea)获得法国的第一个音乐博士学位,他研究法国诗歌与音乐的关系
(rapports de la musique et de la poesie)。1904年,罗曼?罗兰(Romain Rolland)成为第一位音乐史教授。此后,安德列?皮尔罗(Andre Pirro,1869 - 1943)接替了罗曼?罗兰。皮尔罗可以说是法国现代音乐学的奠基人,他的主要研究方向是后期巴罗克音乐和十五世纪音乐。皮尔罗带出了一大批学生,这些人后来成为六十年代法国音乐学的主力军。
陈文这整段文字,除了“请注意,尼德兰乐派的一些重要人物讲法语”和“这些人后来成为六十年代法国音乐学的主力军”两句来路不明以外,全部直接抄自第12卷上述词条的“FRANCE”一节页847右栏第二自然段开始至页848左栏末尾的内容(原文中被陈文砍掉未抄的文句我以省略号表示):
The central position in French musicology in the first half of the 19th century
was occupied by Fran?ois-Joseph Fétis (1784-1871), whose range of musical activity
was extraordinarily comprehensive, embracing history, theory, music
education, composition and the sociology of music. Prodigious in energy and prolific
in output, Fétis dominated the music scholarship of his generation, overshadowing
the work of all his colleagues. … His series of historical concerts with
commentary, given in Paris between 1832 and 1835, awakened public interest in the
music of the past. … he was one of the first to stress the importance of
the Netherlands school in the history of early European music. …
In the shadow of Fétis’s vigorous personality, a distinguished group of French
music scholars was active in the first half of the 19th century, …. Several of
these French scholars were archivists or librarians … 【杨沐插注:原文中接下来的一整大段具体列述其中代表性学者的著述与研究方向,而在上面所引陈文中则被缩减为一句话“他们的研究方向是中世纪音乐、宗教歌曲和近东地区音乐,强调古代遗产和希腊影响”,陈文此处就属于我上面说的“缩写”(précis)抄袭形式】
All of these scholars, with the exception of Fétis, were amateurs in the best
sense; they were largely self-taught in music, and pursued careers as doctors,
lawyers and public officials. The French were slow in giving institutional support
to research in music: it was not until 1872 that a chair in music history was added
to the staff of the Conservatoire. …
The first French doctoral dissertation on a musical subject was completed by
Jules Combarieu in 1894: Les rapports de la musique et de la poésie. This was followed
a year later by Romain Rolland’s study L’origine du théatre lyrique moderne. It
was Rolland who occupied the first chair in music history at the Sorbonne, beginning
in 1904. He was succeeded by André Pirro (1869-1943), one of the giants of modern
French musicology. In addition to his basic research in the music of the late
Baroque (J. S. Bach, Schütz and Buxtehude) and the 15th century, Pirro claimed a
long line of distinguished pupils …
这些文字全部抄自第12卷上述词条中“ITALY”一节(页849),原文中相应文字如下:
Before the 20th century the state of musicology in Italy presented a strange
contrast between the richness of the country’s archives and the failure of its
scholars to make the best use of them. Italian scholarship of the 19th and early
20th centuries produced little to compare with Einstein’s study of the
Italian madrigal, … The reasons for this may be sought in the national temperament,
in the failure of universities to stimulate interest in historical studies, in the
lack of funds available for research, in the haphazard organization of certain
libraries (a situation not entirely remedied today), … scholars worked, often
in isolation, on whatever came nearest to hand, and it is only quite recently that
a broader sphere of interest and a more sophisticated methodology have raised the
status of Italian musicology to international levels.
例三:
陈文《欧洲音乐的写作》中《英国》一节,页3左栏末至右栏:
诺斯出生名门,大学读的是法律,逻辑思维训练使他成了英国启蒙运动的开路者。诺斯35岁放弃法律,退休回家沉浸于音乐和养花养草。在悠闲中,他写下了几大本有关音乐的思考;他孜孜不倦地写作,同时孜孜不倦地修改文章,但终身没有发表它们。诺斯的写作范围极广,从音乐理论、作曲技术、音乐史、音乐美学到演出实践,均有所涉猎,但他不是卖弄学问的学者,他很谦虚地认为自己只是兴趣使然而已。他的文章很漂亮,遣词准确,句读优雅,但文风已过时,显得咬文嚼字。
十八世纪后半叶,在英国出现专业的音乐学著作。1786年,约翰?霍金斯(John
Hwakins, 1719-89)出版《音乐科学与音乐实践通史》(General History of the Science
and Practice of Music);同年,查尔斯?伯尔尼(Charles Burney,1726-1814)出版《古今音乐通史》(General History of Music from the Earliest Ages to the Present)第一卷。
以下是第12卷上述词条中“GREAT BRITAIN AND THE COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES”一节中的相应段落(页850第二、三自然段):
Roger North (1653-1734) stands at the beginning of the English Enlightenment and was
a man in whom the spirit of the Enlightenment was clearly visible. Furthermore,
he represents an abiding tradition in British musical scholarship in placing emphasis
on music not as a subject for speculation but as a living art to be enjoyed
and understood in performance. North, a member of a distinguished family, was
trained for a career in law but retired in 1688 to devote himself to music
and gardening. He regarded himself as an amateur musician. He cultivated music
in its widest dimensions, was fascinated by the ideas that move men to create it,
and filled notebooks with observations related to theory and musical
composition, history, aesthetics and performing practice. These views were
consolidated in a series of treatises of which The Musicall Grammarian and Memoires
of Musick【杨沐插注:这书名为原著的古典英文拼写】were the most important. He
continually redrafted and revised his writings but never brought them to
publication. North, though not a profound music historian or speculative theorist,
had vision and a lively curiosity, and was free from pedantry.
A more traditionally orientated musician was J. C. Pepusch (1667-1752). His fame
rests chiefly on his association with John Gay as musical arranger of The
Beggar’s Opera (1728), but his contemporaries knew him as a student of ancient
music and theory. The crowning achievements of English music historiography in the
18th century were the general histories of Charles Burney and John Hawkins.
Hawkins’s General History of the Science and Practice of Music appeared complete
in five volumes in 1776. The first volume of Burney’s General History of Music from
the Earliest Ages to the Present was issued in the same year, but the author did
not finish his work until 1789. The magnitude of these accomplishments is
astonishing considering that Hawkins and Burney worked independently and
without significant antecedents.
例四:
《欧洲音乐的写作》中《德国与奥地利》一节第6页末至第7页左栏:
这样的人物在德、奥获得人们的尊敬,约翰?尼柯劳斯?福尔科(参见第一章)是一个典型的例子。他一生的大部分时间在哥丁根的乔治?奥古斯特大学教堂任管风琴师,但写出了很多高质量的专著,研究音乐书目文献和音乐史(Allgemeine Litteratur der Musik, 1792; Allegemeine Geschichte
der Musik, 1788-1801),全世界第一本有关约翰?塞巴斯蒂安?巴赫的传记(Uber J.S.
Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke, 1802)就是他的手笔。……
……其实格丁根大学资格很硬,它建于1734年,创建人是汉诺威帝侯——亨德尔在德国时的东家,他就是英国国王乔治二世——又成了亨德尔在英国时的东家。正是由于这一渊源,格丁根大学发展起盎格鲁-德意志研究和通史研究,形成通史学派,成为十八世纪欧洲智识活动的中心。格丁根大学的通史学派不再局限于历史上的政治事件和军事冲突研究,而是把历史放到一个大格局中通盘评价。他们的史学观给福尔科的音乐史提供了研究框架。这样的大学不会拿学位开玩笑。
1779年,福尔科30岁时被任命为格丁根大学音乐系主任,但这还不是教授职务。差不多同时,哈雷大学授予丹尼尔?哥特洛普?图尔克同样的位置,让他开课讲音乐史、音乐理论和美学。此后,德国各大学,如:维尔茨堡大学、莱比锡大学、吉森大学、柏林大学、波恩大学,都对学术音乐家敞开大门 ……
1826年,犹太人卡尔?布里登斯坦成为正式的大学教授。不过要到1870年,爱德华?汉斯立克才第一个拿下维也纳大学的正教授职务,他讲授音乐史和美学,其著述颠覆了音乐情感美学——这大家都知道。27年后,犹太人古斯塔夫?雅各布索在德国的斯特拉斯堡大学得到同样的职位。此后,到1960年为止,起码有20多个大学设立音乐学全职教授的教席。……
陈文这一部分抄自第12卷上述词条的“GERMANY AND AUSTRIA”一节853页右栏第二和第三自然段,原文如下:
Johann Nidolaus Forkel (1749-1818) stands at the head of the new breed of
academic musician that came into being in the early 19th century. He spent the
greater part of his career at the George-August University at G?ttingen, which he
first attended in 1769 as a student of jurisprudence, and afterwards served as
organist of the university church and as music director in 1779; he was awarded
an honorary doctorate in 1787. Among Forkel’s many important publications was the
first musicologically orientated bibliography of music books (Allgemeine Litteratur
der Musik, 1792), a history of music (Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik, 1788-1801),
and the first attempt at a biography of J. S. Back (über J.S. Bachs Leben, Kunst
und Kunstwerke, 1802). G?ttingen in the late 18th century was a centre of
lively intellectual activity. The university was founded in 1734 by the Elector
of Hanover, who was also George II of England; it was noteworthy for its Anglo-
German studies and for a school of ‘universal historians’ that developed there
under the leadership of such men as Johann Christoph Gatterer, J. C. Sch?lzer and
Johann von Müller. They advocated a view of history that extended far beyond
the traditional emphasis on political and military affairs, and provided a framework
for Forkel’s studies in the history of music.
Forkel was not an isolated example. In 1779, the year in which he was
appointed university music director at G?ttingen, Daniel Gottlob Türk (1750-1813)
was granted a similar post at Halle, where he lectured in music history, theory
and aesthetics. From that time onwards a widening circle of German universities
and research institutes brought music into their curricula with men such as Franz
Joseph Fr?hlich at Würzburg, Christian Friedrich Michaelis at Leipzig, Ferdinand
Gassner at Giessen, Adolf Bernhard Marx at Berlin, and Carl Breidenstein at
Bonn. Breidenstein was the first musician to occupy a professional chair in
music (1826), but it was not until 1870 that the Viennese music critic Eduard
Hanslick became the first to bear the title Professor ordinarius in music history
and aesthetics at the University of Vienna. The first German professorship of equal
rank was held by Gustav Jacobsthal at the University of Strasbourg in 1897. Between
1904 and 1960 no fewer than 21 German universities inaugurated full professorships
at the level of ordinarius, …
这抄自第8卷第728页“Hostinsky, Otakar”词条:
Hostinsky, Otakar (b Martiněves, 2 Jan 1847; d Prague, 19 Jan 1910). Czech
aesthetician and music critic. He studies law at the University of Prague (1865-6)
and philosophy and aesthetics at the University of Munich, receiving a doctorate
in 1868; in 1871 he was a pupil of Smetana. He was active as a critic and an editor
of literary journals at the university there; he also lectured on music history
at Prague Conservatory from 1882 to 1886.
In aesthetics his starting-point was Hervart’s abstract formalism, which then
occupied a strong position in Prague. Opposing Herbart’s ideas, Hostinsky proposed
his so-called ‘concrete formalism’ and published monographs criticizing Herbart
in 1881 and 1892. He emphasized the crucial roles of experience and
experimentation, especially in O estetice experimentani (1900), at the same time
paying attention to the social provenance of art; in studies published in 1903 and
1907 he formulated a basis for a special sociology of art and music in Bohemia.
Applying his concrete formalism he revised Hanslick’s aesthetic-critical viewpoint
and analysed even the contemporary Romantic art, towards which he had a
positive attitude. But the system of aesthetics developed in the course of
his university lectures was not set down in writing until Zdeněk Nejedly attempted
its reconstruction in 1921.
Although Hostinsky did not lecture in musicology as such, he founded, through the
work of his pupils Nejedly, Vladmír Helfert and Otakar Zich, the first Czech school
of musicology. He also intitiated new studies in the science of harmony,
explaining complex connections between chords by means of melodic relationships; he
made far-reaching developments in analytical methods of ethnomusicological
research, making great advances towards a systematic and historical interpretation
of folksong as a variational process. He rejected, however, the ideal of the
Czech revivalists, who regarded folksong as the source of Czech stylistic
individuality, emphasizing the contemporary importance of Wagner; he was also the
first theorist to defend Smetana and to undertake an inquiry into problems that
were being solved practically and empirically by contemporary composers,
especially those of melodrama and declamation based on the accentuation of speech.
…
这抄自第8卷“Historiography”词条头三个自然段(页592末段至页593左栏):
… Music historiography (Ger. Musikgeschichtsschreibung) is the writing of
music history. …
… It is in the nature of music as a means of communication within social or
cultural communities that, like those communities, it has not only its own history
but also its historiography. Western music, with its dependence on and susceptibility
to theory, lends itself more readily to thorough historical investigation than does
the music of other cultures. Both the concept and the substance of historiography as
an autonomous science with its critical use of sources, its study of method, and
its fusion of historical research and historical theory, are of European origin
and correspond to a European concept of music: a concept both verging on and
implicated with the scientific. Even the concept of a universal history of music
is essentially a Western one.
The historiography of Western music has in turn its own history — of people’s
interest in history as seen in the changing motivations, content and aims
of historiography. This history may be traced on one hand in the way in which
music history has been conceived and presented through the ages and on the other in
the music itself, whose constantly changing features and processes are reflected in
the various questions and pronouncements that historians have formed about it. …
例七:
《西方音乐史的写作》页9《热闹的十九世纪》一节右栏第三自然段开始至页末:
同时,人们对艺术的思考也进入更深的层次,从音乐实践和美学的角度,真心实意地认为音乐是情感表达的语言。在反启蒙运动的浪漫主义趋势影响下,德国学者约翰?尼柯劳斯?福尔科(参见第一、二章)的《音乐通史》(Allgemeine Geschichte der Musick, 1788-1801)出版了。
……福尔科的“通史”有两卷,第一卷出版于1786年,第二卷出版于1801年;两本书加起来只写到十六世纪。福尔科计划中的第三卷“德国音乐专史”始终没有出版(不知他怎样界定“德国”)。福尔科是哥丁根大学的教授,尽管写作方式受到哥丁根大学通史学派的影响,但仍逃不出时代的大网。福尔科认为,人类历史是从婴儿到成年的继续,这种历史观来自启蒙运动。
福尔科对音乐的评论标准,一方面是技术风格——人类艺术的本质;另一方面是历史发展——以十八世纪音乐,特别是巴赫的音乐为准,从最初的音乐到最美好的(巴赫的)音乐。在福尔科时代,纯音乐和基督教礼拜音乐已经出现衰落,受到这种现实的激励,福尔科赞美德国音乐,想用自己的著作来提高人们对纯音乐的兴趣。
福尔科就巴赫写了一篇专论(ber J. S. Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke, 1802),准备把它用在德国音乐史中。这篇文章使用了很多目击见证材料,十分权威地认为巴赫是日耳曼民族空前绝后的第一流的经典作曲家。事实上,正是这篇文章使十九世纪的人们重新评价巴赫,奠定了巴赫在此后二百年的地位。
福尔科还计划写一部五十卷的音乐史,刚完成了一卷,遇上了拿破仑的军队入侵维也纳,手稿毁于战火,福尔科再也没有写出一本音乐史。
以上陈文连续数段,是连续抄袭自第8卷“Historiography”条第4节“19TH CENTURE”的整个第一自然段(页595至页596),原文该段中除了个别句子,陈文全部照抄,然后将其分成几个小段组成陈文上述部分。原文这一整段如下:
With the 19th century there came a move towards a deeper conception of music,
brought about on the one hand by an increasing regard (both practical and aesthetic)
for music as an expressive language (Rousseau, Herder, C. P. E. Bach) and on the
other by the similarly anti-Enlightenment tendency of the early Romantic, neo-
humanist and idealistic attitudes to music history first observed in J. N.
Forkel’s Allgemeine Geschichte de Musick. The two volumes published in 1788 and
1801 extended as far as the 16th century; an unpublished third volume was planned as
a Specialgeschichte der deutschen Musik. Forkel’s main ideas were influenced by
the universal perspective adopted by the G?ttingen school of historical thought and
by its ideas on the ‘organism’, as well as by Herder’s views on the limitations
of cultural history and of the value of isolated historical phenomena: following
a pattern of growth from ‘infancy’ to ‘maturity’ the human race moves
towards perfection. However, Forkel’s decision … A criterion derived
systematically from ‘the nature of art and of man’ and historically from the music
of the 18th century (particularly that of Bach, Graun and Dittersdorf) serves as a
guide for the judgment of music in its gradual development ‘from its first
beginnings to its greatest perfection’ (Introduction, §1). As well as this interest
in the historical manifestation of ‘true’ music, Forkel is motivated by a concern
for ‘the causes of the present decline’ of liturgical music and the means to
improve it (Introduction to vol.ii) and by a desire to extol German music. His
monograph on J. S. Bach (1802), originally planned as a supplement to his
Allgemeine Geschichte, is notable for its reliance on authentic witnesses, and it
helped prepare the way for the 19th-century rediscovery of Bach. In it Bach is
praised as ‘the first classical composer there ever was, and perhaps ever will be’
and in patriotic terms as ‘a German’. Forkel also planned with Joseph Sonnleithner
a Geschichte der Musik in Denkm?lern in 50 volumes; only the first volume was
completed, however, and the plates of this were destroyed during the French
occupation of Vienna in 1805.
陈铭道:
《音乐学研究与文献》,载《中国音乐》2002年第2期,页1-12。
《欧洲的音乐写作》,载《中国音乐》2003年第1期,页1-11。
《国外的音乐学写作》,载《中国音乐》2003年第2期,页1-11。
《西方音乐史的写作》,载《中国音乐》2003年第3期,页1-15。
《音乐学的历史》,载《中国音乐》2003年第4期,页1-9。
《音乐学:历史、文献与写作》,北京:人民音乐出版社,2004。
Spiess, Lincoln Bunce. 1980 [1963]. Historical Musicology: A Reference Manual
for Research in Music. USA: Greenwood Press. 这本专著附录了Krohn, Ernst C.的文章
“The Development of Modern Musicology”,见该书页153-172:“Appendix I”。
Sadie, Stanley. 1980. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (6th ed.).
20 Vols. London: Macmillan Publishers Limited. 本文引述或提及了第1、5、8、10、12、16卷中某些条目的部分内容。
杜亚雄:《音乐学研究的新视角——《音乐学:历史、文献与写作》一书读后》,载《中国音乐学》2004第2期,页139-141。
周烨:《评陈铭道先生《音乐学:历史、文献与写作》一书》,载《音乐研究》2004年第3期,页115-118。
杨沐:《从古籍征引谈借鉴西方学术规范》,载《星海音乐学院学报》2007年第1期,页51-55。
本文开始处提及的网站地址:http://mayasun.idv.tw/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1787 该网站同时转载了黎文与杜亚雄的《公开信》。